climaten.¹

Brit.

/ˈklʌɪmᵻt/, U.S.

/ˈklaɪmᵻt/

Forms: Middle English–1600s climat, Middle English–1600s clymat, Middle English–1600s clymate, Middle English– climate, late Middle English clemat, 1500s clymatt, 1500s clymatte; Scottish pre-1700 clemat, pre-1700 climat, pre-1700 1700s– climate.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French climat; Latin climat-, clima.

Etymology: < Middle French climat (French climat ) part of the earth determined by its position relative to celestial objects (late 13th cent. in Old French), region considered with regard to its prevailing weather conditions (c1314), each of the seven bands or climates of the earth's surface (14th cent.), region (in general) (end of the 14th cent.), collection of atmospheric conditions (second half of the 15th cent.; 19th cent. in various figurative uses, e.g. with reference to politics), country (a1558) and its etymon classical Latin climat-, clima inclination of a particular part of earth's surface due to its latitude, in post-classical Latin also region (early 3rd cent. in Tertullian), direction, cardinal point (4th cent.), each of seven astrological zones (4th cent.) < Hellenistic Greek κλίματ- , κλίμα inclination, slope, latitude, region, direction, cardinal point, each of seven latitudinal strips of the earth on which the longest day ranged in length by half-hour intervals, each of seven corresponding astrological zones < root of κλίνειν to slope, lean, incline (see clino- comb. form) + -μα (see -oma comb. form). Compare Spanish clima (c1250), Portuguese clima (15th cent.), Italian clima (1282). Compare clime n.

a. In ancient and medieval geography: each of the bands or belts of the earth's surface stretching from west to east and associated with specific parallels of latitude; (more generally) latitude. Also occasionally: each of the corresponding divisions or parallels of the celestial sphere. Now historical.From late antiquity, it was often supposed that the habitable world was spanned by seven climates (associated by astrological writers with the seven planets: cf. quot. ?a1425), of which the central lines passed respectively through Meroe (Sudan), Syene (now Aswan, southern Egypt), Alexandria, Rhodes, the Hellespont (or Rome), the mouth of the Borysthenes (Dnieper river), and either ‘Thule’ or the Riphaean Mountains (the Urals) of Scythia. A more comprehensive system divided the region between the equator and each of the polar circles into 24 climates, each corresponding to an increase of 30 minutes in the length of the longest day.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > region of the earth > zone or belt > [noun]

linea1387

climatea1393

clime1553

region1556

zone1559

belt1796

subzone1851

dead zone1926

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vii. 680 Thei [sc. the stars] causen many a wonder To tho climatz that stonde hem under.

?a1425 (c1400) Mandeville's Trav. (Titus C.xvi) (1919) 108 Þei [sc. the people of India] ben in the firste clymat, þat is of Saturne... Wee ben in the seuenthe clymat þat is of the mone.

1489 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (Adv.) iv. 702 How that the dispositioun [of the hewyn] Suld apon thingis wyrk her doun, On regiones or on climatis.

1556 R. Record Castle of Knowl. 91 The climates may well be accompted 48 betwene the twoo polare circles.

1564 W. Bullein Dialogue against Fever Pestilence f. 75^v The Islandes called Fortunate, or Canaria, whose Weste partes be situated in the thirde climate.

1643 Sir T. Browne Relig. Medici (1656) ii. §1 I was borne in the eighth Climate.

1683 Britanniæ Speculum It [sc. Britain] is situated..under the eighth, ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth Climates.

1703 J. Harris Descr. & Use Celestial & Terrestr. Globes 26 When the Days are an Hour longer than they are under the Equator, we are come to the Second Climate, &c.

1789 J. Morse Amer. Geogr. Introd. 8 There are twenty-four climates between the equator and each of the polar circles... There are thirty climates between the equator and either pole.

1796 W. Marshall Rural Econ. W. Eng. I. 12 We may fairly place West Devonshire ten days or a fortnight behind the Midland District, which lies more than two degrees of latitude..farther North. A proof that climate and climature [i.e. latitude and climate in sense 2a] have not an immediate connection.

1807 T. Young Course Lect. Nat. Philos. I. xli. 496 In describing the particular stars, it will be most convenient to begin with such as never set in our climates.

1941 Isis 33 6 The Seven Climates were parallels fixed by Hellenistic geographers at half-hour intervals across the breadth of the known world and named after the places where they crossed the meridian of Alexandria.

2000 Imago Mundi 52 20/1 Some knowledge of geography, especially the climates, was needed to make the plates for the different latitudes in which an astrolabe might be used.

†b. gen. A region of the earth. Cf. latitude n. 4c. Obsolete except as in sense 1c.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > region of the earth > [noun]

endc893

earthOE

coastc1315

plagea1382

provincea1382

regiona1382

countrya1387

partya1387

climatea1398

partc1400

nookc1450

corner1535

subregion1559

parcel1582

quart1590

climature1604

latitudea1640

area1671

district1712

zone1829

natural region1888

sector1943

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 28 Also for diuers climatis [L climatum] and contreies, for men þat woneþ in hote contrey, as in Ethiopia..haue swift puls.

c1400 ( G. Chaucer Treat. Astrolabe (Cambr. Dd.3.53) (1872) ii. §39. 48 The longitude of a clymat ys a lyne ymagined fro Est to west...Þe latitude of a climat is a lyne ymagined from north to south þhe space of the erthe, fro the bygynnyng of the firste clymat vnto the..ende of the same climat, euene directe agayn [the poole Artik].

a1460 tr. Dicts & Sayings Philosophers (Helm.) (1999) 11 To the people of euery clymat establed the lawe and partede couenably to their oppynyouns.

1490 W. Caxton tr. Eneydos sig. Bviii The clerenes and fame of his ouurages hath ben dyuulged & shewed vnto the laste clymate of londes habited.

?1520 A. Barclay tr. Sallust Cron. Warre agaynst Iugurth xii. f. 17 A fewe other authours hold..that vnder clymate of þ^t part whiche is called Europe: the thirde part named Affrike is comprehended.

1545 G. Joye Expos. Daniel (xi.) f. 178^v And when his kingdom hath stonden, it shalbe broken and diuided into the .4. clymats of y^e worlde.

1605 J. Dove Confut. Atheisme 31 When the Sunne is Eclipsed, all the earth is not darkened, but onely one Climat.

1640 J. D. Knave in Graine v. i. sig. L3^v Wither shall I runne to hide my selfe? What Climate, or what Region?

1700 N. Tate Panacea ii. 28 By Me her Fleets to Eastern Climates run, And spread their Wings beneath the rising Sun.

1753 J. Duchal Presumptive ArgumentsTruth & Divine Authority Christian Relig. viii. 328 The inhabitants of the eastern climates have been remarkable for using the boldest figures in speech.

1794 W. Godwin Caleb Williams III. xv. 269 Was the world, with all its climates made in vain for thy..victim?

1862 E. Falkener Ephesus i. iv. 49 The old style of building, which, from its irregularity and unarchitectural character, resembled that still used in Eastern climates.

a1864 W. S. Landor Count Julian (1892) ii. ii. 21 Now, in what climate of the wasted world..Can I pour forth in secrecy to God My prayers and my repentance?

c. A region considered with regard to its prevailing weather conditions.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > region of the earth > zone or belt > [noun] > in relation to climate or weather conditions

clime1542

climate1578

zone1599

homoclime1916

the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > [noun] > prevailing weather or climate > region with reference to

clime1542

climate1578

1578 A. Parkhurst Let. 13 Nov. in R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations (1589) iii. 676 New found land is in a temperate Climate.

1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. xviii. vi. 554 If the countrey or climat be hot, an house must stand into [i.e. face] the North.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost xi. 274 O flours, That never will in other Climate grow.

1698 J. Keill Exam. Theory Earth (1734) 209 In the temperate and habitable Climates.

1769 W. Draper in ‘Junius’ Stat Nominis Umbra (1772) I. iv. 37 Climates unfavourable to British constitutions.

1875 A. Helps Social Pressure iii. 55 We live in a very rainy and a very capricious climate.

1893 T. R. R. Stebbing Hist. Crustacea vii. 88 Gelasĭmus..is a genus [of crab] containing a large number of species that haunt warm climates.

1967 T. E. Avery Forest Measurem. xii. 210 In climates where tree growth is characterized by annual rings, ages of standing trees are usually determined by extracting a radial core of wood.

2004 Simply Perfect Garden Rooms 29 (caption) An evergreen perennial in warm climates like Texas, fairy fan-flower (Scaevola ) blooms almost nonstop.

a. The characteristic weather conditions of a country or region; the prevalent pattern of weather in a region throughout the year, in respect of variation of temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, etc., esp. as these affect human, animal, or plant life.eco-, macro-, micro-, phytoclimate, etc.: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > [noun] > prevailing weather or climate

temperurea1387

heavena1398

temper1483

sunc1540

climate1548

sky1583

temperament1583

clime1597

meteorologicsc1600

climature1615

meteorology1684

1548 Hall's Vnion: Edward IV f. ccxxx^v Thei would so like the holesome & swete aire of his fruitfull country, that a great nomber would be continually sicke & vexed till thei returned, & sought for their health in the same delicious climate again.

c1550 Complaynt Scotl. (1979) v. 27 Quhen the plag of pestilens occurris, ve are solist to seik ane cleene duelling place vndir ane temperat climat.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Winter's Tale (1623) iii. i. 1 The Clymat's delicate, the Ayre most sweet.

1662 B. Gerbier Brief Disc. Princ. Building 24 This Climat makes Marble it self to Moulder.

1702 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion I. i. 59 It was no wonder, if England was generally thought secure, with the advantages of its own Climate.

1762 A. Dickson Treat. Agric. i. xix. 125 The wetness of land, arising from the climate or season.

1856 R. W. Emerson Eng. Traits iii. 44 The climate is warmer by many degrees than it is entitled to by latitude.

1860 Cornhill Mag. Nov. 566 Climate is properly the long average of weather in a single place.

1912 Amer. Naturalist 46 212 Fossil plants have always been accorded first place as indices of past climates.

1973 C. A. Wilson Food & Drink in Brit. vii. 233 Barley bannocks were the bread of some areas where land and climate would not support wheat.

2004 Times Lit. Suppl. 1 Oct. 27/3 The outstanding natural beauty of the islands is matched by the harshness of their climate.

b. figurative. The attitudes or conditions prevailing among a body of people, a nation, etc. Frequently with modifying word or phrase, as climate of opinion, economic climate, etc. Cf. atmosphere n. 4.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > belief > expressed belief, opinion > opinion held by group > [noun]

voice?a1400

received opinion1440

vote1562

sense1563

minda1586

opinion1598

breath1610

vogue1626

climate1661

received idea1697

mass mind1922

idée reçue1933

mythology1949

the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > branch of knowledge > humanistic studies > [noun] > polite learning, culture > cultural surroundings

climate1661

atmosphere1797

dynamics1833

cultural landscape1919

1661 J. Glanvill Vanity of Dogmatizing xxiii. 227 The larger Souls, that have travail'd the divers Climates of Opinions, are more cautious in their resolves.

1691 A. Brown Vindicatory Schedule §III. 47 Artifice in the Physician and Error in the people is the best soil and compost in the natural climat of Opinion of the most fragrant and luxuriant Reputation.

1750 J. Campbell Present State Europe p. iv The Humours are not yet evacuated, they may still ferment, if any considerable Alteration should happen in the political Climate of those Countries.

1765 L. Sterne Life Tristram Shandy VIII. i. 2 In this clear climate of fantasy and perspiration, where every idea, sensible and insensible, gets vent.

1816 H. More Lett. (1834) III. iv. vii. 443 Our country..is so thinly planted with gentry, (the spiritual climate also being rather cold,) that without some effort somewhere it would come to nothing.

1860 F. D. Huntington Christian Believing & Living vi. 105 Every moral climate here is more or less tainted, and grows pestilential if we linger in it too long.

1886 J. A. Symonds Renaissance in Italy I. ii. 139 Lorraine..felt his inner self expand in the rich climate of pontifical Rome.

1925 A. N. Whitehead Sci. & Mod. World 143 It is an exaggeration to attribute a general change in a climate of thought to any one piece of writing or to any one author.

1945 Times 12 Dec. 5/3 The determining factor is likely to be the economic climate of the world in which they have to earn their national living.

1975 H. Acton Nancy Mitford iv. 59 The general climate was one of war weariness and disillusion after the elation of victory.

2004 H. Kennedy Just Law (2005) xiii. 272 It is crucial that a climate of suspicion does not develop which creates reservations amongst citizens about voluntarily submitting to DNA intelligence screens.

Compounds

C1. As a modifier, designating emotional or psychological states arising from concerns over the impact of climate change and global warming, as climate anger, climate anxiety, climate depression, climate fear, climate grief, climate optimism, climate pessimism, etc.

ΚΠ

1988 Times 28 June 8/1 (heading) Climate fear brings world pollution curbs nearer.

2002 Archaeol. Eastern N. Amer. 30 89 (heading) More climate grief: volcanoes and El Niño.

2003 R. L. Bradley Climate Alarmism Reconsidered iii. 71 The balance of evidence leans more towards climate optimism than climate pessimism.

2007 Calgary (Alberta) Herald 12 Feb. a12/4 Liberal MPs..smell an opportunity to regain power on a tidal wave of voter climate angst.

2011 Age (Melbourne) (Nexis) 20 May 13 (heading) Turnbull lets climate anger bubble over.

2011 C. J. Hamelink Media & Conflict ii. 40 The documentary An Inconvenient Truth..became a major vehicle in the global spread of climate anxiety.

2014 S. Rosewarne et al. Climate Action Upsurge v. 99 Given an understanding of climate science, and having gone through ‘climate depression’, many interviewees found themselves in a world apart.

2018 K. Bladow & J. Ladino Affective Ecocriticism Introd. 11 The preponderance of new, often ‘bad’ affects emerging or being redefined in the Anthropocene, including despair, resignation, climate grief, and solastalgia.

2020 Nelson (Brit. Columbia) Star (Nexis) 15 Jan. If you feel climate anxiety, the Canadian Mental Health Association recommends to talk about climate change in your own circles and take action, knowing that you are not alone.

C2.

climate action n. (a) practical, concerted efforts to mitigate the effects of climate change, esp. by planned measures implemented as national policy or international strategy; (b) political activism, esp. in the form of public protests and demonstrations, demanding governmental measures to mitigate the effects of climate change.

ΚΠ

1989 Age (Melbourne) 1 July 19/4 Opposition calls for climate action. The Opposition yesterday released a climate policy which calls for action to combat threats to the atmosphere.

2010 M. Diesendorf Climate Action Pref. p. iv Professional, business, trade union, student and faith-based groups; and small local community groups dedicated entirely to climate action.

2020 Times of India (Nexis) 21 Jan. Students and teachers..showcased the major environmental challenges by way of..slogan writing,..graffiti on urgent climate action, [etc.].

climate-beaten adj. suffering the effects of a (tropical) climate.

ΚΠ

1787 R. Burns Border Tour in Wks. (1834) VIII. 168 An agreeable, good-hearted, climate-beaten, old veteran, in the medical line.

1953 Winnipeg Free Press 31 Dec. 2/2 It was a cracked, climate-beaten instrument.

2007 B. Kelly & M. London Last Forest ii. 14 Tens of thousands of people already lived in the Amazon when a bunch of bedraggled Spaniards, hungry and climate-beaten, ‘discovered’ the river on February 11, 1542.

climate catastrophe n. severe adverse consequences of climate change, such as extreme weather and irreversible environmental damage.

ΚΠ

1976 National Climate Act: Hearings before Subcomm. Environm. & Atmosphere (U.S. House of Representatives 94th Congr., 2nd Sess.) 20 I do not think one is looking for a major climate catastrophe, but rather indicators that would help humanity plan better for their agricultural needs.

1989 Oceanus Summer 61 For all the concern over an impending climate catastrophe, the fact remains that a great cloud of uncertainty hangs over all predictions about future climate.

2020 Gleaner (Kingston, Jamaica) 28 Sept. a2/6 Will the small states survive this climate catastrophe before mankind finds the solution to halt and reverse climate change?

climate change n. an alteration in the regional or global climate; esp. the change in global climate patterns increasingly apparent from the mid to late 20th century onwards and linked largely with increased emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases caused by human activity; cf. global warming n.

ΚΠ

1854 U.S. Mag. Sci., Arts, Manuf. 15 Dec. 234/3 Some have ascribed these climate changes to agriculture—the cutting down the dense forests—the exposure of the upturned soil to the summer sun, and the draining of the great marshes.

1873 Ohio Democrat (New Philadelphia, Ohio) 25 Apr. There are no thermometric records sufficiently comprehensive to afford inferential conclusions as to climate change in the West.

1957 Hammond (Indiana) Times 6 Nov. b2/1 This continued pouring forth of waste gases may upset the rather delicate carbon dioxide balance in the earth's general atmosphere and..a large scale global warming, with radical climate changes may result.

1983 Current Anthropol. 24 589/1 Palaeoclimatological data will be perused for the information they provide about climate change during the Pliocene and Lower Pleistocene.

1989 S. H. Schneider Global Warming (1990) vii. 191 Was the ‘Summer of '88’ a real example of climate change in the making or simply a media event?

2021 Financial Express (New Delhi) (Electronic ed.) 28 July Forests need to be actively used as carbon sinks to address climate change.

climate control n. (a) the countering of adverse weather conditions, or (in later use) the modification of weather patterns, by artificial means; (b) the regulation of temperature, humidity, and airflow in the interior of a car, building, enclosure, etc.; a system devised for this purpose.

ΚΠ

1903 C. A. Stephens Nat. Salvation 83 Vaporization and rainfall are the factors to be controlled... The whole problem of climate-control is already outlined in physics, as to its methods.

1915 Sci. Monthly Dec. 301 An efficient frost fighting device is in a way the entering wedge for solving problems of climate control.

1945 Metrop. Mus. Art Bull. 3 176/1 In time American climate control was to become an almost notorious feature of national life.

1965 Punch 13 Jan. 51/3 If it became possible to control desiccation, the global balance would radically alter at a date dependent on the speed with which climate-control was achieved.

1971 Gourmet Feb. 1/2 Among the many other interior luxuries that make Cadillac motoring so pleasurable, you can order Automatic Climate Control, pioneered by Cadillac.

1998 What Car? Sept. 51/3 Buttons and switches are a little fussy, especially when the optional climate control, as fitted to our test car, is thrown into the mix.

2003 Lancs. Life Mar. 120/1 A climate control system for both buildings will be installed to improve the care of items on display.

climate-controlled adj. (a) (of a car, building, enclosure, etc.) having the interior temperature, humidity, and airflow artificially controlled; (b) (of fuel) adapted to the weather conditions of the region in which it is sold (now rare).

ΚΠ

1933 Sci. Monthly Mar. 209/2 Vulcanizing ovens and a climate-controlled laboratory permit fundamental experiments in measuring and modifying the properties of rubber.

1933 Soda Springs (Idaho) Sun 1 June 6/6 (advt.) PEP 88 Climate Controlled Gasoline.

1967 Commentator (Coshocton, Ohio) 19 July 3/3 (advt.) Super-Flite Premium gasoline... It's year round climate controlled too. Blended just right for here and now driving conditions.

1985 K. T. Jackson Crabgrass Frontier 259 The concept of the enclosed, climate-controlled mall, first introduced at the Southdale Shopping Center near Minneapolis in 1956, added to the suburban advantage.

2005 J. Weiner Goodnight Nobody xi. 91 The two of us spent our days..sitting in ergonomically designed chairs in a climate-controlled office.

climate crisis n. the increasing risk of hazardous, irreversible changes to the climate, resulting from global warming; the environmental crisis arising from this risk.

ΚΠ

1986 Christian Sci. Monitor (Nexis) 19 June 25 [TV program listings]. The Climate Crisis (PBS, 8-9 p.m.):..exploring the ‘greenhouse effect’ and how it could alter Earth's atmosphere.

2020 New Yorker 13 Jan. 13/2 If 2019 was supposedly the year we ‘woke up to the climate crisis,’ the twenty-tens have been called ‘the decade we finally woke up to climate change.’

climate cure n. the alleviation of disease or ill health by travel to a place considered to have a beneficial climate; a journey undertaken with this intention.

ΚΠ

1869 A. Coffin & W. H. Geddings (title) Aiken; or climate cure.

1871 Sterling (Illinois) Gaz. 7 Oct. 3/1 The unfriended invalids that flock there in the vain hope of the climate cure.

1911 Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 23–4 319 Disabuse the minds of the people upon the climate cure, for it is not a concrete, specific thing which can be secured only for the asking.

2003 Rocky Mountain News (Denver) (Nexis) 29 Mar. 9 d Colorado's climate cure revived Bob, who bounced back to become the strongest mayor Denverites have ever seen.

climate denial n. rejection of the idea (or the evidence) that climate change caused by human activity is occurring, or that it represents a significant threat to human and environmental welfare.

ΚΠ

1996 Star Phoenix (Saskatoon, Sask.) 2 Jan. b3/1 (heading) Petro dollars likely fuel behind climate denial.

2011 Herald-Times (Bloomington, Indiana) 26 Sept. b8/5 Climate denial has been incorporated in the broader movement of right-wing populism.

2019 D. Wallace-Wells Uninhabitable Earth ii. 219 Decades of climate denial and disinformation have made global warming not merely an ecological crisis but an incredibly high-stakes wager on the legitimacy and validity of science and the scientific method itself.

climate denialism n. the policy or stance of rejecting the idea (or the evidence) that climate change caused by human activity is occurring, or that it represents a significant threat to human and environmental welfare.

ΚΠ

2007 Progress (Clearfield, Pa.) 4 Apr. 4/3 Attempts to allege ‘climate denialism’ in response to my points are ad hominem attacks not worthy of consideration.

2014 M. S. Northcott Polit. Theol. Climate Change i. 14 Australia is..home to a deep vein of climate denialism. This might be said to reflect the extremes of heat and drought that settlers have endured for more than a hundred years.

2020 Austral. Financial Rev. (Nexis) 10 Jan. (Opinion) 39 (heading) Morrison is counting the cost of climate denialism.

climate denier n. a person who or institution which rejects the idea (or the evidence) that climate change caused by human activity is occurring, or that it represents a significant threat to human and environmental welfare.

ΚΠ

2003 New Statesman 1 Dec. 19/1 Blair has just helped to deliver the second-largest reserves of oil on the planet into the hands of the most dangerous climate denier of all, the US.

2009 Fairbanks (Alaska) Daily News-Miner 10 Dec. a4/2 The climate-denier community, funded by big oil, has published all sorts of bogus science for years.

2020 Sydney Morning Herald (Nexis) 7 Jan. You have the second highest carbon emissions per person on earth and you are burying your head in the sand. You aren't a climate sceptic you are a climate denier.

climate emergency n. the increasing risk of hazardous, irreversible changes to the climate, resulting from global warming; the environmental crisis arising from this risk, requiring urgent action to reduce or halt climate change and avoid the consequent damage to human and environmental welfare (cf. climate crisis n.); (also) a state of emergency declared by any legislative body in response to this.The writer in quot. 1975 advocates the planting of trees to mitigate local desertification, but does not explicitly refer to global warming.

ΚΠ

1975 Sarasota (Florida) Herald-Tribune 25 May 4 e/1 We have allowed our trees to be bulldozed until an emergency has arisen—water emergency, climate emergency, food emergency.]

1989 Proc. 1989 Convention (AFL-CIO) a-87 A people's food program that (a) describes how the climate intensities are destroying our food supplies; (b) puts the climate emergency clearly before the membership and the public.

1997 Calgary (Alberta) Herald (Nexis) 17 Oct. a3 We are facing a climate emergency and no one sees the flashing light.

2014 C. R. Strain Prophet & Bodhisattva vii. 222 The birth of my grandchildren and the inspiration of a son who..has become a science journalist have belatedly wakened me to the climate emergency.

2020 Independent (Nexis) 16 Jan. 6 The government has already been fiercely criticised for lacking urgency and practical solutions for tackling the climate emergency in announcements so far.

climate engineering n. (a) management of the indoor microclimate; the technology involved in this; (b) the artificial modification of weather patterns, esp. to counteract future climate change; the branch of science and technology concerned with this.

ΚΠ

1951 Fueloil & Oil Heat Aug. 125/1 (advt.) G-E 'Climate Engineering' helps shift sales of G-E Oil Furnaces into high gear with new-type heating.

1969 Meteorol. & Geoastrophys. Abstr. 20 2535 Subject Headings: 1. Indoor climate control. 2. Indoor climate engineering.

1971 Earth-Sci. Rev. 7 87 (title) Climate-engineering schemes to meet a climatic emergency.

1993 Social Probl. 40 66 Direct environmental interventions have also been proposed to slow global warming. These include..global-scale climate engineering (e.g., extracting atmospheric CO₂ by stimulating ocean phytoplankton growth).

2004 A. H. Bell Writing Effective Lett., Memos, & E-mail (ed. 3) v. 77 The Climate Engineering office tells me that room temperatures in your area are between 78 and 80 degrees during even the warmest summer days.

2006 Sunday Tel. (Nexis) 17 Sept. The reaction of most scientists and engineers to even conducting research into climate engineering is either fear or outright rejection due to perceived infeasibility.

climate model n. a theoretical or mathematical model (now typically involving computer simulation) of major weather patterns, now esp. as used to predict possible future climate change.

ΚΠ

1962 Ann. Assoc. Amer. Geographers 52 363/2 It is logical to investigate representative coasts within a ‘coastal climate model’ that is broad enough to include all conditions.

1990 Business Insurance (Nexis) 26 Mar. 27 The British Meteorological Office in Bracknell, Berkshire, is producing a climate model to predict the impact of increased greenhouse effect gases in the atmosphere over the next 100 years.

2003 Guardian 13 Nov. (Life section) 8/2 What's worrying is that for some years now, global climate models have been predicting a future weakening of the Gulf Stream as a consequence of global warming.

climate justice n. action or activism intended to ensure that efforts to mitigate the effects of climate change also address related social justice issues, such as the disproportionate projected impact of climate change on developing countries and the poor.

ΚΠ

1999 K. Bruno et al. Greenhouse Gangsters vs. Climate Justice 25/3 Climate Justice also requires that adequate support be given to the victims of global warming—especially environmental refugees who have lost access to their land, homes, food, health and work as a result of global warming.

2008 Encycl. Social Work 137/2 Global warming and climate change have generated ‘climate justice’ issues..for example, disproportionately high effects on people of color and low income.

2020 Chicago Daily Herald (Nexis) 10 Jan. (Neighbor) 3 In ‘Climate Change/Climate Justice’, topics will include food supply, human health, immigration, energy, transportation and more.

climate modeller n. a scientist who constructs or uses climate models.

ΚΠ

1974 Science 22 Feb. 714/1 The role of snow and ice in year-to-year weather variation..calls for the close attention of meteorologists and climate modelers.

2003 S. Rayner in S. Strauss & B. Orlove Weather, Climate, Culture xv. 283 Clearly, the goals of climate modelers and the expectations of policymakers converge. Both seek more accurate prediction on a finer scale.

climate modelling n. the construction or use of climate models.

ΚΠ

1974 W. W. Kellogg in Acta Astronautica 1 89 It may seem presumptuous to claim that the goal of climate modeling..is the prediction of climate change, since the system is so complex and the interactions so varied.

2005 New Scientist 29 Jan. 4/3 The development of grids was driven mainly by scientists who needed vast processing power to carry out research in areas such as climate modelling.

climate-proof adj. impervious or resistant to a particular climate; weatherproof; (later also) able to withstand climate change.

ΚΠ

1827 Harmonicon Jan. (verso front cover) (advt.) The Patent Dital Harp. This elegant little Instrument..is admirably adapted for Persons travelling abroad, as it is warranted Climate Proof.

1837 Amer. Monthly Mag. Feb. 125 A people whose copper coloured skins are climate-proof.

1921 Times 9 Feb. 12/5 (advt.) ‘Empire’ Woven Wire Fence..gives sterling service year in and year out... Absolutely climate-proof; well galvanised against rusting.

2007 Africa News (Nexis) 11 Apr. They will need to factor climate change into their strategies..and ensure that their development plans and investments are climate-proof.

climate refugee n. a person who moves to a place where the climate is more congenial or beneficial (now rare); (now) a person forced to move to a different home, region, or country because of the effects of climate change.

ΚΠ

1889 San Francisco Chron. 1 Jan. 10/7 The county, to be sure, is greatly aided by the regular winter's invasion of tourists and Eastern climate refugees.

1895 S. Riverside (Calif.) Bee 13 Apr. With anything like reasonable fares on the overland lines, at least 40 per cent of these climate refugees would make a trip to California, for nobody cares to go to sea during the winter months.

1911 Bedford (Indiana) Daily Mail 15 Mar. He is a climate refugee from the frigid east, and is looking for a home under genial skies of Southern California.

1928 Albany (Missouri) Capital 16 Feb. 3/4 This friend..is primarily a climate refugee. He flees from cold in Massachusetts and shivers pitifully in a Florida cold snap.

1989 Times 6 June 5/4 (heading) Global climate ‘refugees’.. More than 300 million people could become environmental refugees next century.

1994 Econ. of Climate Change (Proc. OECD and IEA Conf.) v. 77 Considering both the costs of sea level rise protection and the costs of climate refugees from coastal regions, [etc.].

2007 Philadelphia Feb. 75/1 Gore shows large parts of San Francisco, Beijing, Shanghai and New York becoming submerged. The result, he says, will be tens of millions of ‘climate refugees’.

2019 D. Wallace-Wells Uninhabitable Earth i. 7 The U.N. projections are bleaker: 200 million climate refugees by 2050.

climate sceptic n. and adj. (also climate skeptic) (a) n. a person who or institution which rejects the idea (or the evidence) that climate change caused by human activity is occurring, or that it represents a significant threat to human and environmental welfare; cf. climate denier n.; (b) adj. that rejects the idea (or the evidence) that climate change caused by human activity is occurring, or that it represents a significant threat to human and environmental welfare.

ΚΠ

1996 C. Flavin & O. Tunali Climate of Hope 17 These conclusions have gained wide acceptance among scientists and policymakers, but have failed to persuade the so-called climate skeptics.

1998 Ottawa Citizen (Nexis) 28 Apr. a14 The polls quoted have a long and shabby record in U.S. climate skeptic literature.

2019 E. F. Bloomfield Communication Strategies Engaging Climate Skeptics iv. 106 Where climate skeptics doubt consensus and climate models, it seems counterproductive to constantly laud the infallibility of science.

2020 MailOnline (Nexis) 16 Jan. He compared the arguments of climate sceptic MPs to those of anti-vaxxers.

climate science n. the branch of science which deals with the origin, development, and alteration of regional and global weather patterns. [Originally after German Klimakunde (1790 or earlier).]

ΚΠ

1927 Proc. Internat. Soc. Soil Sci. 1927–8 3 208 Köppen, W.—Die Klimate der Erde. Grundriß der Klimakunde. (Les climats de la terre. Eléments de la science des climats.—Climates of the earth. Principles of climate science)... 1923.

1978 Atmospheric Environment 12 2525 The World Climate Programme..will be the vehicle for implementing international plans of action in climate science, climate data and applications, and research in the impacts of climate on societies and the environment.

2003 Social Probl. 50 369 Two recent White House documents sound like conservative think tank policy statements in their conspicuous and detailed emphases on the uncertainties of climate science.

climate scientist n. an expert or specialist in climate science.

ΚΠ

1976 Science 16 Apr. 246/2 More climate scientists, despite the still unresolved internal debates over the causes of climate change and the prospects for the future, are beginning to seek a wider audience for their concerns.

2005 Environmental Health Perspectives 113 A535/2 Africa may already be feeling the effects of global warming..and more marked effects are likely to come, according to models developed by climate scientists.

climate shift n. a relatively abrupt alteration of the climate in a particular region; (now also more widely) = climate change n.

ΚΠ

1936 Evening Tribune (Albert Lea, Minnesota) 2 July 1 (heading) Climate shift threatened.

1996 I. J. Thorpe Origins Agric. in Europe (1999) i. 10 From the 1960s onwards pollen evidence for a climate shift [in the Near East after the last Ice Age] has been accumulating.

2007 Christian Sci. Monitor (Nexis) 29 Mar. 12 Climate shifts caused by global warming are already disrupting the habitats of many species and will drive some to extinction.

climate strike n. a form of public protest (often by young people withdrawing from their places of education or work) intended to draw attention to climate change and the need for urgent action.

ΚΠ

2014 B. Manski & J. Stein in www.popularresistance.org 24 Sept. (blog, Internet Archive Wayback Machine 2 Oct. 2014) You may be the person who can turn the climate's breaking point into a tipping point by bringing others around you into a global climate strike.

2019 Belfast Tel. Online (Nexis) 10 Sept. Amnesty has written to more than 1,000 schools in Northern Ireland urging them to allow children to take part in climate strikes.

2020 Global Times (China) (Nexis) 23 Jan. About 3000 people took to the streets of Downtown Los Angeles..for the LA youth climate strike, featuring speeches by various environmental youth activists, including Greta Thunberg.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	climate
释义	climaten.¹ Brit. /ˈklʌɪmᵻt/, U.S. /ˈklaɪmᵻt/ Forms: Middle English–1600s climat, Middle English–1600s clymat, Middle English–1600s clymate, Middle English– climate, late Middle English clemat, 1500s clymatt, 1500s clymatte; Scottish pre-1700 clemat, pre-1700 climat, pre-1700 1700s– climate. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French climat; Latin climat-, clima. Etymology: < Middle French climat (French climat ) part of the earth determined by its position relative to celestial objects (late 13th cent. in Old French), region considered with regard to its prevailing weather conditions (c1314), each of the seven bands or climates of the earth's surface (14th cent.), region (in general) (end of the 14th cent.), collection of atmospheric conditions (second half of the 15th cent.; 19th cent. in various figurative uses, e.g. with reference to politics), country (a1558) and its etymon classical Latin climat-, clima inclination of a particular part of earth's surface due to its latitude, in post-classical Latin also region (early 3rd cent. in Tertullian), direction, cardinal point (4th cent.), each of seven astrological zones (4th cent.) < Hellenistic Greek κλίματ- , κλίμα inclination, slope, latitude, region, direction, cardinal point, each of seven latitudinal strips of the earth on which the longest day ranged in length by half-hour intervals, each of seven corresponding astrological zones < root of κλίνειν to slope, lean, incline (see clino- comb. form) + -μα (see -oma comb. form). Compare Spanish clima (c1250), Portuguese clima (15th cent.), Italian clima (1282). Compare clime n. 1. a. In ancient and medieval geography: each of the bands or belts of the earth's surface stretching from west to east and associated with specific parallels of latitude; (more generally) latitude. Also occasionally: each of the corresponding divisions or parallels of the celestial sphere. Now historical.From late antiquity, it was often supposed that the habitable world was spanned by seven climates (associated by astrological writers with the seven planets: cf. quot. ?a1425), of which the central lines passed respectively through Meroe (Sudan), Syene (now Aswan, southern Egypt), Alexandria, Rhodes, the Hellespont (or Rome), the mouth of the Borysthenes (Dnieper river), and either ‘Thule’ or the Riphaean Mountains (the Urals) of Scythia. A more comprehensive system divided the region between the equator and each of the polar circles into 24 climates, each corresponding to an increase of 30 minutes in the length of the longest day. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > region of the earth > zone or belt > [noun] linea1387 climatea1393 clime1553 region1556 zone1559 belt1796 subzone1851 dead zone1926 a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vii. 680 Thei [sc. the stars] causen many a wonder To tho climatz that stonde hem under. ?a1425 (c1400) Mandeville's Trav. (Titus C.xvi) (1919) 108 Þei [sc. the people of India] ben in the firste clymat, þat is of Saturne... Wee ben in the seuenthe clymat þat is of the mone. 1489 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (Adv.) iv. 702 How that the dispositioun [of the hewyn] Suld apon thingis wyrk her doun, On regiones or on climatis. 1556 R. Record Castle of Knowl. 91 The climates may well be accompted 48 betwene the twoo polare circles. 1564 W. Bullein Dialogue against Fever Pestilence f. 75^v The Islandes called Fortunate, or Canaria, whose Weste partes be situated in the thirde climate. 1643 Sir T. Browne Relig. Medici (1656) ii. §1 I was borne in the eighth Climate. 1683 Britanniæ Speculum It [sc. Britain] is situated..under the eighth, ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth Climates. 1703 J. Harris Descr. & Use Celestial & Terrestr. Globes 26 When the Days are an Hour longer than they are under the Equator, we are come to the Second Climate, &c. 1789 J. Morse Amer. Geogr. Introd. 8 There are twenty-four climates between the equator and each of the polar circles... There are thirty climates between the equator and either pole. 1796 W. Marshall Rural Econ. W. Eng. I. 12 We may fairly place West Devonshire ten days or a fortnight behind the Midland District, which lies more than two degrees of latitude..farther North. A proof that climate and climature [i.e. latitude and climate in sense 2a] have not an immediate connection. 1807 T. Young Course Lect. Nat. Philos. I. xli. 496 In describing the particular stars, it will be most convenient to begin with such as never set in our climates. 1941 Isis 33 6 The Seven Climates were parallels fixed by Hellenistic geographers at half-hour intervals across the breadth of the known world and named after the places where they crossed the meridian of Alexandria. 2000 Imago Mundi 52 20/1 Some knowledge of geography, especially the climates, was needed to make the plates for the different latitudes in which an astrolabe might be used. †b. gen. A region of the earth. Cf. latitude n. 4c. Obsolete except as in sense 1c. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > region of the earth > [noun] endc893 earthOE coastc1315 plagea1382 provincea1382 regiona1382 countrya1387 partya1387 climatea1398 partc1400 nookc1450 corner1535 subregion1559 parcel1582 quart1590 climature1604 latitudea1640 area1671 district1712 zone1829 natural region1888 sector1943 a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 28 Also for diuers climatis [L climatum] and contreies, for men þat woneþ in hote contrey, as in Ethiopia..haue swift puls. c1400 ( G. Chaucer Treat. Astrolabe (Cambr. Dd.3.53) (1872) ii. §39. 48 The longitude of a clymat ys a lyne ymagined fro Est to west...Þe latitude of a climat is a lyne ymagined from north to south þhe space of the erthe, fro the bygynnyng of the firste clymat vnto the..ende of the same climat, euene directe agayn [the poole Artik]. a1460 tr. Dicts & Sayings Philosophers (Helm.) (1999) 11 To the people of euery clymat establed the lawe and partede couenably to their oppynyouns. 1490 W. Caxton tr. Eneydos sig. Bviii The clerenes and fame of his ouurages hath ben dyuulged & shewed vnto the laste clymate of londes habited. ?1520 A. Barclay tr. Sallust Cron. Warre agaynst Iugurth xii. f. 17 A fewe other authours hold..that vnder clymate of þ^t part whiche is called Europe: the thirde part named Affrike is comprehended. 1545 G. Joye Expos. Daniel (xi.) f. 178^v And when his kingdom hath stonden, it shalbe broken and diuided into the .4. clymats of y^e worlde. 1605 J. Dove Confut. Atheisme 31 When the Sunne is Eclipsed, all the earth is not darkened, but onely one Climat. 1640 J. D. Knave in Graine v. i. sig. L3^v Wither shall I runne to hide my selfe? What Climate, or what Region? 1700 N. Tate Panacea ii. 28 By Me her Fleets to Eastern Climates run, And spread their Wings beneath the rising Sun. 1753 J. Duchal Presumptive ArgumentsTruth & Divine Authority Christian Relig. viii. 328 The inhabitants of the eastern climates have been remarkable for using the boldest figures in speech. 1794 W. Godwin Caleb Williams III. xv. 269 Was the world, with all its climates made in vain for thy..victim? 1862 E. Falkener Ephesus i. iv. 49 The old style of building, which, from its irregularity and unarchitectural character, resembled that still used in Eastern climates. a1864 W. S. Landor Count Julian (1892) ii. ii. 21 Now, in what climate of the wasted world..Can I pour forth in secrecy to God My prayers and my repentance? c. A region considered with regard to its prevailing weather conditions. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > region of the earth > zone or belt > [noun] > in relation to climate or weather conditions clime1542 climate1578 zone1599 homoclime1916 the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > [noun] > prevailing weather or climate > region with reference to clime1542 climate1578 1578 A. Parkhurst Let. 13 Nov. in R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations (1589) iii. 676 New found land is in a temperate Climate. 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. xviii. vi. 554 If the countrey or climat be hot, an house must stand into [i.e. face] the North. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost xi. 274 O flours, That never will in other Climate grow. View more context for this quotation 1698 J. Keill Exam. Theory Earth (1734) 209 In the temperate and habitable Climates. 1769 W. Draper in ‘Junius’ Stat Nominis Umbra (1772) I. iv. 37 Climates unfavourable to British constitutions. 1875 A. Helps Social Pressure iii. 55 We live in a very rainy and a very capricious climate. 1893 T. R. R. Stebbing Hist. Crustacea vii. 88 Gelasĭmus..is a genus [of crab] containing a large number of species that haunt warm climates. 1967 T. E. Avery Forest Measurem. xii. 210 In climates where tree growth is characterized by annual rings, ages of standing trees are usually determined by extracting a radial core of wood. 2004 Simply Perfect Garden Rooms 29 (caption) An evergreen perennial in warm climates like Texas, fairy fan-flower (Scaevola ) blooms almost nonstop. 2. a. The characteristic weather conditions of a country or region; the prevalent pattern of weather in a region throughout the year, in respect of variation of temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, etc., esp. as these affect human, animal, or plant life.eco-, macro-, micro-, phytoclimate, etc.: see the first element. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > [noun] > prevailing weather or climate temperurea1387 heavena1398 temper1483 sunc1540 climate1548 sky1583 temperament1583 clime1597 meteorologicsc1600 climature1615 meteorology1684 1548 Hall's Vnion: Edward IV f. ccxxx^v Thei would so like the holesome & swete aire of his fruitfull country, that a great nomber would be continually sicke & vexed till thei returned, & sought for their health in the same delicious climate again. c1550 Complaynt Scotl. (1979) v. 27 Quhen the plag of pestilens occurris, ve are solist to seik ane cleene duelling place vndir ane temperat climat. a1616 W. Shakespeare Winter's Tale (1623) iii. i. 1 The Clymat's delicate, the Ayre most sweet. View more context for this quotation 1662 B. Gerbier Brief Disc. Princ. Building 24 This Climat makes Marble it self to Moulder. 1702 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion I. i. 59 It was no wonder, if England was generally thought secure, with the advantages of its own Climate. 1762 A. Dickson Treat. Agric. i. xix. 125 The wetness of land, arising from the climate or season. 1856 R. W. Emerson Eng. Traits iii. 44 The climate is warmer by many degrees than it is entitled to by latitude. 1860 Cornhill Mag. Nov. 566 Climate is properly the long average of weather in a single place. 1912 Amer. Naturalist 46 212 Fossil plants have always been accorded first place as indices of past climates. 1973 C. A. Wilson Food & Drink in Brit. vii. 233 Barley bannocks were the bread of some areas where land and climate would not support wheat. 2004 Times Lit. Suppl. 1 Oct. 27/3 The outstanding natural beauty of the islands is matched by the harshness of their climate. b. figurative. The attitudes or conditions prevailing among a body of people, a nation, etc. Frequently with modifying word or phrase, as climate of opinion, economic climate, etc. Cf. atmosphere n. 4. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > belief > expressed belief, opinion > opinion held by group > [noun] voice?a1400 received opinion1440 vote1562 sense1563 minda1586 opinion1598 breath1610 vogue1626 climate1661 received idea1697 mass mind1922 idée reçue1933 mythology1949 the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > branch of knowledge > humanistic studies > [noun] > polite learning, culture > cultural surroundings climate1661 atmosphere1797 dynamics1833 cultural landscape1919 1661 J. Glanvill Vanity of Dogmatizing xxiii. 227 The larger Souls, that have travail'd the divers Climates of Opinions, are more cautious in their resolves. 1691 A. Brown Vindicatory Schedule §III. 47 Artifice in the Physician and Error in the people is the best soil and compost in the natural climat of Opinion of the most fragrant and luxuriant Reputation. 1750 J. Campbell Present State Europe p. iv The Humours are not yet evacuated, they may still ferment, if any considerable Alteration should happen in the political Climate of those Countries. 1765 L. Sterne Life Tristram Shandy VIII. i. 2 In this clear climate of fantasy and perspiration, where every idea, sensible and insensible, gets vent. 1816 H. More Lett. (1834) III. iv. vii. 443 Our country..is so thinly planted with gentry, (the spiritual climate also being rather cold,) that without some effort somewhere it would come to nothing. 1860 F. D. Huntington Christian Believing & Living vi. 105 Every moral climate here is more or less tainted, and grows pestilential if we linger in it too long. 1886 J. A. Symonds Renaissance in Italy I. ii. 139 Lorraine..felt his inner self expand in the rich climate of pontifical Rome. 1925 A. N. Whitehead Sci. & Mod. World 143 It is an exaggeration to attribute a general change in a climate of thought to any one piece of writing or to any one author. 1945 Times 12 Dec. 5/3 The determining factor is likely to be the economic climate of the world in which they have to earn their national living. 1975 H. Acton Nancy Mitford iv. 59 The general climate was one of war weariness and disillusion after the elation of victory. 2004 H. Kennedy Just Law (2005) xiii. 272 It is crucial that a climate of suspicion does not develop which creates reservations amongst citizens about voluntarily submitting to DNA intelligence screens. Compounds C1. As a modifier, designating emotional or psychological states arising from concerns over the impact of climate change and global warming, as climate anger, climate anxiety, climate depression, climate fear, climate grief, climate optimism, climate pessimism, etc. ΚΠ 1988 Times 28 June 8/1 (heading) Climate fear brings world pollution curbs nearer. 2002 Archaeol. Eastern N. Amer. 30 89 (heading) More climate grief: volcanoes and El Niño. 2003 R. L. Bradley Climate Alarmism Reconsidered iii. 71 The balance of evidence leans more towards climate optimism than climate pessimism. 2007 Calgary (Alberta) Herald 12 Feb. a12/4 Liberal MPs..smell an opportunity to regain power on a tidal wave of voter climate angst. 2011 Age (Melbourne) (Nexis) 20 May 13 (heading) Turnbull lets climate anger bubble over. 2011 C. J. Hamelink Media & Conflict ii. 40 The documentary An Inconvenient Truth..became a major vehicle in the global spread of climate anxiety. 2014 S. Rosewarne et al. Climate Action Upsurge v. 99 Given an understanding of climate science, and having gone through ‘climate depression’, many interviewees found themselves in a world apart. 2018 K. Bladow & J. Ladino Affective Ecocriticism Introd. 11 The preponderance of new, often ‘bad’ affects emerging or being redefined in the Anthropocene, including despair, resignation, climate grief, and solastalgia. 2020 Nelson (Brit. Columbia) Star (Nexis) 15 Jan. If you feel climate anxiety, the Canadian Mental Health Association recommends to talk about climate change in your own circles and take action, knowing that you are not alone. C2. climate action n. (a) practical, concerted efforts to mitigate the effects of climate change, esp. by planned measures implemented as national policy or international strategy; (b) political activism, esp. in the form of public protests and demonstrations, demanding governmental measures to mitigate the effects of climate change. ΚΠ 1989 Age (Melbourne) 1 July 19/4 Opposition calls for climate action. The Opposition yesterday released a climate policy which calls for action to combat threats to the atmosphere. 2010 M. Diesendorf Climate Action Pref. p. iv Professional, business, trade union, student and faith-based groups; and small local community groups dedicated entirely to climate action. 2020 Times of India (Nexis) 21 Jan. Students and teachers..showcased the major environmental challenges by way of..slogan writing,..graffiti on urgent climate action, [etc.]. climate-beaten adj. suffering the effects of a (tropical) climate. ΚΠ 1787 R. Burns Border Tour in Wks. (1834) VIII. 168 An agreeable, good-hearted, climate-beaten, old veteran, in the medical line. 1953 Winnipeg Free Press 31 Dec. 2/2 It was a cracked, climate-beaten instrument. 2007 B. Kelly & M. London Last Forest ii. 14 Tens of thousands of people already lived in the Amazon when a bunch of bedraggled Spaniards, hungry and climate-beaten, ‘discovered’ the river on February 11, 1542. climate catastrophe n. severe adverse consequences of climate change, such as extreme weather and irreversible environmental damage. ΚΠ 1976 National Climate Act: Hearings before Subcomm. Environm. & Atmosphere (U.S. House of Representatives 94th Congr., 2nd Sess.) 20 I do not think one is looking for a major climate catastrophe, but rather indicators that would help humanity plan better for their agricultural needs. 1989 Oceanus Summer 61 For all the concern over an impending climate catastrophe, the fact remains that a great cloud of uncertainty hangs over all predictions about future climate. 2020 Gleaner (Kingston, Jamaica) 28 Sept. a2/6 Will the small states survive this climate catastrophe before mankind finds the solution to halt and reverse climate change? climate change n. an alteration in the regional or global climate; esp. the change in global climate patterns increasingly apparent from the mid to late 20th century onwards and linked largely with increased emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases caused by human activity; cf. global warming n. ΚΠ 1854 U.S. Mag. Sci., Arts, Manuf. 15 Dec. 234/3 Some have ascribed these climate changes to agriculture—the cutting down the dense forests—the exposure of the upturned soil to the summer sun, and the draining of the great marshes. 1873 Ohio Democrat (New Philadelphia, Ohio) 25 Apr. There are no thermometric records sufficiently comprehensive to afford inferential conclusions as to climate change in the West. 1957 Hammond (Indiana) Times 6 Nov. b2/1 This continued pouring forth of waste gases may upset the rather delicate carbon dioxide balance in the earth's general atmosphere and..a large scale global warming, with radical climate changes may result. 1983 Current Anthropol. 24 589/1 Palaeoclimatological data will be perused for the information they provide about climate change during the Pliocene and Lower Pleistocene. 1989 S. H. Schneider Global Warming (1990) vii. 191 Was the ‘Summer of '88’ a real example of climate change in the making or simply a media event? 2021 Financial Express (New Delhi) (Electronic ed.) 28 July Forests need to be actively used as carbon sinks to address climate change. climate control n. (a) the countering of adverse weather conditions, or (in later use) the modification of weather patterns, by artificial means; (b) the regulation of temperature, humidity, and airflow in the interior of a car, building, enclosure, etc.; a system devised for this purpose. ΚΠ 1903 C. A. Stephens Nat. Salvation 83 Vaporization and rainfall are the factors to be controlled... The whole problem of climate-control is already outlined in physics, as to its methods. 1915 Sci. Monthly Dec. 301 An efficient frost fighting device is in a way the entering wedge for solving problems of climate control. 1945 Metrop. Mus. Art Bull. 3 176/1 In time American climate control was to become an almost notorious feature of national life. 1965 Punch 13 Jan. 51/3 If it became possible to control desiccation, the global balance would radically alter at a date dependent on the speed with which climate-control was achieved. 1971 Gourmet Feb. 1/2 Among the many other interior luxuries that make Cadillac motoring so pleasurable, you can order Automatic Climate Control, pioneered by Cadillac. 1998 What Car? Sept. 51/3 Buttons and switches are a little fussy, especially when the optional climate control, as fitted to our test car, is thrown into the mix. 2003 Lancs. Life Mar. 120/1 A climate control system for both buildings will be installed to improve the care of items on display. climate-controlled adj. (a) (of a car, building, enclosure, etc.) having the interior temperature, humidity, and airflow artificially controlled; (b) (of fuel) adapted to the weather conditions of the region in which it is sold (now rare). ΚΠ 1933 Sci. Monthly Mar. 209/2 Vulcanizing ovens and a climate-controlled laboratory permit fundamental experiments in measuring and modifying the properties of rubber. 1933 Soda Springs (Idaho) Sun 1 June 6/6 (advt.) PEP 88 Climate Controlled Gasoline. 1967 Commentator (Coshocton, Ohio) 19 July 3/3 (advt.) Super-Flite Premium gasoline... It's year round climate controlled too. Blended just right for here and now driving conditions. 1985 K. T. Jackson Crabgrass Frontier 259 The concept of the enclosed, climate-controlled mall, first introduced at the Southdale Shopping Center near Minneapolis in 1956, added to the suburban advantage. 2005 J. Weiner Goodnight Nobody xi. 91 The two of us spent our days..sitting in ergonomically designed chairs in a climate-controlled office. climate crisis n. the increasing risk of hazardous, irreversible changes to the climate, resulting from global warming; the environmental crisis arising from this risk. ΚΠ 1986 Christian Sci. Monitor (Nexis) 19 June 25 [TV program listings]. The Climate Crisis (PBS, 8-9 p.m.):..exploring the ‘greenhouse effect’ and how it could alter Earth's atmosphere. 2020 New Yorker 13 Jan. 13/2 If 2019 was supposedly the year we ‘woke up to the climate crisis,’ the twenty-tens have been called ‘the decade we finally woke up to climate change.’ climate cure n. the alleviation of disease or ill health by travel to a place considered to have a beneficial climate; a journey undertaken with this intention. ΚΠ 1869 A. Coffin & W. H. Geddings (title) Aiken; or climate cure. 1871 Sterling (Illinois) Gaz. 7 Oct. 3/1 The unfriended invalids that flock there in the vain hope of the climate cure. 1911 Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 23–4 319 Disabuse the minds of the people upon the climate cure, for it is not a concrete, specific thing which can be secured only for the asking. 2003 Rocky Mountain News (Denver) (Nexis) 29 Mar. 9 d Colorado's climate cure revived Bob, who bounced back to become the strongest mayor Denverites have ever seen. climate denial n. rejection of the idea (or the evidence) that climate change caused by human activity is occurring, or that it represents a significant threat to human and environmental welfare. ΚΠ 1996 Star Phoenix (Saskatoon, Sask.) 2 Jan. b3/1 (heading) Petro dollars likely fuel behind climate denial. 2011 Herald-Times (Bloomington, Indiana) 26 Sept. b8/5 Climate denial has been incorporated in the broader movement of right-wing populism. 2019 D. Wallace-Wells Uninhabitable Earth ii. 219 Decades of climate denial and disinformation have made global warming not merely an ecological crisis but an incredibly high-stakes wager on the legitimacy and validity of science and the scientific method itself. climate denialism n. the policy or stance of rejecting the idea (or the evidence) that climate change caused by human activity is occurring, or that it represents a significant threat to human and environmental welfare. ΚΠ 2007 Progress (Clearfield, Pa.) 4 Apr. 4/3 Attempts to allege ‘climate denialism’ in response to my points are ad hominem attacks not worthy of consideration. 2014 M. S. Northcott Polit. Theol. Climate Change i. 14 Australia is..home to a deep vein of climate denialism. This might be said to reflect the extremes of heat and drought that settlers have endured for more than a hundred years. 2020 Austral. Financial Rev. (Nexis) 10 Jan. (Opinion) 39 (heading) Morrison is counting the cost of climate denialism. climate denier n. a person who or institution which rejects the idea (or the evidence) that climate change caused by human activity is occurring, or that it represents a significant threat to human and environmental welfare. ΚΠ 2003 New Statesman 1 Dec. 19/1 Blair has just helped to deliver the second-largest reserves of oil on the planet into the hands of the most dangerous climate denier of all, the US. 2009 Fairbanks (Alaska) Daily News-Miner 10 Dec. a4/2 The climate-denier community, funded by big oil, has published all sorts of bogus science for years. 2020 Sydney Morning Herald (Nexis) 7 Jan. You have the second highest carbon emissions per person on earth and you are burying your head in the sand. You aren't a climate sceptic you are a climate denier. climate emergency n. the increasing risk of hazardous, irreversible changes to the climate, resulting from global warming; the environmental crisis arising from this risk, requiring urgent action to reduce or halt climate change and avoid the consequent damage to human and environmental welfare (cf. climate crisis n.); (also) a state of emergency declared by any legislative body in response to this.The writer in quot. 1975 advocates the planting of trees to mitigate local desertification, but does not explicitly refer to global warming. ΚΠ 1975 Sarasota (Florida) Herald-Tribune 25 May 4 e/1 We have allowed our trees to be bulldozed until an emergency has arisen—water emergency, climate emergency, food emergency.] 1989 Proc. 1989 Convention (AFL-CIO) a-87 A people's food program that (a) describes how the climate intensities are destroying our food supplies; (b) puts the climate emergency clearly before the membership and the public. 1997 Calgary (Alberta) Herald (Nexis) 17 Oct. a3 We are facing a climate emergency and no one sees the flashing light. 2014 C. R. Strain Prophet & Bodhisattva vii. 222 The birth of my grandchildren and the inspiration of a son who..has become a science journalist have belatedly wakened me to the climate emergency. 2020 Independent (Nexis) 16 Jan. 6 The government has already been fiercely criticised for lacking urgency and practical solutions for tackling the climate emergency in announcements so far. climate engineering n. (a) management of the indoor microclimate; the technology involved in this; (b) the artificial modification of weather patterns, esp. to counteract future climate change; the branch of science and technology concerned with this. ΚΠ 1951 Fueloil & Oil Heat Aug. 125/1 (advt.) G-E 'Climate Engineering' helps shift sales of G-E Oil Furnaces into high gear with new-type heating. 1969 Meteorol. & Geoastrophys. Abstr. 20 2535 Subject Headings: 1. Indoor climate control. 2. Indoor climate engineering. 1971 Earth-Sci. Rev. 7 87 (title) Climate-engineering schemes to meet a climatic emergency. 1993 Social Probl. 40 66 Direct environmental interventions have also been proposed to slow global warming. These include..global-scale climate engineering (e.g., extracting atmospheric CO₂ by stimulating ocean phytoplankton growth). 2004 A. H. Bell Writing Effective Lett., Memos, & E-mail (ed. 3) v. 77 The Climate Engineering office tells me that room temperatures in your area are between 78 and 80 degrees during even the warmest summer days. 2006 Sunday Tel. (Nexis) 17 Sept. The reaction of most scientists and engineers to even conducting research into climate engineering is either fear or outright rejection due to perceived infeasibility. climate model n. a theoretical or mathematical model (now typically involving computer simulation) of major weather patterns, now esp. as used to predict possible future climate change. ΚΠ 1962 Ann. Assoc. Amer. Geographers 52 363/2 It is logical to investigate representative coasts within a ‘coastal climate model’ that is broad enough to include all conditions. 1990 Business Insurance (Nexis) 26 Mar. 27 The British Meteorological Office in Bracknell, Berkshire, is producing a climate model to predict the impact of increased greenhouse effect gases in the atmosphere over the next 100 years. 2003 Guardian 13 Nov. (Life section) 8/2 What's worrying is that for some years now, global climate models have been predicting a future weakening of the Gulf Stream as a consequence of global warming. climate justice n. action or activism intended to ensure that efforts to mitigate the effects of climate change also address related social justice issues, such as the disproportionate projected impact of climate change on developing countries and the poor. ΚΠ 1999 K. Bruno et al. Greenhouse Gangsters vs. Climate Justice 25/3 Climate Justice also requires that adequate support be given to the victims of global warming—especially environmental refugees who have lost access to their land, homes, food, health and work as a result of global warming. 2008 Encycl. Social Work 137/2 Global warming and climate change have generated ‘climate justice’ issues..for example, disproportionately high effects on people of color and low income. 2020 Chicago Daily Herald (Nexis) 10 Jan. (Neighbor) 3 In ‘Climate Change/Climate Justice’, topics will include food supply, human health, immigration, energy, transportation and more. climate modeller n. a scientist who constructs or uses climate models. ΚΠ 1974 Science 22 Feb. 714/1 The role of snow and ice in year-to-year weather variation..calls for the close attention of meteorologists and climate modelers. 2003 S. Rayner in S. Strauss & B. Orlove Weather, Climate, Culture xv. 283 Clearly, the goals of climate modelers and the expectations of policymakers converge. Both seek more accurate prediction on a finer scale. climate modelling n. the construction or use of climate models. ΚΠ 1974 W. W. Kellogg in Acta Astronautica 1 89 It may seem presumptuous to claim that the goal of climate modeling..is the prediction of climate change, since the system is so complex and the interactions so varied. 2005 New Scientist 29 Jan. 4/3 The development of grids was driven mainly by scientists who needed vast processing power to carry out research in areas such as climate modelling. climate-proof adj. impervious or resistant to a particular climate; weatherproof; (later also) able to withstand climate change. ΚΠ 1827 Harmonicon Jan. (verso front cover) (advt.) The Patent Dital Harp. This elegant little Instrument..is admirably adapted for Persons travelling abroad, as it is warranted Climate Proof. 1837 Amer. Monthly Mag. Feb. 125 A people whose copper coloured skins are climate-proof. 1921 Times 9 Feb. 12/5 (advt.) ‘Empire’ Woven Wire Fence..gives sterling service year in and year out... Absolutely climate-proof; well galvanised against rusting. 2007 Africa News (Nexis) 11 Apr. They will need to factor climate change into their strategies..and ensure that their development plans and investments are climate-proof. climate refugee n. a person who moves to a place where the climate is more congenial or beneficial (now rare); (now) a person forced to move to a different home, region, or country because of the effects of climate change. ΚΠ 1889 San Francisco Chron. 1 Jan. 10/7 The county, to be sure, is greatly aided by the regular winter's invasion of tourists and Eastern climate refugees. 1895 S. Riverside (Calif.) Bee 13 Apr. With anything like reasonable fares on the overland lines, at least 40 per cent of these climate refugees would make a trip to California, for nobody cares to go to sea during the winter months. 1911 Bedford (Indiana) Daily Mail 15 Mar. He is a climate refugee from the frigid east, and is looking for a home under genial skies of Southern California. 1928 Albany (Missouri) Capital 16 Feb. 3/4 This friend..is primarily a climate refugee. He flees from cold in Massachusetts and shivers pitifully in a Florida cold snap. 1989 Times 6 June 5/4 (heading) Global climate ‘refugees’.. More than 300 million people could become environmental refugees next century. 1994 Econ. of Climate Change (Proc. OECD and IEA Conf.) v. 77 Considering both the costs of sea level rise protection and the costs of climate refugees from coastal regions, [etc.]. 2007 Philadelphia Feb. 75/1 Gore shows large parts of San Francisco, Beijing, Shanghai and New York becoming submerged. The result, he says, will be tens of millions of ‘climate refugees’. 2019 D. Wallace-Wells Uninhabitable Earth i. 7 The U.N. projections are bleaker: 200 million climate refugees by 2050. climate sceptic n. and adj. (also climate skeptic) (a) n. a person who or institution which rejects the idea (or the evidence) that climate change caused by human activity is occurring, or that it represents a significant threat to human and environmental welfare; cf. climate denier n.; (b) adj. that rejects the idea (or the evidence) that climate change caused by human activity is occurring, or that it represents a significant threat to human and environmental welfare. ΚΠ 1996 C. Flavin & O. Tunali Climate of Hope 17 These conclusions have gained wide acceptance among scientists and policymakers, but have failed to persuade the so-called climate skeptics. 1998 Ottawa Citizen (Nexis) 28 Apr. a14 The polls quoted have a long and shabby record in U.S. climate skeptic literature. 2019 E. F. Bloomfield Communication Strategies Engaging Climate Skeptics iv. 106 Where climate skeptics doubt consensus and climate models, it seems counterproductive to constantly laud the infallibility of science. 2020 MailOnline (Nexis) 16 Jan. He compared the arguments of climate sceptic MPs to those of anti-vaxxers. climate science n. the branch of science which deals with the origin, development, and alteration of regional and global weather patterns. [Originally after German Klimakunde (1790 or earlier).] ΚΠ 1927 Proc. Internat. Soc. Soil Sci. 1927–8 3 208 Köppen, W.—Die Klimate der Erde. Grundriß der Klimakunde. (Les climats de la terre. Eléments de la science des climats.—Climates of the earth. Principles of climate science)... 1923. 1978 Atmospheric Environment 12 2525 The World Climate Programme..will be the vehicle for implementing international plans of action in climate science, climate data and applications, and research in the impacts of climate on societies and the environment. 2003 Social Probl. 50 369 Two recent White House documents sound like conservative think tank policy statements in their conspicuous and detailed emphases on the uncertainties of climate science. climate scientist n. an expert or specialist in climate science. ΚΠ 1976 Science 16 Apr. 246/2 More climate scientists, despite the still unresolved internal debates over the causes of climate change and the prospects for the future, are beginning to seek a wider audience for their concerns. 2005 Environmental Health Perspectives 113 A535/2 Africa may already be feeling the effects of global warming..and more marked effects are likely to come, according to models developed by climate scientists. climate shift n. a relatively abrupt alteration of the climate in a particular region; (now also more widely) = climate change n. ΚΠ 1936 Evening Tribune (Albert Lea, Minnesota) 2 July 1 (heading) Climate shift threatened. 1996 I. J. Thorpe Origins Agric. in Europe (1999) i. 10 From the 1960s onwards pollen evidence for a climate shift [in the Near East after the last Ice Age] has been accumulating. 2007 Christian Sci. Monitor (Nexis) 29 Mar. 12 Climate shifts caused by global warming are already disrupting the habitats of many species and will drive some to extinction. climate strike n. a form of public protest (often by young people withdrawing from their places of education or work) intended to draw attention to climate change and the need for urgent action. ΚΠ 2014 B. Manski & J. Stein in www.popularresistance.org 24 Sept. (blog, Internet Archive Wayback Machine 2 Oct. 2014) You may be the person who can turn the climate's breaking point into a tipping point by bringing others around you into a global climate strike. 2019 Belfast Tel. Online (Nexis) 10 Sept. Amnesty has written to more than 1,000 schools in Northern Ireland urging them to allow children to take part in climate strikes. 2020 Global Times (China) (Nexis) 23 Jan. About 3000 people took to the streets of Downtown Los Angeles..for the LA youth climate strike, featuring speeches by various environmental youth activists, including Greta Thunberg. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online June 2022). † climaten.² Origin: Apparently either (i) a borrowing from Spanish. Or (ii) a borrowing from French. Etymons: Spanish climatérico; French climatérique. Etymology: Apparently either < climat- (in Spanish climatérico climacteric adj.) or < climat- (in French climatérique climacteric adj.). Compare climatic adj.¹ Obsolete. The period between two climacteric years. ΘΚΠ the world > people > person > middle-aged person > [noun] > middle age > climacteric climate1574 climacterical1611 climacter1623 climacterial?1632 grand climacteric1634 climacteric1742 climacterium1876 climactery1887 1574 E. Hellowes tr. A. de Guevara Familiar Epist. 259 That which y^e Phisition doth cal Terme in the sick man, is called in the whole by the Philosopher Climate [Sp. clima]. 1586 T. Bowes tr. P. de la Primaudaye French Acad. I. 563 In the whole course of our life we liue vnder one onely climate [Fr. climat], which is either from seuen, or from nine yeeres, except in the yeere of 63, wherein two terminations or climates ende. 1598 A. M. tr. J. Guillemeau Frenche Chirurg. 51/1 Those which haue passede through the driveling or sputaminouse climate. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2021). † climatev.¹ Brit. /ˈklʌɪmᵻt/, U.S. /ˈklaɪmᵻt/ Forms: 1600s clymate. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: climate n.¹ Etymology: < climate n.¹ Obsolete. rare. intransitive. To reside in a particular region (cf. climate n.¹ 1b). ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabiting temporarily > [verb (intransitive)] > in a (foreign) country climatea1616 peregrinate1755 a1616 W. Shakespeare Winter's Tale (1623) v. i. 169 The blessed Gods Purge all Infection from our Ayre, whilest you Doe Clymate here. View more context for this quotation This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022). climatev.² Brit. /ˈklʌɪmᵻt/, U.S. /ˈklaɪmᵻt/ Forms: 1800s– 'climate, 1800s– climate. Origin: Apparently formed within English, by clipping or shortening. Etymon: acclimate v. Etymology: Apparently shortened < acclimate v. Compare climate n.¹, climate v.¹, and climatize v., and also slightly earlier climation n. U.S. transitive. = acclimatize v. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > [verb (transitive)] > acclimatize season1601 acclimate1792 acclimatize1802 climatize1826 climate1849 1849 N. Kingsley Diary 12 Dec. (1914) 92 Relinquishing the idea of going to the diggings this winter [to] get ourselves climated ready for spring. 1863 ‘E. Kirke’ My Southern Friends iv. 61 It gits a feller's stumac used ter Tophet 'fore the rest on him is 'climated. 1906 Dial. Notes 3 131 Those horses are climated. 1937 Iowa Recorder 7 Apr. 4/1 (advt.) Apple trees which are climated to this locality. 2002 Washington Post (Nexis) 30 July b1 I don't feel it [sc. the heat]; you get climated. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.¹a1393n.²1574v.¹a1616v.²1849
随便看	exilian exilic exilience exiliency exilient exilila exiling exilition exility eximiety eximious eximiously eximiousness exinanite exinanitiate exinanition exindusiate exine exines exinfluence exinguinal exintine exintricate exion exipotic

climaten.1

Compounds

† climaten.2

† climatev.1

climatev.2

climaten.¹

† climaten.²

† climatev.¹

climatev.²