| 释义 |
citadeln. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Italian. Etymons: French citadelle; Italian cittadella. Etymology: < (i) Middle French citadelle (French citadelle ) stronghold or fortified area within a city or town (1409, originally with reference to such strongholds in Pisa and Milan), and (in β. forms) its etymon (ii) Italian cittadella (a1363) < †cittade , variant of città city n. + -ella -ella suffix. Compare (all ultimately < Italian) Catalan ciutadella (16th cent.), Spanish ciudadela (1550), Portuguese cidadela (1650; 1537 as †cidadella, 1600 as †citadela), and also Dutch citadel (1588 as †citadelle), German Zitadelle, †Citadelle (mid 15th cent.).In sense 1 regularly used to translate ancient Greek ἀκρόπολις acropolis n. and classical Latin arx defence (compare arcifinious adj.). In forms citiedall, cittidal perhaps influenced by city n. N.E.D. (1889) gives only the pronunciation (si·tădĕl) /ˈsɪtədəl/. society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > fort or fortified town > [noun] > citadel α. 1542 in (1849) IX. 149 Of this Abbey they have made a bulwerk, and a platforme above, and a salew unto the same out of the cytadell. 1545 Ld. Methven Let. 6 May in A. I. Cameron (1927) 135 Thay haif ane profecy that the [town?] of Carleill and castell salbe won bot nocht the setadell. 1569 T. Stocker tr. Diodorus Siculus iii. xv. f. 131 When Demetre hadde thus taken the towne, he encamped betwene the town and Citadell, and planted his engines of battery against the same. a1616 W. Shakespeare (1622) ii. i. 282 Meete me by and by at the Cittadell . View more context for this quotation 1697 J. Potter I. i. ii. 8 This was the Acropolis, or Cittadel. 1703 2 Jan. The Breaches of the Citadel of Liege are almost perfectly repair'd. 1790 R. Beatson II. 313 Which ships..came to an anchor in the Carenage, behind the citadel of Fort Royal. 1828 J. R. Planché Pref. p. vii Wurtzburg with its splendid palace, its rich conservatories and rock-throned citadel. 1855 C. Kingsley ii. 211 The citadel of Corinth towering high above all the land. 1925 Apr. 16/1 By sunset Cesena was in sight, and ere night had fallen we were within the walls of the citadel. 1995 14 Aug. 44/1 An enormous Croatian flag..was hoisted above Knin's 10th century citadel. 2005 D. Cruickshank 193 If the community was under attack and sheltering within the citadel then..these little rooms would have become home to the families. society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > fort or fortified town > [noun] 1567 W. Painter II. xxv. f. 244 Pietro aduertised Frier Laurence yt he heard a noise bisides the citadel. 1627 17 Aug. 13 The Cittadell in the Isle St. Martins, holds out still. 1650 Earl of Monmouth tr. J. F. Senault 305 They built Citadels on the tops of mountains, to discover the subjacent Countreys. 1798 R. Southey in 26 July 2/4 Each like some moving citadel, Slow thro' the waves they sail sublime. 1839 C. Thirlwall (new ed.) I. 363 To collect all the remaining strength of Messenia in a mountain citadel. 1877 A. W. Kinglake (ed. 6) III. i. 93 Advancing to attack a field Citadel. 1913 Apr. 320 Even to this time there survives here an ancient fort... This citadel stands on a high hill. 1986 S. Penman (1991) (U.K. ed.) ii. xiii. 734 The last days of May found him..in..the mountain citadel he most loved, his castle at Dolwyddelan. 2012 D. R. Green viii. 97 The building was roofless and pockmarked with bullet holes, a lonely citadel among the barren hills. 3. a1586 Sir P. Sidney (1591) 6 Oh no, her heart is such a Cytadell. So fortified with wit, stor'd with disdaine: That to winne it, is all the skill and paine. 1633 H. Hawkins ii. 19 The Mind is a Citadel impregnable, not subiect to violence, nor to be betrayed, but by itself. 1667 J. Milton i. 773 As Bees..on the smoothed Plank, The suburb of thir Straw-built Cittadel . View more context for this quotation 1740 C. Davies i. 28 A Serjeant of our Regiment..sat down before the Cittadel of her Heart, and made regular Approaches. 1748 S. Richardson VI. 8 It [sc. gout] had collected all its strength, in order to storm the citadel of his heart. 1819 J. C. Davie xi. 86 The body of the tree..is totally employed in feeding the top, and the fruit within it, bearing as it were a citadel round it. 1856 H. B. Stowe II. xiii. 136 Life now seemed to have retreated to the citadel of the brain. 1939 J. Steinbeck viii. 100 She seemed to know..her position, the citadel of the family, the strong place that could not be taken. 1959 H. A. Mason ii. 212 The account of Temptation's assault on the citadel of the soul with the assistance of an inner fifth column is taken in part from Aretino. 2000 (Nexis) 24 Apr. 31 In the midst of the world in which all of you live, with all its temptations and distractions, you have to defend the citadel of your heart. 1775 E. Burke 18 In the very head-quarters the very citadel of smuggling, the Isle of Man. 1826 W. Scott I. i. 16 Within these citadels of superstition. 1900 G. H. Ely tr. R. M. la Clavière iii. v. 422 The ecclesiastical world may well be considered the citadel of anti-feminism. 1945 L. P. Stebbins & R. P. Stebbins xv. 230 Dr. Macleod..had courageously attacked Sabbatarianism in Glasgow, its very citadel. 1950 W. Lewis in May–June 22/1 The nineteenth-century English bourgeoisie built the Academy into a huge citadel of Anglo-Saxon philistinism. 2002 M. Kurlansky (2003) xxv. 404 In North America, the Jewish delicatessen is a citadel of salt-preserved foods. society > armed hostility > hostilities at sea > naval weapons and equipment > [noun] > ship's guns collectively > gun-turret 1860 Dec. 648/1 Having..a shot and shell-proof citadel in the midst of a habitable sea-going ship. 1877 Aug. 260/1 The magazines are outside the citadel, with only a three-inch armoured deck over them. 1906 Jan. 78 High-angle fire may not be so powerful as direct fire against a ship's citadel, but that it is sufficiently destructive to place the strongest battle-ship hors de combat is not open to question. 1956 16 June 12/6 In case part of the ship becomes contaminated, the crew can retire to an inner set of chambers, which the R.C.N. [= Royal Canadian Navy] calls ‘the citadel’. 1985 R. Villar 142 These [men] fired several shots to intimidate the crew who locked themselves in to the ‘citadel’. 2007 K. Bonner & C. Bonner iv. 42 (caption) The outer bridge has many of the control and communication systems normally available on the inner bridge and in the armored citadel. society > faith > artefacts > sanctuary or holy place > chapel > [noun] > Salvation Army 1879 6 June 4/3 On Sunday week, it seems, the ‘Salvation Army’ made a grand sortie from their citadel or factory, and marched round the town bawling hymns. 1889 14 Sept. 12/1 The citadel will be of brick and approached by short flights of steps leading to four spacious entrances. 1964 B. Watson i. vii. 101 The citadel will have cost anything between £10,000 and £50,000. 2004 26 403 A one-night-a-week free clinic in the Salvation Army Citadel to meet the health care needs of the community. Compounds 1876 29 Apr. 5/1 The machinery for loading the guns is placed on the under side of the citadel-deck, between the beams. 1884 22 Oct. 11/1 Above the dining saloon is the social or music room, situated on the citadel deck. 1907 23 109 One often sees in a modern ship—passenger ships perhaps more especially—very large erections amidships, which may be called by various names, including citadel decks. 1937 1 May 7/8 The accommodation in the Masula..and the Mundra, will be erected on the citadel deck. 2005 D. Abnett & M. Lee xiii. 202 The citadel deck was more than sixty paces long and twenty in width and with only the day watch topside it was sparsely manned. Derivatives 1838 49 The bees' hexagonal honey-combs economizing space, who gather in colonies and repair their citadelled labyrinth and rafter covered ways. 1858 11 Dec. 45/1 This rock [sc. Gibraltar] has been more scorched with gunpowder and fire than any other citadelled height in the world. 1892 Apr. 826 Chartered to convey them all to the inward sight, the spiritual hearing of the citadeled soul. 1916 J. Joyce (1917) iv. 194 Europe of strange tongues and valleyed and woodbegirt and citadelled and of entrenched and marshalled races. 1990 (Nexis) 6 Jan. Its lavender and eau-de-nil stucco-ed houses rise..to a citadelled core where medieval guild towers watch from walls. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2014; most recently modified version published online March 2022). <  n.1542 |
