cobaltn.

Brit.

/ˈkəʊbɔːlt/,

/ˈkəʊbɒlt/,

/ˈkəʊb(ə)lt/, U.S.

/ˈkoʊˌbɔlt/,

/ˈkoʊˌbɑlt/

Forms: Also 1600s cobolt, 1700s kobold.

Etymology: < German kobalt, formerly also kobald, -olt, -old, -elt, -el, apparently the same word as kobold, etc., goblin or demon of the mines; the ore of cobalt having been so called by the miners on account of the trouble which it gave them, not only from its worthlessness (as then supposed), but from its mischievous effects upon their own health and upon silver ores in which it occurred, effects due mainly to the arsenic and sulphur with which it was combined. From the miners of the Harz or Erzgebirge the name became common German, and thence passed into all the European languages, French cobalt, Italian cobalto, Spanish cobalto, Portuguese cobalto, Dutch, Danish, Russian, Polish, Bohemian, etc., kobalt, Swedish kobolt. See Hildebrand in Grimm s.v., who shows also that the metal was known to Paracelsus (Wks. 1589 VIII. 350), though its discovery is usually credited to Brandt in 1733.

a. One of the chemical elements, a metal of a greyish colour inclining to red, brittle, slightly magnetic; in many respects closely resembling nickel; not found native, but extracted from various ores. Symbol Co.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > elements and compounds > metals > specific elements > cobalt > [noun]

Co1814

cobalt1863

1863–72 H. Watts Dict. Chem. I. 1039 The use of cobalt for imparting a blue colour to glass, appears to have been known to the Greeks and Romans..Cobalt is not a very abundant metal.

1875 R. Hunt & F. W. Rudler Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 7) I. 874 Smalt is a kind of glass coloured by oxide of cobalt.

b. The name was originally given to the ores of this metal, and is still applied, with or without defining words, to various native compounds, as tin-white cobalt = smaltine n., CoAs₂; grey cobalt., silver-white cobalt. = cobalt-glance n. at Compounds 2; red cobalt = cobalt-bloom n., cobalt-vitriol n. at Compounds 2; earthy cobalt. = asbolan n.

ΚΠ

1683 J. Pettus Fleta Minor (1686) i. 34 Concerning the Cobolt oars, there are many sorts of them.]

1728 J. Woodward Fossils All Kinds 43 Cobalt is plentifully impregnated with arsenick; contains copper and some silver. Being sublimed, the flores are of a blue colour: these, German mineralists call zaffir.

1738 G. Smith Curious Relations II. 440 Zink, Kobold, Sleat, and other Productions of the Mines.

1748 J. Hill Gen. Nat. Hist. I. (J.) From cobalt are produced the three sorts of arsenick, white, yellow, and red; as also zaffre and smalt.

1800 tr. E. J. B. Bouillon-Lagrange Man. Course Chem. I. 397 A kind of cobalt, or arsenic mixed with copper.

a. The blue pigment, also called cobalt-blue n. prepared from this mineral, largely used in staining glass. Also the deep blue colour of this.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > colour > named colours > blue or blueness > [noun] > deep blue

powder blue1628

zaffre1662

ultramarine1695

smalt1775

ultramarine blue (or colour)1781

royal blue1782

smalt-blue1794

mazarine blue1803

blue feldspar1804

lazulite1807

cobalt1835

Vienna blue1835

Venetian bluec1840

bleu-de-roi1848

gentian blue1848

gentian1854

mazarine1857

night-blue1865

lapis lazuli1870

Reckitt's blue1877

royal1885

Littler's blue1904

delphine1909

delphinium1923

Madonna blue1932

the world > matter > colour > named colours > blue or blueness > blue colouring matter > [noun] > blue pigment > specific

azurec1374

lapis lazulia1425

litmusc1503

verditer1505

florey1527

bice1548

smalt1558

smalts1591

smalt1598

ultramarine1598

litmus blue1612

verditer1665

ultramarine blue (or colour)1686

blue sublimate1700

Prussian blue1724

terre bleue1728

starch blue1742

king's blue1778

verditel1778

Antwerp brown1787

Berlin blue1794

lacmus1794

Antwerp blue1795

French blue1802

lapis1811

Waterloo blue1815

Waterloo1823

cobalt1835

Thénard's blue1837

iron blue1839

turnsole1839

permanent blue1863

opal blue1880

Haarlem blue1885

cyanine blue1886

cerulean blue1889

Victoria blue1890

Milori blue1899

Prussian1911

Windsor blue1912

gentianine1927

Monastral1936

Alcian Blue1947

1835 G. Field Chromatogr. 110 Cobalt blue is the name now appropriated to the improved blue prepared with metallic cobalt.

1872 H. Watts Dict. Chem. I. 1057 Cobalt-blue..is a compound of protoxide of cobalt and alumina, and is used both as oil and water colour.

1877 A. B. Edwards Thousand Miles up Nile xviii. 503 The mitre-shaped casque being of a vivid cobalt-blue.

1878 W. Black Green Pastures xxxiii. 262 As if some one..had..dashed in a stroke of brilliant cobalt.

b. In this sense used attributively or as adj.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > colour > named colours > blue or blueness > [adjective] > deep blue

flaxen1605

mazarine1684

cyaneous1688

ultramarine1781

powder blue1789

smalt-blue1801

gentian1836

cobalt1849

night-blue1858

lazuline1877

smalt1880

1849 M. Somerville On Connexion Physical Sci. (ed. 8) xix. 181 A dark blue cobalt glass.

1853 E. K. Kane U.S. Grinnell Exped. (1856) xxviii. 237 From a cobalt sky..the moon ‘shineth down alone’.

Compounds

C1. Generalattributive.

cobalt-mine n.

ΚΠ

1858 H. T. Buckle Hist. Civilisation Eng. (1869) II. viii. 539 The celebrated cobalt-mine..in the valley of Gistan in Aragon.

cobalt ore n.

ΚΠ

1875 R. Hunt & F. W. Rudler Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 7) I. 875 Cobalt speiss..consisting chiefly of arsenide of nickel, derived from nickel associated with the cobalt ore.

b. in chemical compounds

cobalt chloride n.

cobalt fluoride n.

c. in names of colours or pigments prepared from salts of cobalt

cobalt-blue n. (see 2.)

cobalt green n.

ΚΠ

1875 R. Hunt & F. W. Rudler Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 7) I. 875 Cobalt green..is a compound of oxide of cobalt and oxide of zinc.

cobalt red n.

ΚΠ

1934 H. Hiler Notes Technique Painting ii. 123 Cobalt red, a very durable, but not much-used colour. It works badly.

cobalt ultramarine n.

cobalt violet n.

ΚΠ

1902 Encycl. Brit. XXXI. 772/2 Several mixed cobalt compounds containing arsenates and phosphates of that metal, and represented by cobalt violet.

cobalt yellow n.

ΚΠ

1875 R. Hunt & F. W. Rudler Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 7) I. 875 Cobalt-yellow, an orange~yellow pigment precipitated from an acidified solution of nitrate of protoxide of cobalt by means of nitrate of potash.

C2.

cobalt-bloom n. [German kobalt-blüthe] a native hydrated arsenate of cobalt, also called erythrite n., occurring in two forms, crystalline and earthy.

ΚΠ

a1773 G. Edwards Elements Fossilogy (1776) 100 Cobalt earth..of a red colour.. named cobalt bloom.

1863–72 H. Watts Dict. Chem. I. 1057 Earthy cobalt-bloom, of peach-blossom colour, is arsenate of cobalt with free arsenious acid.

cobalt bomb n. (a) a container storing radioactive cobalt-sixty (⁶⁰Co) used in the treatment of cancer; (b) a hydrogen bomb enclosed in a shell of cobalt which, if exploded, disperses radioactive cobalt dust.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > medical appliances or equipment > equipment for radiation treatment > [noun]

Kromayer lamp1911

radium needle1915

plaque1919

cobalt bomb1954

society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > explosive device > [noun] > bomb > fusion or hydrogen

hydrogen bomb1947

fusion bomb1950

superbomb1950

super1951

cobalt bomb1954

1954 Times 8 Apr. 5/4 At the time Einstein spoke the cobalt bomb, like the hydrogen bomb, was merely a theoretical possibility, but the successful tests of the hydrogen bomb..had brought this theory into the realm of fact.

1958 L. Pauling No More War! vii. 154 The cobalt bomb is a hydrogen bomb or superbomb with a shell of perhaps 1000 pounds of the common metal cobalt about it.

cobalt-bronze n. (see quot. 1875).

ΚΠ

1875 R. Hunt & F. W. Rudler Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 7) I. 875 Cobalt bronze, a violet-coloured substance, with strong metallic lustre. It consists of phosphate of protoxide of cobalt, and phosphate of ammonia.

1884 Public Opinion 3 Oct. 433/1 Cobalt bronze..is a whiter but slightly more expensive metal than silveroid.

† cobalt-crust n. Obsolete an obsolete name for the earthy variety of cobalt-bloom.

ΚΠ

1806 R. Jameson Min. II. 444 This species contains two subspecies: 1. Cobalt Crust. 2. Cobalt Bloom.

cobalt-glance n. [German kobalt-glanz] a native sulpharsenide of cobalt, silver-white, with metallic lustre, also called cobaltite n. or cobaltine n.

ΚΠ

1806 R. Jameson Min. II. 436 Cobalt Glance.

1844 G. Fownes Man. Elem. Chem. 284 This salt may be directly prepared from cobalt-glance, the native arseniuret.

† cobalt-mica n. Obsolete = cobalt-bloom.

ΚΠ

1835 C. U. Shepard Treat. Mineral. Cobalt mica.

† cobalt-ochre n. Obsolete an obsolete name for asbolan n. and erythrite n.

ΚΠ

1816 R. Jameson Treat. External Characters Minerals (ed. 2) 252 Potters clay..and black-brown cobalt-ochre, which have no lustre, become glistening or shining in the streak.

cobalt oxide n. any oxide of cobalt.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > elements and compounds > metals > specific elements > cobalt > [noun] > compounds

xanthocobalt1856

cobaltammine1881

cobalt oxide1903

1903 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 84 ii. 80 The cobalt oxide which is deposited has the formula Co₂O₃.

1911 Mining World XXXIV. 71 (title) Use of cobalt oxide for making pigment.

1957 C. W. Mankowitz & R. G. Haggar Conc. Encycl. Eng. Pottery & Porcelain 57/2 Cobalt oxide, a powerful blue colouring material used for staining bodies and glazes from the beginning of the eighteenth century, known and used by John Dwight of Fulham.

cobalt-pyrites n. a name for linnaeite n. a native sulphide of cobalt.

ΚΠ

1844 J. D. Dana Min. Cobalt pyrites.

cobalt-sixty n. see cobalt bomb n. (a).

ΚΠ

1946 Atomic Bomb (Atomic Scientists of Chicago) vii. 36 When bombarded with neutrons, another form of this element is made, called cobalt-60.

1949 Atomic Energy & Life Sci. 90 Sponsored research, and provided radioisotopes, to determine the efficiency of radiocobalt (cobalt 60) as a substitute for radium in the treatment of cancer.

1951 Sci. News Let. 24 Nov. 333 A cobalt 60 ‘bomb’ which promises life-saving treatment for more cancer patients was officially installed at the clinic of the Ontario Cancer Foundation, London, Ont. The cobalt bomb is a small portion of radioactive cobalt 60 enclosed in a heavy lead case.

1954 Ann. Reg. 1953 391 Additions to the powerful equipment for cancer treatment..included a cobalt 60 therapy unit producing X-rays of 3 million electron volts.

cobalt-speiss n. (see quot. 1875).

ΚΠ

1875 R. Hunt & F. W. Rudler Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 7) I. 875 Cobalt speiss..consisting chiefly of arsenide of nickel, derived from nickel associated with the cobalt ore.

cobalt-vitriol n. a native sulphate of cobalt, also called Bieberite.

ΚΠ

1809 T. Allan Mineral. Nomencl. Cobalt vitriol.

1863–72 H. Watts Dict. Chem. I. 1058 Cobalt-vitriol..is translucent, with flesh-red or rose-red colour and vitreous lustre.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1891; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	cobalt
释义	cobaltn. Brit. /ˈkəʊbɔːlt/, /ˈkəʊbɒlt/, /ˈkəʊb(ə)lt/, U.S. /ˈkoʊˌbɔlt/, /ˈkoʊˌbɑlt/ Forms: Also 1600s cobolt, 1700s kobold. Etymology: < German kobalt, formerly also kobald, -olt, -old, -elt, -el, apparently the same word as kobold, etc., goblin or demon of the mines; the ore of cobalt having been so called by the miners on account of the trouble which it gave them, not only from its worthlessness (as then supposed), but from its mischievous effects upon their own health and upon silver ores in which it occurred, effects due mainly to the arsenic and sulphur with which it was combined. From the miners of the Harz or Erzgebirge the name became common German, and thence passed into all the European languages, French cobalt, Italian cobalto, Spanish cobalto, Portuguese cobalto, Dutch, Danish, Russian, Polish, Bohemian, etc., kobalt, Swedish kobolt. See Hildebrand in Grimm s.v., who shows also that the metal was known to Paracelsus (Wks. 1589 VIII. 350), though its discovery is usually credited to Brandt in 1733. 1. a. One of the chemical elements, a metal of a greyish colour inclining to red, brittle, slightly magnetic; in many respects closely resembling nickel; not found native, but extracted from various ores. Symbol Co. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > elements and compounds > metals > specific elements > cobalt > [noun] Co1814 cobalt1863 1863–72 H. Watts Dict. Chem. I. 1039 The use of cobalt for imparting a blue colour to glass, appears to have been known to the Greeks and Romans..Cobalt is not a very abundant metal. 1875 R. Hunt & F. W. Rudler Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 7) I. 874 Smalt is a kind of glass coloured by oxide of cobalt. b. The name was originally given to the ores of this metal, and is still applied, with or without defining words, to various native compounds, as tin-white cobalt = smaltine n., CoAs₂; grey cobalt., silver-white cobalt. = cobalt-glance n. at Compounds 2; red cobalt = cobalt-bloom n., cobalt-vitriol n. at Compounds 2; earthy cobalt. = asbolan n. ΚΠ 1683 J. Pettus Fleta Minor (1686) i. 34 Concerning the Cobolt oars, there are many sorts of them.] 1728 J. Woodward Fossils All Kinds 43 Cobalt is plentifully impregnated with arsenick; contains copper and some silver. Being sublimed, the flores are of a blue colour: these, German mineralists call zaffir. 1738 G. Smith Curious Relations II. 440 Zink, Kobold, Sleat, and other Productions of the Mines. 1748 J. Hill Gen. Nat. Hist. I. (J.) From cobalt are produced the three sorts of arsenick, white, yellow, and red; as also zaffre and smalt. 1800 tr. E. J. B. Bouillon-Lagrange Man. Course Chem. I. 397 A kind of cobalt, or arsenic mixed with copper. 2. a. The blue pigment, also called cobalt-blue n. prepared from this mineral, largely used in staining glass. Also the deep blue colour of this. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > colour > named colours > blue or blueness > [noun] > deep blue powder blue1628 zaffre1662 ultramarine1695 smalt1775 ultramarine blue (or colour)1781 royal blue1782 smalt-blue1794 mazarine blue1803 blue feldspar1804 lazulite1807 cobalt1835 Vienna blue1835 Venetian bluec1840 bleu-de-roi1848 gentian blue1848 gentian1854 mazarine1857 night-blue1865 lapis lazuli1870 Reckitt's blue1877 royal1885 Littler's blue1904 delphine1909 delphinium1923 Madonna blue1932 the world > matter > colour > named colours > blue or blueness > blue colouring matter > [noun] > blue pigment > specific azurec1374 lapis lazulia1425 litmusc1503 verditer1505 florey1527 bice1548 smalt1558 smalts1591 smalt1598 ultramarine1598 litmus blue1612 verditer1665 ultramarine blue (or colour)1686 blue sublimate1700 Prussian blue1724 terre bleue1728 starch blue1742 king's blue1778 verditel1778 Antwerp brown1787 Berlin blue1794 lacmus1794 Antwerp blue1795 French blue1802 lapis1811 Waterloo blue1815 Waterloo1823 cobalt1835 Thénard's blue1837 iron blue1839 turnsole1839 permanent blue1863 opal blue1880 Haarlem blue1885 cyanine blue1886 cerulean blue1889 Victoria blue1890 Milori blue1899 Prussian1911 Windsor blue1912 gentianine1927 Monastral1936 Alcian Blue1947 1835 G. Field Chromatogr. 110 Cobalt blue is the name now appropriated to the improved blue prepared with metallic cobalt. 1872 H. Watts Dict. Chem. I. 1057 Cobalt-blue..is a compound of protoxide of cobalt and alumina, and is used both as oil and water colour. 1877 A. B. Edwards Thousand Miles up Nile xviii. 503 The mitre-shaped casque being of a vivid cobalt-blue. 1878 W. Black Green Pastures xxxiii. 262 As if some one..had..dashed in a stroke of brilliant cobalt. b. In this sense used attributively or as adj. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > colour > named colours > blue or blueness > [adjective] > deep blue flaxen1605 mazarine1684 cyaneous1688 ultramarine1781 powder blue1789 smalt-blue1801 gentian1836 cobalt1849 night-blue1858 lazuline1877 smalt1880 1849 M. Somerville On Connexion Physical Sci. (ed. 8) xix. 181 A dark blue cobalt glass. 1853 E. K. Kane U.S. Grinnell Exped. (1856) xxviii. 237 From a cobalt sky..the moon ‘shineth down alone’. Compounds C1. Generalattributive. a. cobalt-mine n. ΚΠ 1858 H. T. Buckle Hist. Civilisation Eng. (1869) II. viii. 539 The celebrated cobalt-mine..in the valley of Gistan in Aragon. cobalt ore n. ΚΠ 1875 R. Hunt & F. W. Rudler Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 7) I. 875 Cobalt speiss..consisting chiefly of arsenide of nickel, derived from nickel associated with the cobalt ore. b. in chemical compounds cobalt chloride n. cobalt fluoride n. c. in names of colours or pigments prepared from salts of cobalt cobalt-blue n. (see 2.) cobalt green n. ΚΠ 1875 R. Hunt & F. W. Rudler Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 7) I. 875 Cobalt green..is a compound of oxide of cobalt and oxide of zinc. cobalt red n. ΚΠ 1934 H. Hiler Notes Technique Painting ii. 123 Cobalt red, a very durable, but not much-used colour. It works badly. cobalt ultramarine n. cobalt violet n. ΚΠ 1902 Encycl. Brit. XXXI. 772/2 Several mixed cobalt compounds containing arsenates and phosphates of that metal, and represented by cobalt violet. cobalt yellow n. ΚΠ 1875 R. Hunt & F. W. Rudler Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 7) I. 875 Cobalt-yellow, an orange~yellow pigment precipitated from an acidified solution of nitrate of protoxide of cobalt by means of nitrate of potash. C2. cobalt-bloom n. [German kobalt-blüthe] a native hydrated arsenate of cobalt, also called erythrite n., occurring in two forms, crystalline and earthy. ΚΠ a1773 G. Edwards Elements Fossilogy (1776) 100 Cobalt earth..of a red colour.. named cobalt bloom. 1863–72 H. Watts Dict. Chem. I. 1057 Earthy cobalt-bloom, of peach-blossom colour, is arsenate of cobalt with free arsenious acid. cobalt bomb n. (a) a container storing radioactive cobalt-sixty (⁶⁰Co) used in the treatment of cancer; (b) a hydrogen bomb enclosed in a shell of cobalt which, if exploded, disperses radioactive cobalt dust. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > medical appliances or equipment > equipment for radiation treatment > [noun] Kromayer lamp1911 radium needle1915 plaque1919 cobalt bomb1954 society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > explosive device > [noun] > bomb > fusion or hydrogen hydrogen bomb1947 fusion bomb1950 superbomb1950 super1951 cobalt bomb1954 1954 Times 8 Apr. 5/4 At the time Einstein spoke the cobalt bomb, like the hydrogen bomb, was merely a theoretical possibility, but the successful tests of the hydrogen bomb..had brought this theory into the realm of fact. 1958 L. Pauling No More War! vii. 154 The cobalt bomb is a hydrogen bomb or superbomb with a shell of perhaps 1000 pounds of the common metal cobalt about it. cobalt-bronze n. (see quot. 1875). ΚΠ 1875 R. Hunt & F. W. Rudler Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 7) I. 875 Cobalt bronze, a violet-coloured substance, with strong metallic lustre. It consists of phosphate of protoxide of cobalt, and phosphate of ammonia. 1884 Public Opinion 3 Oct. 433/1 Cobalt bronze..is a whiter but slightly more expensive metal than silveroid. † cobalt-crust n. Obsolete an obsolete name for the earthy variety of cobalt-bloom. ΚΠ 1806 R. Jameson Min. II. 444 This species contains two subspecies: 1. Cobalt Crust. 2. Cobalt Bloom. cobalt-glance n. [German kobalt-glanz] a native sulpharsenide of cobalt, silver-white, with metallic lustre, also called cobaltite n. or cobaltine n. ΚΠ 1806 R. Jameson Min. II. 436 Cobalt Glance. 1844 G. Fownes Man. Elem. Chem. 284 This salt may be directly prepared from cobalt-glance, the native arseniuret. † cobalt-mica n. Obsolete = cobalt-bloom. ΚΠ 1835 C. U. Shepard Treat. Mineral. Cobalt mica. † cobalt-ochre n. Obsolete an obsolete name for asbolan n. and erythrite n. ΚΠ 1816 R. Jameson Treat. External Characters Minerals (ed. 2) 252 Potters clay..and black-brown cobalt-ochre, which have no lustre, become glistening or shining in the streak. cobalt oxide n. any oxide of cobalt. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > elements and compounds > metals > specific elements > cobalt > [noun] > compounds xanthocobalt1856 cobaltammine1881 cobalt oxide1903 1903 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 84 ii. 80 The cobalt oxide which is deposited has the formula Co₂O₃. 1911 Mining World XXXIV. 71 (title) Use of cobalt oxide for making pigment. 1957 C. W. Mankowitz & R. G. Haggar Conc. Encycl. Eng. Pottery & Porcelain 57/2 Cobalt oxide, a powerful blue colouring material used for staining bodies and glazes from the beginning of the eighteenth century, known and used by John Dwight of Fulham. cobalt-pyrites n. a name for linnaeite n. a native sulphide of cobalt. ΚΠ 1844 J. D. Dana Min. Cobalt pyrites. cobalt-sixty n. see cobalt bomb n. (a). ΚΠ 1946 Atomic Bomb (Atomic Scientists of Chicago) vii. 36 When bombarded with neutrons, another form of this element is made, called cobalt-60. 1949 Atomic Energy & Life Sci. 90 Sponsored research, and provided radioisotopes, to determine the efficiency of radiocobalt (cobalt 60) as a substitute for radium in the treatment of cancer. 1951 Sci. News Let. 24 Nov. 333 A cobalt 60 ‘bomb’ which promises life-saving treatment for more cancer patients was officially installed at the clinic of the Ontario Cancer Foundation, London, Ont. The cobalt bomb is a small portion of radioactive cobalt 60 enclosed in a heavy lead case. 1954 Ann. Reg. 1953 391 Additions to the powerful equipment for cancer treatment..included a cobalt 60 therapy unit producing X-rays of 3 million electron volts. cobalt-speiss n. (see quot. 1875). ΚΠ 1875 R. Hunt & F. W. Rudler Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 7) I. 875 Cobalt speiss..consisting chiefly of arsenide of nickel, derived from nickel associated with the cobalt ore. cobalt-vitriol n. a native sulphate of cobalt, also called Bieberite. ΚΠ 1809 T. Allan Mineral. Nomencl. Cobalt vitriol. 1863–72 H. Watts Dict. Chem. I. 1058 Cobalt-vitriol..is translucent, with flesh-red or rose-red colour and vitreous lustre. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1891; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1728
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