clientn.

Brit.

/ˈklʌɪənt/, U.S.

/ˈklaɪənt/

Forms: Middle English claynt (perhaps transmission error), Middle English cleaunt, Middle English cliaunt, Middle English clyaunt, Middle English–1600s clyant, Middle English–1700s clyent, Middle English– client, 1500s clyante, 1500s clyente, 1500s–1600s cliant.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French client; Latin client-, cliēns.

Etymology: < (i) Anglo-Norman clyent, cliaunt, Anglo-Norman and Middle French client, cliant person who employs a legal adviser (c1320 or earlier in Anglo-Norman, 1437 in continental French), person who is under the patronage or protection of another (late 14th cent., originally in specific use in Roman history), and its etymon (ii) classical Latin client-, cliēns person who is under the protection or patronage of another, dependant or vassal of a foreign chief or people, in post-classical Latin also vassal, retainer (11th cent.), person who employs a legal adviser (from 12th cent. in British sources), participial formation < the base of -clināre (see procline v.).Compare Spanish cliente (1490), Portuguese cliente (1561), Italian cliente (first half of the 14th cent.), and also German Client, (now usually) Klient (first half of the 16th cent., in early use often with Latin inflectional endings).

a. A person under the patronage or protection of another; a dependant; (sometimes) spec. a feudal vassal or retainer. Formerly also: †a person who tries to win the favour or patronage of an influential person (obsolete). Also figurative. Now historical.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > humility > servility > [noun] > servile person

clienta1393

snivelard1398

a dog for (also to) the bowc1405

fawnerc1440

snivellerc1450

slave1521

footstool1531

minion1560

footman1567

cringer1582

earthworm1583

yea-sayer1584

croucher1587

creeper1589

sneak-up1598

spaniel1598

sneak-cupa1616

servile1632

puppy dog1651

clientelary1655

lackey1692

groveling1708

prostite1721

prostitute1721

toad-eater1742

groveller1779

cringeling1798

creeping Jesusc1818

toady1826

truckler1827

crawler1847

flunkey1854

doormat1861

dog robber1863

heeler1875

slaveling1884

bootlicker1890

fetch-and-carry1905

poodle1907

yes-woman1927

ass-licker1939

ass-kisser1951

chamcha1966

fart-catcher1971

the mind > attention and judgement > esteem > approval or sanction > commendation or praise > flattery or flattering > servile flattery or currying favour > [noun] > servile flatterer > parasite

clienta1393

lick-dishc1440

maunche present1440

scambler?a1513

smell-feast1519

parasite1539

hanger-on1549

parasitaster1552

waiter at the table1552

lick-trencher1571

hang-by1579

shadow1579

trencher-fly1590

trencher-friend1590

fawnguest1592

pot-hunter1592

lick-spigot1599

trencherman1599

shark1600

tub-hunter1600

zany1601

lick-box1611

by-hangera1626

cosherer1634

shirk1639

panlicker1641

clientelary1655

tantony1659

led friend1672

sponger1677

fetcher and carrier1751

myrmidon1800

trencher-licker1814

onhanger1821

tag-tail1835

sponge1838

lick-ladle1849

lick-platter1853

sucker1856

freeloader1933

bludger1938

ligger1977

joyrider1990

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) iii. l. 160 As he [sc. love] is blind himself, riht so He makth his client blind also.

c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) l. 3195 (MED) First cald I ȝow my clyentis þat now I call lordis.

1532 L. Cox Art or Crafte Rhetoryke sig. Aii (heading) To..Hugh Faryngton Abbot of Redynge his pore client and perpetuall seruaunt Leonarde Cockes desyreth longe & prosperouse lyfe.

1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 109 The king was miserably compelled kneelyng on his knees to geue ouer both his crowne and scepter to the Pope of Rome..and as his client, vassall, feodary, and tenant, to receyue it of him againe.

1604 R. Cawdrey Table Alphabet. at Vassall Slaue, client.

1630 Bp. J. Hall Occas. Medit. §lv These Flowers are true Clients of the Sunne..in the morning, they welcome his rising..and at noone, are fully display'd, in a free acknowledgment of his bounty.

1711 R. Steele Spectator No. 49. ⁋1 We are very Curious to observe the Behaviour of great Men and their Clients.

1799 H. J. Pye Aristocrat I. i. 6 That friendship had been preserved through life on the footing of perfect equality, without feeling on either side the degrading relation of patron and client.

1841 R. W. Emerson Ess. 1st Ser. (new ed.) ii. 53 Posterity seem to follow his steps as a train of clients.

1865 A. Vinet Outl. Philos. Lit. ii. iii. 257 The liberal sees the man..not as a chance companion to life's table, but as the host, the guest, the client of God.

1918 A. Tilley Dawn French Renaissance i. 10 His eight years sojourn at Milan as the client of the Visconti..was as perplexing to his friends as it is to us.

1986 S. Kettering Patrons, Brokers & Clients 17th-cent. France 4 A patron is expected to give material benefits because he can do so, while a client offers in exchange more intangible assets of loyalty and service.

2007 N. van de Walle in Patrons, Clients & Policies ii. 51 Tribute describes the traditional practice of gift exchange in peasant societies in which patron and client are engaged in bonds of reciprocity and trust.

†b. An adherent or follower. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > support > support or encouragement > [noun] > supporter or encourager > adherent

followerOE

manOE

soldier1340

suerc1384

suitora1398

adherent1426

clienta1464

aggregator1541

sectator?1541

suppost1547

ensuer1550

adherer1561

sectary1590

symbolizer1607

acolyte1623

sectarian1819

tailer1838

a1464 J. Capgrave Abbreuiacion of Cron. (Cambr. Gg.4.12) (1983) 182 This cardinal..fled oute of Rome with his clientis.

?1536 W. Marshall Luther's Images Verye Chrysten Bysshop sig. f. iii God nowe doth punysshe and scourge the world by the Pope & his clyents.

1668 N. Culpeper & A. Cole tr. T. Bartholin Anat. (new ed.) ii. viii. 114 The Doctrin of Galen and his Clients.

1724 T. Wearing Serm. Consecration St. Andrew’s Church Penrith 3 in Two Serm. What the rare Humanist, and polite Master said of his fine Client..is no Anticipation of your Credit.

c. Roman History. A person offering deference and certain services to someone of greater wealth or status in return for aid and protection. Cf. patron n. 2b.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > service > feudal service > [noun] > person similar to feudal vassal > in ancient Rome

client?1520

?1520 A. Barclay tr. Sallust Cron. Warre agaynst Iugurth xvii. f. xxv Noble men..hauynge many clyentes [L. multae clientelae] and seruantes retayned with them.

1561 T. Norton tr. J. Calvin Inst. Christian Relig. ii. xvi. f. 167 How should the patrone condemne his owne clientes [L. clientes]?

1647 R. Stapleton in tr. Juvenal Sixteen Satyrs 14 The Client..was bound by Law to contribute towards their Patrons Assessements, and the Marriages of his Daughters.

1741 C. Middleton Hist. Life Cicero I. ii. 133 Assassinated..by Pompey's clients.

1834 E. Bulwer-Lytton Last Days of Pompeii I. i. ii. 11. ‘So, she is a sort of client of yours, this child,’ said Clodius.

1863 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Sept. 290 The Greek Eupatrid or the Roman Patrician..had to court the votes of his Phyle or of his clients.

1910 T. G. Tucker Life in Rom. World of Nero & St. Paul xii. 209 One must not expect a Roman noble to deign always to remember the names of humble persons..and therefore a slave, known as the ‘name-caller’, announces each client in turn.

1978 E. G. Huzar Mark Antony i. 5 By immemorial custom, each aristocratic family acted as patron to a group of plebians known as their clients.

2010 S. Dando-Collins Great Fire of Rome iii. 37 A patron's most lowly clients..were expected to act as his anteambulo, preceding their patron when he passed along the street.

d. A country dependent on another for military, political, or economic support; = client state n. at Compounds 3.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > territorial jurisdiction or areas subject to > [noun] > territory governed by a ruler or state > dependent

dependency1684

client state1803

client1875

overseas territory1900

1875 Sat. Rev. 11 Dec. 736/1 France, which was then the protector of Egypt, gave a gentle encouragement to the proposals of its client.

1899 Spectator 21 Oct. 565/2 The Free State became the patron of the Transvaal, interesting itself for the benefit of its client in a controversy in which its own material interests were not involved.

1958 Spectator 7 Feb. 159/2 This new republic will now be a client of Russia... The other Arab States..are clients of the West.

1991 K. Maguire Politics in S. Afr. iii. 69 Russian economy could no longer afford the heavy subsidies to its clients.

2010 W. Mulligan Origins First World War ii. 64 Previously a client of Austria-Hungary, Serbia now reorientated its policy towards St Petersburg.

a. A person or organization using the services of a lawyer or legal adviser.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > legal profession > lawyer's client > [noun]

clientc1400

cliauntor1467

c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. iv. l. 396 (MED) Reccheþ þei neuere Of þe cours of þe case..Nyme he a numbre of nobles oþer of shullenges, How þat clyentes acorde mede a-counteþ lytel.

1474 W. Caxton tr. Game & Playe of Chesse (1883) ii. iii. 38 Pletynge of a cause for his clyent.

1483 ( tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage of Soul (Caxton) iii. iv. f. liij^v Ye wold putte your clyentes at the more cost in fyllynge of youre pourses.

?1518 A. Barclay tr. D. Mancinus Myrrour Good Maners sig. G.v The lawier in pleding for his pore client Before his owne profite shulde set Justyce and ryght.

1591 R. Greene Notable Discouery of Coosenage f. 1^v When the Clyents are come from Westminster hall.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Measure for Measure (1623) i. ii. 99 Good Counsellors lacke no Clients .

1648 Foure Ages Eng. 16 The Clyent is discharged of his pain, Till to his cost, he do recruit again.

1706 T. D'Urfey Wonders in Sun i. i. 9 Thou art as Snappish and as Surly as a Covetous Lawyer to a Pauper Client.

1782 W. Cowper Charity in Poems 195 The poor thy clients, and heaven's smile thy fee.

1818 W. Scott Heart of Mid-Lothian xi, in Tales of my Landlord 2nd Ser. II. 280 In no civil case would a counsel have been permitted to plead his client's case in the teeth of the law.

1879 G. C. Harlan Eyesight i. 11 The lawyers have a saying that ‘the man who pleads his own case has a fool for a client’.

1914 Southern Reporter 65 162 Even a compromise by an insolvent client of the judgment or decree obtained by the attorney will not be surveilled or interfered with by a court of equity.

1970 N.Y. Times 23 Aug. 38/4 Until recently pro bono practitioners confined themselves to the representation of individual indigent clients.

2014 Daily Tel. 7 Nov. 12/1 Contact between lawyers and their clients is covered by ‘legal professional privilege’.

b. A person who has, or seeks to have, a particular person or figure, such as the Virgin Mary or a saint, as a spiritual advocate or intercessor.

ΚΠ

1609 Bible (Douay) I. Pref. They..solicitous for us their dearest clientes, incessantly intercede before Christ's Divine Majestie.

1674 R. Strange Life S. Thomas Cantilupe 4 I had thoughts of prosecuting what a devout Client of this Saint had to his honor rather scarce well designed.

1765 T. Lawson Devotion Sacred Heart Jesus 73 Go then, devout Client, go to the Heart of Jesus.

1884 G. Dillon Virgin Mother Good Counsel i. 8 The Christians were in imminent peril in Italy and all along the European seaboard. But the client of Mary prevailed.

1922 H. P. Smyth Testimony Truth 78 The most ardent client of Mary but follows meekly in the footsteps of her Son.

1982 N. Mitchell Cult & Controv. ii. viii. 414 As special clients of God and the saints, worshipers are also conscious of a privileged power of intercession.

2004 E. Duffy Faith Fathers iv. 33 The client of Mary in these hymns was presented as ill at ease in the world.

a. gen. A person using the services of a professional person or organization; a customer of a person or organization offering services.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > buying > buyer > [noun] > customer or client

customer1409

callant1502

patron1607

commercer1654

merchant1673

client1833

mark1935

punter1965

1833 New Monthly Mag. Dec. 483 He called his shop an office, his customers clients.

1872 E. Peacock Mabel Heron I. iii. 38 Clients..of the money-borrowing order.

1926 Amer. Mercury July 370/2 A fortune-teller suggests to his client that a magnetized horseshoe carried in the rear pants pocket will cure his..thrombolymphangitis.

1977 J. Wilton-Ely in S. Kostof Architect 193 The advent of the general contractor..profoundly affected the historic tripartite relationship between client, designer, and craftsman.

2014 Daily Tel. 1 Oct. (Business section) 8/3 If you're only providing a couple of services, it's easy for a client to swap you out for another business.

b. A person receiving support or supervision from social services. Also: a person receiving care or treatment from a counsellor or therapist.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social attitudes > philanthropy > [noun] > social service or work > client

client1907

case1920

1907 Charities & Commons 2 Nov. 1003/1 The social worker cannot often..share in the financial, artistic, political or scientific interests of his client.

1925 L. Eaves (title) Aged clients of Boston social agencies.

1960 L. Pincus Marriage iii. 222 The central themes of counselling work with all clients.

1991 J. Sayers Mothering Psychoanal. ii. vii. 74 Social work client Mrs Slutsky.., unable to bear her adopted niece Rose's unhappiness and resulting unruliness after Mrs Slutsky married and had a baby, blamed Rose's biological father for her bad behaviour.

2013 Psychologies (U.K. ed.) May 98/2 Feelings that the therapist has in response to the client are called counter-transference.

4. Computing. A program used to access a service or data that is provided and managed centrally by a server, esp. over a computer network; a networked computer used to access such a service or data.Sometimes with a modifying word specifying what kind of service the client is designed to access, as email client, FTP client, etc.Recorded earliest in client program at Compounds 2.

ΚΠ

1969 Bell Syst. Techn. Jrnl. 48 2773 Items covered here regularly include processing the waiting list of incoming and outgoing teletypewriter messages, including such functions as timing..and distribution of messages to client programs.

1989 UnixWorld Sept. 106/2 With asynchronous transmission, both the client and the server can send packets to each other without waiting for replies.

1997 Internet Mag. Jan. 46/3 The mail client is much improved and resembles Exchange or other more traditional mail packages.

2000 Computerworld 17 Apr. 74/2 A user contacts a server via the FTP client, establishes a connection, logs on to the network, requests directory listings and copies files.

2005 Mobile Choice 10 Mar. 65 A smartphone crammed with top-end features, including an email client and Bluetooth.

2011 G. B. Shelly et al. Microsoft Windows 7 i. 4 Notebook computers..can be used either as stand-alone computers or clients.

Compounds

C1. General attributive and appositive.

client group n.

ΚΠ

1919 Outlook 12 Feb. 283/2 (advt.) For years client groups have found our work a considerable aid.

1978 J. F. Handler et al. in B. A. Weisbrod Public Interest Law iv. 60/1 Client groups seeking legal assistance are aware of those..firms sharing their concerns.

2009 Financial Times 20 Feb. 10/3 The fund is also seeking..contributions from service companies for whom charities represent an important client group.

client population n.

ΚΠ

1848 D. M. Masson Hist. Rome 54 It would appear that a large proportion of the client population employed themselves as agents in collecting produce for exportation.

1977 I. Epstein & T. Tripodi Res. Techniques Program Planning, Monitoring & Eval. viii. 83 Rather than surveying the entire client population to determine whether contacts have been made, he may have a sample of the client population interviewed or sent questionnaires asking for this information.

2009 M. D. Glicken Evidence-Based Counseling & Psychotherapy Aging Population ii. v. 116 Much more time must be spent in training new workers for effective work with diverse client populations.

C2. attributive. Computing. Designating a program or computer that is a client (in sense 4); (also) relating to or involving a client; as client application, client program, etc.

ΚΠ

1969Client programs [see sense 4].

1973 Bell. Syst. Techn. Jrnl. 52 1692 Client programs using these mechanisms work entirely in terms of the hierarchical structure.

1986 Computerworld 18 Aug. 43/2 I really give a lot of credit to the use of personal or client computing out there in the industry.

1992 MacUser Nov. 232/2 It listens for commands from client applications running anywhere on the network.

1997 Network World 21 July 22/3 At that time, the most common client protocols were IPX..and NETBIOS.

2014 S. M. Freund & C. L. Hoisington Microsoft Outlook 2013 i. 56 Compose a new email message from the client program.

C3.

client base n. the clients or potential clients of a particular business, person, etc., considered collectively.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > buying > buyer > [noun] > customer or client > collectively

custom1665

clientele1835

clientship1855

customer base1954

client base1957

1957 Sponsor 27July ii. vi. 170/3 They've broadened the client base as shown by the 148-account figure of today contrasted with a total of 25 national advertisers using all four networks a decade ago.

1974 Times 18 June 25/4 (advt.) Two vacancies in Management/Computer Consultancy with international client base.

2006 Surface No. 62. 116 The store continues to build a permanent and profitable client base.

client-centred adj. (a) that focuses on the needs or desires of the client; (b) Psychology of or designating a technique of non-directive therapy first developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist concentrates on communicating warmth, understanding, and acceptance as the client explores the roots of, and potential solutions to, his or her emotional problems (cf. Rogerian adj.).

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > psychiatry > [adjective] > relating to psychotherapy > other types

transpersonal1905

client-centred1931

Rogerian1946

Couéistic1950

Morita1953

1931 Social Forces 9 465/2 Her [sc. the social worker's] thought ceases to be client-centered.

1944 C. R. Rogers in Marriage & Family Living 6 69/1 The keynote of client-centered therapy is the counselor's attitude of acceptance and willingness to understand.

1967 Observer 5 Nov. 37/3 The YES [= Youth Employment Service] is client-centred, not job-centred.

2005 S. Vincent Being Empathic i. 29 The attitude of high regard held by the client-centred counsellor for the dignity and worth of individuals is a fundamental differentiation between client-centred therapy and a great many other approaches.

2007 M. A. Wilson J. Morgan iii. 17/2 A prime example of Morgan's client-centered approach is the Mediterranean-style residence she designed in 1911 for Walter Starr.

client conference n. a conference or meeting with a client or clients, esp. of a lawyer or law firm.

ΚΠ

1943 Advertising & Selling Aug. 34/2 It simply didn't become an art director..to limp into a client conference with an indigo eye or a battered nose.

1986 Chicago Tribune (Electronic ed.) 11 Dec. 5 The cramped conditions..forced some attorneys to hold client conferences in their cars.

2014 E. Finch & S. Fafinski Employability Skills Law Students 221 This involves working on case files..or taking notes at court or during a client conference.

client confidentiality n. the principle that a business or an individual should not disclose confidential information about a client to a third party.

ΚΠ

1952 Family Service Highlights Apr. 55/2 Questions about public assistance created most interest, followed by questions about client confidentiality and the part of the clerical staff in handling requests for information.

1978 Law & Human Behavior 2 114 Clients who are evaluated by court-appointed psychologists or psychiatrists..do not always have the same rights to client confidentiality and privileged communication as they would have had if their evaluation was performed by a private mental health professional.

2003 V. Blake Bloodless Shadow (2004) 7 I'm afraid I can't discuss my cases. You're a therapist, I'm sure you understand about client confidentiality.

client-facing adj. (a) of, relating to, or involved in direct interaction with clients or customers; (b) characterized by prioritization or provision of a high level of service to clients or customers; cf. customer-facing adj. at customer n. Compounds 2.

ΚΠ

1972 Social Service Rev. 46 445 The relationship of each agency to the various coordinative structures, the patterns of funding, and the associational affiliations of executive and client-facing staff were examined.

2000 Architects' Jrnl. 18 May 68/2 (advt.) This is a front-line, proactive, client-facing position and as such will require an individual with a variety of skills and bags of enthusiasm.

2005 Campaign 11 Feb. 45/1 (advt.) You must be client-facing and will be required to present clear, rational thinking, articulately and passionately.

client king n. historical a king who is dependent on a more powerful state for political, economic, or military support, and who in return is expected to serve the interests of that state; spec. a king dependent on ancient Rome.

ΚΠ

1842 F. W. Faber Sights & Thoughts in Foreign Churches 254 There linger yet unquenched the lightnings before which client kings and suppliant ambassadors were wont to quail.

1891 Eclectic Mag. Oct. 438/1 The history of its [sc. Armenia] relations with Rome—of the setting up and pulling down of client kings..—must remind one very forcibly of the English connection with Afghanistan.

1938 Times Lit. Suppl. 7 May 320/1 They [sc. the Herods] constitute a locus classicus on the relations of client kings and the central government.

1981 G. Dalton in I. Hodder et al. Pattern of Past i. 35 Other devices to reinforce alliance were also used, such as the overlord-king taking as wife the client-king's daughter.

2003 D. W. Roller World Juba II & Kleopatra Selene 2004 271 Support of Athens was virtually a requirement of a client king.

client list n. the roster of companies or individuals to whom a particular person or company provides goods or services.

ΚΠ

1882 Observer 6 Aug. 6/2 Mr Woodlock had an enormous client list and his practice was when his clients called for the bonds to deliver them up.

1933 Financial Times 26 May 7/1 The Standard Brands ‘selected’ client list comprised about 100 names.

2002 Marketing 24 Oct. 43/1 (advt.) The client list is diverse, ranging from Financial Services through to Government, Home Shopping and Media.

client prince n. historical a ruling prince or monarch who is dependent on a more powerful state for political, economic, or military support.

ΚΠ

1859 National Rev. Apr. 333 It is just like our own dominion in India, where we have our immediate provinces and our client princes.

1879 W. T. Arnold Rom. Syst. Provinc. Admin. i. 14 Hübner supposes this client-prince to have actually discharged the functions of imperial legate in this country.

1968 Hispanic Amer. Hist. Rev. 48 297 The idea of establishing client princes in America was not original with Abalos.

2008 Amer. Jrnl. Archaeol. 112 75/2 Client princes from Hellenistic kingdoms under Rome's sway would..continue to wear their traditional finery.

client–server adj. (and n.) (also client/server) Computing designating a computer system in which services and data are provided and managed centrally by servers and accessed using one or more clients; relating to or involving such a system; also occasionally as n.; cf. sense 4.

ΚΠ

1980 IEEE Trans. Software Engin. 6 452/1 We will assume here that the communications network has a suitable amount of security for client-server communication of data.

1994 CIO 1 Sept. 3/3 New advancements in high-powered servers, operating environments, and advanced applications make client/servers like this possible.

1997 D. Ensor & I. Stevenson Oracle Design x. 227 Oracle's developers took a number of important steps to make their client/server architecture more efficient.

2013 D. Whiteley Introd. Information Syst. vi. 122 Some client-server systems have a thick client where a part of the system is run on the client and part of the system on the server.

client state n. a country which is dependent on another country for military, political, or economic support.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > territorial jurisdiction or areas subject to > [noun] > territory governed by a ruler or state > dependent

dependency1684

client state1803

client1875

overseas territory1900

1803 T. Pownall Memorial to Sovereigns of Europe & Atlantic 41 France.., with its dependent client states, with its subordinate unequal allies, holding dominion over all Europe.

1869 J. Lord Anc. States & Empires iii. xxxvi. 502 Numidia was not converted into a Roman province, but into a client State.

1955 A. L. Rowse Expansion of Elizabethan Eng. ix. 334 The insecurity of the client-state of an enemy on the Border.

1991 Maclean's 17 June 46/3 Without an independent defence policy, we will..become one of those wispy client-states.

2012 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 27 Sept. 83/2 China could produce..second-rate airplanes that will only sell among captive customers at home or client states abroad.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2016; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	client
释义	clientn. Brit. /ˈklʌɪənt/, U.S. /ˈklaɪənt/ Forms: Middle English claynt (perhaps transmission error), Middle English cleaunt, Middle English cliaunt, Middle English clyaunt, Middle English–1600s clyant, Middle English–1700s clyent, Middle English– client, 1500s clyante, 1500s clyente, 1500s–1600s cliant. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French client; Latin client-, cliēns. Etymology: < (i) Anglo-Norman clyent, cliaunt, Anglo-Norman and Middle French client, cliant person who employs a legal adviser (c1320 or earlier in Anglo-Norman, 1437 in continental French), person who is under the patronage or protection of another (late 14th cent., originally in specific use in Roman history), and its etymon (ii) classical Latin client-, cliēns person who is under the protection or patronage of another, dependant or vassal of a foreign chief or people, in post-classical Latin also vassal, retainer (11th cent.), person who employs a legal adviser (from 12th cent. in British sources), participial formation < the base of -clināre (see procline v.).Compare Spanish cliente (1490), Portuguese cliente (1561), Italian cliente (first half of the 14th cent.), and also German Client, (now usually) Klient (first half of the 16th cent., in early use often with Latin inflectional endings). 1. a. A person under the patronage or protection of another; a dependant; (sometimes) spec. a feudal vassal or retainer. Formerly also: †a person who tries to win the favour or patronage of an influential person (obsolete). Also figurative. Now historical. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > humility > servility > [noun] > servile person clienta1393 snivelard1398 a dog for (also to) the bowc1405 fawnerc1440 snivellerc1450 slave1521 footstool1531 minion1560 footman1567 cringer1582 earthworm1583 yea-sayer1584 croucher1587 creeper1589 sneak-up1598 spaniel1598 sneak-cupa1616 servile1632 puppy dog1651 clientelary1655 lackey1692 groveling1708 prostite1721 prostitute1721 toad-eater1742 groveller1779 cringeling1798 creeping Jesusc1818 toady1826 truckler1827 crawler1847 flunkey1854 doormat1861 dog robber1863 heeler1875 slaveling1884 bootlicker1890 fetch-and-carry1905 poodle1907 yes-woman1927 ass-licker1939 ass-kisser1951 chamcha1966 fart-catcher1971 the mind > attention and judgement > esteem > approval or sanction > commendation or praise > flattery or flattering > servile flattery or currying favour > [noun] > servile flatterer > parasite clienta1393 lick-dishc1440 maunche present1440 scambler?a1513 smell-feast1519 parasite1539 hanger-on1549 parasitaster1552 waiter at the table1552 lick-trencher1571 hang-by1579 shadow1579 trencher-fly1590 trencher-friend1590 fawnguest1592 pot-hunter1592 lick-spigot1599 trencherman1599 shark1600 tub-hunter1600 zany1601 lick-box1611 by-hangera1626 cosherer1634 shirk1639 panlicker1641 clientelary1655 tantony1659 led friend1672 sponger1677 fetcher and carrier1751 myrmidon1800 trencher-licker1814 onhanger1821 tag-tail1835 sponge1838 lick-ladle1849 lick-platter1853 sucker1856 freeloader1933 bludger1938 ligger1977 joyrider1990 a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) iii. l. 160 As he [sc. love] is blind himself, riht so He makth his client blind also. c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) l. 3195 (MED) First cald I ȝow my clyentis þat now I call lordis. 1532 L. Cox Art or Crafte Rhetoryke sig. Aii (heading) To..Hugh Faryngton Abbot of Redynge his pore client and perpetuall seruaunt Leonarde Cockes desyreth longe & prosperouse lyfe. 1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 109 The king was miserably compelled kneelyng on his knees to geue ouer both his crowne and scepter to the Pope of Rome..and as his client, vassall, feodary, and tenant, to receyue it of him againe. 1604 R. Cawdrey Table Alphabet. at Vassall Slaue, client. 1630 Bp. J. Hall Occas. Medit. §lv These Flowers are true Clients of the Sunne..in the morning, they welcome his rising..and at noone, are fully display'd, in a free acknowledgment of his bounty. 1711 R. Steele Spectator No. 49. ⁋1 We are very Curious to observe the Behaviour of great Men and their Clients. 1799 H. J. Pye Aristocrat I. i. 6 That friendship had been preserved through life on the footing of perfect equality, without feeling on either side the degrading relation of patron and client. 1841 R. W. Emerson Ess. 1st Ser. (new ed.) ii. 53 Posterity seem to follow his steps as a train of clients. 1865 A. Vinet Outl. Philos. Lit. ii. iii. 257 The liberal sees the man..not as a chance companion to life's table, but as the host, the guest, the client of God. 1918 A. Tilley Dawn French Renaissance i. 10 His eight years sojourn at Milan as the client of the Visconti..was as perplexing to his friends as it is to us. 1986 S. Kettering Patrons, Brokers & Clients 17th-cent. France 4 A patron is expected to give material benefits because he can do so, while a client offers in exchange more intangible assets of loyalty and service. 2007 N. van de Walle in Patrons, Clients & Policies ii. 51 Tribute describes the traditional practice of gift exchange in peasant societies in which patron and client are engaged in bonds of reciprocity and trust. †b. An adherent or follower. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > support > support or encouragement > [noun] > supporter or encourager > adherent followerOE manOE soldier1340 suerc1384 suitora1398 adherent1426 clienta1464 aggregator1541 sectator?1541 suppost1547 ensuer1550 adherer1561 sectary1590 symbolizer1607 acolyte1623 sectarian1819 tailer1838 a1464 J. Capgrave Abbreuiacion of Cron. (Cambr. Gg.4.12) (1983) 182 This cardinal..fled oute of Rome with his clientis. ?1536 W. Marshall Luther's Images Verye Chrysten Bysshop sig. f. iii God nowe doth punysshe and scourge the world by the Pope & his clyents. 1668 N. Culpeper & A. Cole tr. T. Bartholin Anat. (new ed.) ii. viii. 114 The Doctrin of Galen and his Clients. 1724 T. Wearing Serm. Consecration St. Andrew’s Church Penrith 3 in Two Serm. What the rare Humanist, and polite Master said of his fine Client..is no Anticipation of your Credit. c. Roman History. A person offering deference and certain services to someone of greater wealth or status in return for aid and protection. Cf. patron n. 2b. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > service > feudal service > [noun] > person similar to feudal vassal > in ancient Rome client?1520 ?1520 A. Barclay tr. Sallust Cron. Warre agaynst Iugurth xvii. f. xxv Noble men..hauynge many clyentes [L. multae clientelae] and seruantes retayned with them. 1561 T. Norton tr. J. Calvin Inst. Christian Relig. ii. xvi. f. 167 How should the patrone condemne his owne clientes [L. clientes]? 1647 R. Stapleton in tr. Juvenal Sixteen Satyrs 14 The Client..was bound by Law to contribute towards their Patrons Assessements, and the Marriages of his Daughters. 1741 C. Middleton Hist. Life Cicero I. ii. 133 Assassinated..by Pompey's clients. 1834 E. Bulwer-Lytton Last Days of Pompeii I. i. ii. 11. ‘So, she is a sort of client of yours, this child,’ said Clodius. 1863 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Sept. 290 The Greek Eupatrid or the Roman Patrician..had to court the votes of his Phyle or of his clients. 1910 T. G. Tucker Life in Rom. World of Nero & St. Paul xii. 209 One must not expect a Roman noble to deign always to remember the names of humble persons..and therefore a slave, known as the ‘name-caller’, announces each client in turn. 1978 E. G. Huzar Mark Antony i. 5 By immemorial custom, each aristocratic family acted as patron to a group of plebians known as their clients. 2010 S. Dando-Collins Great Fire of Rome iii. 37 A patron's most lowly clients..were expected to act as his anteambulo, preceding their patron when he passed along the street. d. A country dependent on another for military, political, or economic support; = client state n. at Compounds 3. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > territorial jurisdiction or areas subject to > [noun] > territory governed by a ruler or state > dependent dependency1684 client state1803 client1875 overseas territory1900 1875 Sat. Rev. 11 Dec. 736/1 France, which was then the protector of Egypt, gave a gentle encouragement to the proposals of its client. 1899 Spectator 21 Oct. 565/2 The Free State became the patron of the Transvaal, interesting itself for the benefit of its client in a controversy in which its own material interests were not involved. 1958 Spectator 7 Feb. 159/2 This new republic will now be a client of Russia... The other Arab States..are clients of the West. 1991 K. Maguire Politics in S. Afr. iii. 69 Russian economy could no longer afford the heavy subsidies to its clients. 2010 W. Mulligan Origins First World War ii. 64 Previously a client of Austria-Hungary, Serbia now reorientated its policy towards St Petersburg. 2. a. A person or organization using the services of a lawyer or legal adviser. ΘΚΠ society > law > legal profession > lawyer's client > [noun] clientc1400 cliauntor1467 c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. iv. l. 396 (MED) Reccheþ þei neuere Of þe cours of þe case..Nyme he a numbre of nobles oþer of shullenges, How þat clyentes acorde mede a-counteþ lytel. 1474 W. Caxton tr. Game & Playe of Chesse (1883) ii. iii. 38 Pletynge of a cause for his clyent. 1483 ( tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage of Soul (Caxton) iii. iv. f. liij^v Ye wold putte your clyentes at the more cost in fyllynge of youre pourses. ?1518 A. Barclay tr. D. Mancinus Myrrour Good Maners sig. G.v The lawier in pleding for his pore client Before his owne profite shulde set Justyce and ryght. 1591 R. Greene Notable Discouery of Coosenage f. 1^v When the Clyents are come from Westminster hall. a1616 W. Shakespeare Measure for Measure (1623) i. ii. 99 Good Counsellors lacke no Clients . View more context for this quotation 1648 Foure Ages Eng. 16 The Clyent is discharged of his pain, Till to his cost, he do recruit again. 1706 T. D'Urfey Wonders in Sun i. i. 9 Thou art as Snappish and as Surly as a Covetous Lawyer to a Pauper Client. 1782 W. Cowper Charity in Poems 195 The poor thy clients, and heaven's smile thy fee. 1818 W. Scott Heart of Mid-Lothian xi, in Tales of my Landlord 2nd Ser. II. 280 In no civil case would a counsel have been permitted to plead his client's case in the teeth of the law. 1879 G. C. Harlan Eyesight i. 11 The lawyers have a saying that ‘the man who pleads his own case has a fool for a client’. 1914 Southern Reporter 65 162 Even a compromise by an insolvent client of the judgment or decree obtained by the attorney will not be surveilled or interfered with by a court of equity. 1970 N.Y. Times 23 Aug. 38/4 Until recently pro bono practitioners confined themselves to the representation of individual indigent clients. 2014 Daily Tel. 7 Nov. 12/1 Contact between lawyers and their clients is covered by ‘legal professional privilege’. b. A person who has, or seeks to have, a particular person or figure, such as the Virgin Mary or a saint, as a spiritual advocate or intercessor. ΚΠ 1609 Bible (Douay) I. Pref. They..solicitous for us their dearest clientes, incessantly intercede before Christ's Divine Majestie. 1674 R. Strange Life S. Thomas Cantilupe 4 I had thoughts of prosecuting what a devout Client of this Saint had to his honor rather scarce well designed. 1765 T. Lawson Devotion Sacred Heart Jesus 73 Go then, devout Client, go to the Heart of Jesus. 1884 G. Dillon Virgin Mother Good Counsel i. 8 The Christians were in imminent peril in Italy and all along the European seaboard. But the client of Mary prevailed. 1922 H. P. Smyth Testimony Truth 78 The most ardent client of Mary but follows meekly in the footsteps of her Son. 1982 N. Mitchell Cult & Controv. ii. viii. 414 As special clients of God and the saints, worshipers are also conscious of a privileged power of intercession. 2004 E. Duffy Faith Fathers iv. 33 The client of Mary in these hymns was presented as ill at ease in the world. 3. a. gen. A person using the services of a professional person or organization; a customer of a person or organization offering services. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > buying > buyer > [noun] > customer or client customer1409 callant1502 patron1607 commercer1654 merchant1673 client1833 mark1935 punter1965 1833 New Monthly Mag. Dec. 483 He called his shop an office, his customers clients. 1872 E. Peacock Mabel Heron I. iii. 38 Clients..of the money-borrowing order. 1926 Amer. Mercury July 370/2 A fortune-teller suggests to his client that a magnetized horseshoe carried in the rear pants pocket will cure his..thrombolymphangitis. 1977 J. Wilton-Ely in S. Kostof Architect 193 The advent of the general contractor..profoundly affected the historic tripartite relationship between client, designer, and craftsman. 2014 Daily Tel. 1 Oct. (Business section) 8/3 If you're only providing a couple of services, it's easy for a client to swap you out for another business. b. A person receiving support or supervision from social services. Also: a person receiving care or treatment from a counsellor or therapist. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social attitudes > philanthropy > [noun] > social service or work > client client1907 case1920 1907 Charities & Commons 2 Nov. 1003/1 The social worker cannot often..share in the financial, artistic, political or scientific interests of his client. 1925 L. Eaves (title) Aged clients of Boston social agencies. 1960 L. Pincus Marriage iii. 222 The central themes of counselling work with all clients. 1991 J. Sayers Mothering Psychoanal. ii. vii. 74 Social work client Mrs Slutsky.., unable to bear her adopted niece Rose's unhappiness and resulting unruliness after Mrs Slutsky married and had a baby, blamed Rose's biological father for her bad behaviour. 2013 Psychologies (U.K. ed.) May 98/2 Feelings that the therapist has in response to the client are called counter-transference. 4. Computing. A program used to access a service or data that is provided and managed centrally by a server, esp. over a computer network; a networked computer used to access such a service or data.Sometimes with a modifying word specifying what kind of service the client is designed to access, as email client, FTP client, etc.Recorded earliest in client program at Compounds 2. ΚΠ 1969 Bell Syst. Techn. Jrnl. 48 2773 Items covered here regularly include processing the waiting list of incoming and outgoing teletypewriter messages, including such functions as timing..and distribution of messages to client programs. 1989 UnixWorld Sept. 106/2 With asynchronous transmission, both the client and the server can send packets to each other without waiting for replies. 1997 Internet Mag. Jan. 46/3 The mail client is much improved and resembles Exchange or other more traditional mail packages. 2000 Computerworld 17 Apr. 74/2 A user contacts a server via the FTP client, establishes a connection, logs on to the network, requests directory listings and copies files. 2005 Mobile Choice 10 Mar. 65 A smartphone crammed with top-end features, including an email client and Bluetooth. 2011 G. B. Shelly et al. Microsoft Windows 7 i. 4 Notebook computers..can be used either as stand-alone computers or clients. Compounds C1. General attributive and appositive. client group n. ΚΠ 1919 Outlook 12 Feb. 283/2 (advt.) For years client groups have found our work a considerable aid. 1978 J. F. Handler et al. in B. A. Weisbrod Public Interest Law iv. 60/1 Client groups seeking legal assistance are aware of those..firms sharing their concerns. 2009 Financial Times 20 Feb. 10/3 The fund is also seeking..contributions from service companies for whom charities represent an important client group. client population n. ΚΠ 1848 D. M. Masson Hist. Rome 54 It would appear that a large proportion of the client population employed themselves as agents in collecting produce for exportation. 1977 I. Epstein & T. Tripodi Res. Techniques Program Planning, Monitoring & Eval. viii. 83 Rather than surveying the entire client population to determine whether contacts have been made, he may have a sample of the client population interviewed or sent questionnaires asking for this information. 2009 M. D. Glicken Evidence-Based Counseling & Psychotherapy Aging Population ii. v. 116 Much more time must be spent in training new workers for effective work with diverse client populations. C2. attributive. Computing. Designating a program or computer that is a client (in sense 4); (also) relating to or involving a client; as client application, client program, etc. ΚΠ 1969Client programs [see sense 4]. 1973 Bell. Syst. Techn. Jrnl. 52 1692 Client programs using these mechanisms work entirely in terms of the hierarchical structure. 1986 Computerworld 18 Aug. 43/2 I really give a lot of credit to the use of personal or client computing out there in the industry. 1992 MacUser Nov. 232/2 It listens for commands from client applications running anywhere on the network. 1997 Network World 21 July 22/3 At that time, the most common client protocols were IPX..and NETBIOS. 2014 S. M. Freund & C. L. Hoisington Microsoft Outlook 2013 i. 56 Compose a new email message from the client program. C3. client base n. the clients or potential clients of a particular business, person, etc., considered collectively. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > buying > buyer > [noun] > customer or client > collectively custom1665 clientele1835 clientship1855 customer base1954 client base1957 1957 Sponsor 27July ii. vi. 170/3 They've broadened the client base as shown by the 148-account figure of today contrasted with a total of 25 national advertisers using all four networks a decade ago. 1974 Times 18 June 25/4 (advt.) Two vacancies in Management/Computer Consultancy with international client base. 2006 Surface No. 62. 116 The store continues to build a permanent and profitable client base. client-centred adj. (a) that focuses on the needs or desires of the client; (b) Psychology of or designating a technique of non-directive therapy first developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist concentrates on communicating warmth, understanding, and acceptance as the client explores the roots of, and potential solutions to, his or her emotional problems (cf. Rogerian adj.). ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > psychiatry > [adjective] > relating to psychotherapy > other types transpersonal1905 client-centred1931 Rogerian1946 Couéistic1950 Morita1953 1931 Social Forces 9 465/2 Her [sc. the social worker's] thought ceases to be client-centered. 1944 C. R. Rogers in Marriage & Family Living 6 69/1 The keynote of client-centered therapy is the counselor's attitude of acceptance and willingness to understand. 1967 Observer 5 Nov. 37/3 The YES [= Youth Employment Service] is client-centred, not job-centred. 2005 S. Vincent Being Empathic i. 29 The attitude of high regard held by the client-centred counsellor for the dignity and worth of individuals is a fundamental differentiation between client-centred therapy and a great many other approaches. 2007 M. A. Wilson J. Morgan iii. 17/2 A prime example of Morgan's client-centered approach is the Mediterranean-style residence she designed in 1911 for Walter Starr. client conference n. a conference or meeting with a client or clients, esp. of a lawyer or law firm. ΚΠ 1943 Advertising & Selling Aug. 34/2 It simply didn't become an art director..to limp into a client conference with an indigo eye or a battered nose. 1986 Chicago Tribune (Electronic ed.) 11 Dec. 5 The cramped conditions..forced some attorneys to hold client conferences in their cars. 2014 E. Finch & S. Fafinski Employability Skills Law Students 221 This involves working on case files..or taking notes at court or during a client conference. client confidentiality n. the principle that a business or an individual should not disclose confidential information about a client to a third party. ΚΠ 1952 Family Service Highlights Apr. 55/2 Questions about public assistance created most interest, followed by questions about client confidentiality and the part of the clerical staff in handling requests for information. 1978 Law & Human Behavior 2 114 Clients who are evaluated by court-appointed psychologists or psychiatrists..do not always have the same rights to client confidentiality and privileged communication as they would have had if their evaluation was performed by a private mental health professional. 2003 V. Blake Bloodless Shadow (2004) 7 I'm afraid I can't discuss my cases. You're a therapist, I'm sure you understand about client confidentiality. client-facing adj. (a) of, relating to, or involved in direct interaction with clients or customers; (b) characterized by prioritization or provision of a high level of service to clients or customers; cf. customer-facing adj. at customer n. Compounds 2. ΚΠ 1972 Social Service Rev. 46 445 The relationship of each agency to the various coordinative structures, the patterns of funding, and the associational affiliations of executive and client-facing staff were examined. 2000 Architects' Jrnl. 18 May 68/2 (advt.) This is a front-line, proactive, client-facing position and as such will require an individual with a variety of skills and bags of enthusiasm. 2005 Campaign 11 Feb. 45/1 (advt.) You must be client-facing and will be required to present clear, rational thinking, articulately and passionately. client king n. historical a king who is dependent on a more powerful state for political, economic, or military support, and who in return is expected to serve the interests of that state; spec. a king dependent on ancient Rome. ΚΠ 1842 F. W. Faber Sights & Thoughts in Foreign Churches 254 There linger yet unquenched the lightnings before which client kings and suppliant ambassadors were wont to quail. 1891 Eclectic Mag. Oct. 438/1 The history of its [sc. Armenia] relations with Rome—of the setting up and pulling down of client kings..—must remind one very forcibly of the English connection with Afghanistan. 1938 Times Lit. Suppl. 7 May 320/1 They [sc. the Herods] constitute a locus classicus on the relations of client kings and the central government. 1981 G. Dalton in I. Hodder et al. Pattern of Past i. 35 Other devices to reinforce alliance were also used, such as the overlord-king taking as wife the client-king's daughter. 2003 D. W. Roller World Juba II & Kleopatra Selene 2004 271 Support of Athens was virtually a requirement of a client king. client list n. the roster of companies or individuals to whom a particular person or company provides goods or services. ΚΠ 1882 Observer 6 Aug. 6/2 Mr Woodlock had an enormous client list and his practice was when his clients called for the bonds to deliver them up. 1933 Financial Times 26 May 7/1 The Standard Brands ‘selected’ client list comprised about 100 names. 2002 Marketing 24 Oct. 43/1 (advt.) The client list is diverse, ranging from Financial Services through to Government, Home Shopping and Media. client prince n. historical a ruling prince or monarch who is dependent on a more powerful state for political, economic, or military support. ΚΠ 1859 National Rev. Apr. 333 It is just like our own dominion in India, where we have our immediate provinces and our client princes. 1879 W. T. Arnold Rom. Syst. Provinc. Admin. i. 14 Hübner supposes this client-prince to have actually discharged the functions of imperial legate in this country. 1968 Hispanic Amer. Hist. Rev. 48 297 The idea of establishing client princes in America was not original with Abalos. 2008 Amer. Jrnl. Archaeol. 112 75/2 Client princes from Hellenistic kingdoms under Rome's sway would..continue to wear their traditional finery. client–server adj. (and n.) (also client/server) Computing designating a computer system in which services and data are provided and managed centrally by servers and accessed using one or more clients; relating to or involving such a system; also occasionally as n.; cf. sense 4. ΚΠ 1980 IEEE Trans. Software Engin. 6 452/1 We will assume here that the communications network has a suitable amount of security for client-server communication of data. 1994 CIO 1 Sept. 3/3 New advancements in high-powered servers, operating environments, and advanced applications make client/servers like this possible. 1997 D. Ensor & I. Stevenson Oracle Design x. 227 Oracle's developers took a number of important steps to make their client/server architecture more efficient. 2013 D. Whiteley Introd. Information Syst. vi. 122 Some client-server systems have a thick client where a part of the system is run on the client and part of the system on the server. client state n. a country which is dependent on another country for military, political, or economic support. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > territorial jurisdiction or areas subject to > [noun] > territory governed by a ruler or state > dependent dependency1684 client state1803 client1875 overseas territory1900 1803 T. Pownall Memorial to Sovereigns of Europe & Atlantic 41 France.., with its dependent client states, with its subordinate unequal allies, holding dominion over all Europe. 1869 J. Lord Anc. States & Empires iii. xxxvi. 502 Numidia was not converted into a Roman province, but into a client State. 1955 A. L. Rowse Expansion of Elizabethan Eng. ix. 334 The insecurity of the client-state of an enemy on the Border. 1991 Maclean's 17 June 46/3 Without an independent defence policy, we will..become one of those wispy client-states. 2012 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 27 Sept. 83/2 China could produce..second-rate airplanes that will only sell among captive customers at home or client states abroad. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2016; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.a1393
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