cleftcliftn.

Forms: Middle English–1800s clift, (Middle English–1600s clifte, Middle English clyft(e, 1500s klyfft), 1500s– cleft. Also β Middle English clif, Middle English–1500s clyff(e, 1500s–1700s cliff(e.

Etymology: Found in 13–14th cent. in form clyft , clift , apparently going back to an unrecorded Old English *clyft < Old Germanic klufti-z , < kluƀ- weak grade of *kleuƀ- , cléof- to cleave. Compare Old High German chluft (Middle High German, modern German, and Dutch kluft ), Old Norse kluft , Swedish klyft , Danish klyft hole, cave, den, klöft cleft, chink, crevice. The subsequent change to cleft (which has never entirely displaced clift ) is through assimilation to cleft , recent past participle of cleave v.¹ In 16–18th cent. this word appears to have been almost completely confounded with cliff n., the two forms cliff , clift , being used promiscuously for both words: see the quotations marked β, and see cliff n.

a. gen. A space made by cleaving, splitting, or separation of parts; a split, fissure, crack, crevice.

ΘΠ

the world > space > relative position > condition of being open or not closed > an opening or aperture > [noun] > chink, crevice, or cleft

chinec888

cleftc1374

crevice1382

crannyc1440

crack1530

crannel1534

chink1552

crank1552

gash1575

chaum1601

chawn1601

fissure1609

case1778

the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > separation > action of dividing or divided condition > cleaving or splitting > [noun] > a division formed by cleaving

cleftc1374

cleavingc1400

scissure?a1425

clefture1540

hag1568

scission1578

clovec1593

split1598

cliff1605

fissure1609

dispartment1672

cleave1874

split1875

c1374 G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. iii. ix. 83 Se hem ryȝt as þouȝ it were þoruȝ a litel clifte.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 19842 He loked to þe lift, And sagh þar in a mikel clift.

c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 81 Clyff, clyft, or ryfte, sissura, rima.

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 206/1 Clyft of a tree, crevx.

1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde iii. viii. f. 133^v The ryftes and clyftes.

1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 644 The Cleft or Fissure in the Larynx.

1718 J. Addison Remarks Italy (ed. 2) 47 There are narrow Clefts in the Monument.

1747 H. Glasse Art of Cookery xxi. 163 If..the Cleft in her Lips spread..much,..she [sc. a hare] is old.

1776 W. Withering Bot. Arrangem. Veg. Great Brit. I. 203 One petal; bell-shaped;..Border with six clefts.

1798 S. T. Coleridge Anc. Marinere i, in W. Wordsworth & S. T. Coleridge Lyrical Ballads 8 Thro' the drifts the snowy clifts Did send a dismal sheen.

1847–9 Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. IV. i. 739/1 This hollow [in a horse's foot] is termed the cleft of the frog.

1880 S. Haughton Six Lect. Physical Geogr. iv. 168 The Red Sea and Valley of Jordan..form a narrow cleft of great depth.

†b. A parting (of the hair). Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > hair > hair of head > parting > [noun]

cleftc1325

shedc1325

shodingc1440

seam1585

part1864

the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > beautification of the person > beautification of the hair > parts of the hair or head relating to hairdressing > [noun] > parting

shodec1000

cleftc1325

shedc1325

shodingc1440

seam1585

parting1699

part1864

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 18837 In hefd he had a clift be-forn, Als nazarens has þat þar er born.

β. form cliff.c1325 [see sense 2a]. c1440 [see sense 1a]. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) Judges vi. 2 The children of Israel made them clyffes in y^e mountaynes, and caues and holdes.1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 327^v Searchyng the clyffes of theyr ryftes.1575 G. Gascoigne Noble Arte Venerie xxi. 53 The little clyffes or streakes therein.1610 Bible (Douay) II. 4 Esdras xvi. 29 In thicke woodes, and cliffes of rockes.1670 W. Simpson Hydrol. Ess. 63 The stony quarry, full of cleffs.1670 J. Pettus Fodinæ Regales iii. 3 The cliffs or chincks of Rocks. 1694 [see sense 2c].

2. spec.

a. The parting of the thighs, the ‘cleaving’ or ‘fork’. Now dialect.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > external parts of body > trunk > groin or crotch > [noun]

shareeOE

liskc1175

forchure13..

cleftc1325

fouchc1330

grainsa1400

swange?a1400

groin14..

thigh-holec1425

twist1572

crotcha1592

fork1608

cleaving1632

inguen1679

crutch-

c1325 Gloss. W. de Biblesw. in T. Wright Voc. 148 La furchure, the clif [MS. Arund. & Camb. cleft].

c1386 G. Chaucer Summoner's Tale 437 Doun his hond he launcheth to the clifte.

1664 C. Cotton Scarronides 60 From her Arm-pits or her Cliffe.

1827 J. Wilson Noctes Ambrosianae xxx, in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Jan. 110 Legs and thees a' o' ae thickness, frae cute to cleft.

b. A split made by partially cleaving a tree or the like; esp. a slit or split to receive a graft.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > forestry or arboriculture > [noun] > cleft for grafting

clefta1398

the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > management of plants > propagation of plants > [noun] > grafting > place where graft inserted

clefta1398

stockc1400

grafting1601

seed stock1702

crown graft1706

graft1802

root graft1824

saddle graft1830

rind-graft1907

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xvii. xxxi. 929 [The reed] is somdel cloue for to ȝiue enke the bettre, and þe right syde of þe clifte is somdel lenger þan þe lift syde.

1481 W. Caxton tr. Hist. Reynard Fox (1970) 15 Bruyn..put his heed ouer his eeris in to the clyft of the tree.

1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry ii. f. 73^v You must take heede..that the cleft be not to slacke nor to strayt.

1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. xvii. xiv. 518 That the clift of the stocke gape not too much (as being over wide for the graffe).

1693 J. Evelyn tr. J. de La Quintinie Compl. Gard'ner ii. v. xiv. 110 You may make an end of stretching, or closing the Cleft..when the Graff, or Graffs are plac'd as they should be.

1724 [see cleft-grafting n. at Compounds 2]. 1747 [see Compounds 1]. 1850 [see cleft-graft vb. at Compounds 2].

c. A crack of the skin, a chap; a disease of the feet of horses.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > injury > [noun] > chap or crack

rhagadesOE

chap1398

chine1398

rupture?a1425

chapping1540

rift1543

chame1559

cleft1576

chop1578

crepature1582

cone1584

chink1597

fent1597

chawn1601

star1607

hacka1610

kin1740

sand-crack1895

the world > health and disease > ill health > animal disease or disorder > disorders of horses > [noun] > disorders of feet or hooves

pains1440

mellitc1465

false quarter1523

gravelling?1523

founder1547

foundering1548

foot evil1562

crown scab1566

prick1566

quittor bone1566

moltlong1587

scratches1591

hoof-bound1598

corn1600

javar1600

frush1607

crepance1610

fretishing1610

seam1610

scratchets1611

kibe1639

tread1661

grease1674

gravel1675

twitter-bone1688

cleft1694

quittor1703

bleymes1725

crescent1725

hoof-binding1728

capelet1731

twitter1745

canker1753

grease-heels1753

sand-crack1753

thrush1753

greasing1756

bony hoof1765

seedy toe1829

side bone1840

cracked heel1850

mud fever1872

navicular1888

coronitis1890

toe-crack1891

flat-foot1894

1576 G. Baker tr. C. Gesner Newe Jewell of Health iii. f. 209^v This helpeth all y^e clefts and chops happening on the handes and feete in the winter tyme.

1599 A. M. tr. O. Gaebelkhover Bk. Physicke 266/1 For cleftes of the Lippes, Handes, Woemens Pappes, and Heeles.

1694 London Gaz. No. 3003/4 Lost..a brown bay Mare.. with a cliff behind.

1726 N. B. Farrier's & Horseman's Dict. 122/1 Clefts appear on the Bought of the Pasterns.

1727 R. Bradley Chomel's Dictionaire Oeconomique (Dublin ed.) Clift's, call'd otherwise Cracks in the Heels, a Disease incident to Horses.

d. Surgery. The aperture in cleft palate (see cleft adj.).

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > deformity > deformities of specific parts > [noun] > cleft palate > aperture

cleft1847

1847 J. F. South tr. Chelius Syst. Surg. I. 606 If in very large cleft the closure be difficult.

1885 T. Holmes Syst. Surg. (new ed.) II. 502 It will be frequently found that these partial clefts are very broad.

†3.

a. One of the pieces formed by cleaving; esp. split wood for fuel. Obsolete or dialect.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > wholeness > incompleteness > part of whole > [noun] > a separate part > a piece or bit > piece formed by cleaving

clefta1400

flake1591

a1400–50 Alexander 799 Þat all to-wrasted þai wod, & warpyd in-sonder, All claters in clyftez, clene to þair fistez.

1527 Accts. St. John's Hosp., Canterbury (Canterbury Cathedral Archives: CCA-U13/4) Carriage of a lode of clyftis and pylys.

1562 in T. Wright Churchwardens' Accts. Ludlow (1869) 110 A klyfft to make steyes for the belle whelles.

1640 Accts. St. John's Hosp., Canterbury (Canterbury Cathedral Archives: CCA-U13/5) For helpinge to lood the cleffts to make pales and railes.

1669 J. Worlidge Systema Agriculturæ (1681) vi. §10. 108 Good cleft for the fire.

1887 Sc. Leader 21 Sept. 6 ‘Wheeling’ a large stick known in Tipperary as a ‘quarter clift’.

b. A strip of glass as cut by the glazier.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > glass and glass-like materials > [noun] > glass > other shapes or forms of glass

table1482

cleft1688

tablet1688

glass fibre1824

glass wool1879

angel hair1888

glass brick1909

1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. 384/2 The Glasiers Diamond..by which he cuts his Glass..into Lengths or Clifts, and from such long pieces or Clifts into shorter pieces as Squares or Quarryes.

4. A division formed by cleaving: spec. (a) one of the divisions of the foot in animals; (b) one of the divisions of an orange or similar fruit (dialect).

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > part of plant > part defined by form or function > [noun] > lobe or division

clefta1398

fissure1656

lacinia1668

segment1713

lobe1731

earlet1787

the world > animals > animal body > general parts > body and limbs > [noun] > paw or foot > division in foot

clefta1398

clove1607

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xviii. xix. 1157 The camele..is clouefooted and haþ felles in þe cliftes, as it fareþ in a goos foot; and þilke cliftes ben fleisshly as þe clyfte of a bere foot.

1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball iii. xxxix. 371 With leaves cloven or cut into five, sixe, or seven cliftes.

1611 Bible (King James) Deut. xiv. 6 Euery beast that parteth the hoofe, and cleaueth the clift into two clawes.

1674 N. Cox Gentleman's Recreation i. 67 In a Grey-hound..a round Foot, and good large Clefts.

1842 J. C. Prichard Nat. Hist. Man 32 The hoof of the swine is also found divided into 5 clefts.

5. English regional (Somerset). A stratum of argillaceous slate lying between coal seams. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > minerals > mineral deposits > features of stratum or vein > [noun] > material above or between

cleft1676

1676 J. Beaumont in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 11 732 All the clifts in some Mines are made up of these Stone-plants.

1719 J. Strachey in Philos. Trans. 1717–19 (Royal Soc.) 30 968 The Cliff..is dark or blackish Rock, and always keeps its regular Course as the Coal does, lying obliquely over it.

1769 Gentleman's Mag. Nov. 546/1 Coal clives in Somerset; the top of these is reddish, or grey, and becomes of a deep black as it approaches the coal.

1824 Jrnl. Geol. Soc. 1 253 This [slate-clay], when very fissile, is called by the miners, on account of its easy cleavage, ‘cliff’ or ‘clives’.

Compounds

C1. attributive and in other combinations, as cleft-hole; cleft-nursed adj.

1747 W. Hooson Miners Dict. sig. N4 Their bigness is about an Inch at least, for either Blast-holes, or Clift-holes.

1869 R. Browning Ring & Bk. IV. x. 46 This mere chance-sown, cleft-nursed seed.

C2.

cleft-graft v. to graft in a cleft (see 2b).

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > management of plants > propagation of plants > propagate [verb (transitive)] > a cutting: graft > cleft-graft

cleft-graft1850

1850 G. Glenny Hand-bk. Flower Garden 228 They may be..cleft-grafted like the rose.

cleft-grafted adj.

cleft-grafting n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > management of plants > propagation of plants > [noun] > grafting > cleft-grafting

cleft-grafting1669

slit-grafting1706

stock-grafting1731

1669 J. Worlidge Systema Agriculturæ (1681) 25 Cutting off the head of the Stock, and smooth it as in Cleft-graffing.

1724 P. Miller Gardeners & Florists Dict. I. at Grafting Cleft grafting, called also Stock, or Slit Grafting,..is proper for Trees or Stocks of a lesser Size.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1889; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

cleftadj.

Brit.

/klɛft/, U.S.

/klɛft/

Etymology: One of the forms of the past participle of cleave v.¹: compare cloven adj. and n.

a. Split asunder; split into thin pieces.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > separation > action of dividing or divided condition > cleaving or splitting > [adjective] > cleft, split, or having clefts

cleft1393

acleft?c1425

clefted1552

splitted1594

clefty1632

split1648

cloven1676

fissured1788

splitten1832

1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis II. 264 Tho lay there certain wode cleft.

c1520 in J. T. Fowler Memorials Church SS. Peter & Wilfrid, Ripon (1888) III. 206 xiij peysses of clyft wodd, 20d.

1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory ii. 86/1 A Billet is a piece of Cleft Wood for to Burn.

1715 A. Pope tr. Homer Iliad I. ii. 508 From the cleft Wood the crackling Flames aspire.

1821 J. Baillie Columbus in Metrical Legends vi. 16 Cleft waves.

b. Split or divided to a certain depth; bifurcate. cleft palate: a malformation of the palate, in which a longitudinal gap exists in the middle or on either side of the roof of the mouth. a cleft stick: a position in which advance and retreat are alike impossible, a dilemma, a fix. †cleft (or cloven) beasts: insects. Rarely in cleft hoof, cleft foot, where cloven is the ordinary word.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the supernatural > deity > a devil > the Devil or Satan > [noun] > cloven hoof

cloven hoofc1175

cleft foot1574

hoof1638

Clootie1786

Cloots1786

the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > state of uncertainty, suspense > [noun] > dilemma

a cleft stick1574

quandary?1576

dilemma1590

crotch1622

Morton's Fork1964

the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > [noun] > member of > collectively

cleft (or cloven) beasts1574

the world > relative properties > number > specific numbers > two > division into two > [adjective] > divided by a cleft or notch

clovec1400

cloven1526

cleft1574

bisulcous1646

bisulc1650

bifidous1657

bisulcated1657

bifid1661

bifidated1755

bisulcate1833

bifidate1847

the mind > language > speech > defective or inarticulate speech > [noun] > specific disorders or faults

tongue-tiedness1598

plateasm1656

tongue-tying1762

paraphonia1772

lullaby-speech1822

cleft palate1847

paralalia1848

logoneurosis1857

zetacism1860

alogia1864

lallation1864

lambdacism1864

semi-mute1864

heterophemy1875

agrammatism1877

bradyphrasia1877

heterophasia1877

logopathy1877

paragraphia1877

paralexia1877

paraphasia1877

paraphrasia1877

verbigeration1877

recurring utterance1878

word blindness1878

word deafness1878

scanning1887

sigmatism1888

idioglossia1891

staccato utterance1898

word salad1904

palilalia1908

paragrammatism1924

idiolalia1930

dysprosody1947

Broca's aphasia1959

the world > health and disease > ill health > deformity > deformities of specific parts > [noun] > cleft palate

cleft palate1847

the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > group Ruminantia (sheep, goats, cows, etc.) > [noun] > ruminant > parts of > hoof

cloven hoofc1175

cleft hoof1847

1574 T. Hill Ord. Bees i Plinie nameth Bees cleft beasts because of the division or parting betweene of the heade and shoulders.

1574 T. Hill Ord. Bees vi Of all cloven beasts the bees are principally to be cherished.]

1647 A. Cowley Not Fair in Mistress So men..Believe it fair..Till the cleft foot discovers all.

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Pastorals x, in tr. Virgil Wks. 45 Not steepy Pindus..Nor cleft Parnassus.

1745 J. Swift Direct. to Servants Pref. 16 You may..stick your Candle in a Bottle..or in a cleft Stick.

1781 W. Cowper Let. 9 Dec. (1979) I. 555 We are squeezed to death between the two sides of that sort of alternative, which is commonly called a cleft stick.

1784 Reynolds in Leslie & Taylor Life (1865) II. viii. 458 I put him in a cleft stick.

1829 T. P. Thompson in Westm. Rev. July 8 The other side are in a cleft stick; they cannot go on long as they are, and they cannot stir into any new path without demolishing the Corn Laws.

1847 W. B. Carpenter Zool.: Systematic Acct. I. §254 The surfaces..are so flattened that the appearance is that of a single cleft hoof.

1847 J. F. South tr. Chelius Syst. Surg. I. 599 Cases of hare-lip and cleft-palate.

1876 T. Bryant Pract. Surg. (ed. 2) I. xii. 505 Having..successfully treated a medical student for cleft palate.

1880 A. Gray Struct. Bot. iii. §4. 98 A leaf..is said to be cleft, when the division is half way down or more, and the lobes or sinuses narrow or acute.

1895 Catal. Surg. Instruments (Arnold & Sons) 190 Cleft-palate knife..cleft-palate chisel.

c. figurative. Divided, twofold.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > specific numbers > two > division into two > [adjective]

bipartite1574

biparted1586

slit1607

cleft1609

bisected1656

two-parted1793

dichotomized1806

dichotomous1817

dichotomal1818

1609 W. Shakespeare Louers Complaint in Sonnets sig. L2 Or cleft effect, cold modesty hot wrath.

d. Linguistics (esp. Transformational Grammar). cleft sentence, a two-clause sentence derived by transformation from a single clause in order to emphasize a particular element of the clause, the resultant sentence starting with it is or another form of the verb to be (as ‘it is x that we want’ from ‘we want x’). Similarly, cleft construction.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > syntax or word order > syntactic relations > [noun] > change of word order or position > specific types of movement or transformation

cleft construction1937

wh-transformation1957

rank shift1961

rankshifting1965

fronting1966

pseudo-cleft1967

promotion1968

pseudo-clefting1970

tough movement1971

slifting1973

extraposing1976

1937 O. Jespersen Analyt. Syntax xxv. 83 (heading) Cleft Sentences... A fourth class of sentences beginning with it is.

1963 R. B. Lees in Zeitschr. f. Phonetik Sprachwissensch. XVI. 371 At least three different analyses have been proposed for the so-called ‘Cleft-sentence’ construction in English.

1976 Archivum Linguisticum 7 146 The mechanism of cleft construction can be used to predicate and bring into focus any of the grammatical (modal) functions: subject, object, adjunct.

1982 R. Quirk Style & Communication in Eng. Lang. i. 14 There is..the over-use of the cleft sentence to provide little-wanted focus upon time adverbials.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1889; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

† cleftcliftv.

Etymology: < cleft n. or cleft adj.

Obsolete. rare.

intransitive. To divide, split, cleave.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > breaking or cracking > break [verb (intransitive)] > crack, split, or cleave

chinea700

to-chinec725

cleavea1225

to-cleavec1275

rivec1330

to-slentc1380

to-sundera1393

cracka1400

rifta1400

chapc1420

crevec1450

break1486

slave?1523

chink1552

chop1576

coame1577

cone1584

slat1607

cleft1610

splita1625

checka1642

chicka1642

flaw1648

shale1712

vent1721

spalt1731

star1842

seam1880

tetter1911

the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > separation > action of dividing or divided condition > cleaving or splitting > cleave or split [verb (intransitive)]

cleavea1225

acleavea1425

cleft1610

splita1625

1610 W. Folkingham Feudigraphia i. viii. 17 That Earth, that by moulding in the hand doth clift and cleaue.

1657 R. Tomlinson tr. J. de Renou Pharmaceut. Shop ii, in Medicinal Dispensatory sig. Oooo2^v Almonds..must be macerated long in warm water..that the cortex may cleft.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1889; most recently modified version published online March 2021).

n.c1325

adj.1393

v.1610

单词	cleft
释义	cleftcliftn. Forms: Middle English–1800s clift, (Middle English–1600s clifte, Middle English clyft(e, 1500s klyfft), 1500s– cleft. Also β Middle English clif, Middle English–1500s clyff(e, 1500s–1700s cliff(e. Etymology: Found in 13–14th cent. in form clyft , clift , apparently going back to an unrecorded Old English clyft < Old Germanic klufti-z* , < kluƀ- weak grade of kleuƀ- , cléof-* to cleave. Compare Old High German chluft (Middle High German, modern German, and Dutch kluft ), Old Norse kluft , Swedish klyft , Danish klyft hole, cave, den, klöft cleft, chink, crevice. The subsequent change to cleft (which has never entirely displaced clift ) is through assimilation to cleft , recent past participle of cleave v.¹ In 16–18th cent. this word appears to have been almost completely confounded with cliff n., the two forms cliff , clift , being used promiscuously for both words: see the quotations marked β, and see cliff n. 1. a. gen. A space made by cleaving, splitting, or separation of parts; a split, fissure, crack, crevice. ΘΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being open or not closed > an opening or aperture > [noun] > chink, crevice, or cleft chinec888 cleftc1374 crevice1382 crannyc1440 crack1530 crannel1534 chink1552 crank1552 gash1575 chaum1601 chawn1601 fissure1609 case1778 the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > separation > action of dividing or divided condition > cleaving or splitting > [noun] > a division formed by cleaving cleftc1374 cleavingc1400 scissure?a1425 clefture1540 hag1568 scission1578 clovec1593 split1598 cliff1605 fissure1609 dispartment1672 cleave1874 split1875 c1374 G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. iii. ix. 83 Se hem ryȝt as þouȝ it were þoruȝ a litel clifte. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 19842 He loked to þe lift, And sagh þar in a mikel clift. c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 81 Clyff, clyft, or ryfte, sissura, rima. 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 206/1 Clyft of a tree, crevx. 1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde iii. viii. f. 133^v The ryftes and clyftes. 1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 644 The Cleft or Fissure in the Larynx. 1718 J. Addison Remarks Italy (ed. 2) 47 There are narrow Clefts in the Monument. 1747 H. Glasse Art of Cookery xxi. 163 If..the Cleft in her Lips spread..much,..she [sc. a hare] is old. 1776 W. Withering Bot. Arrangem. Veg. Great Brit. I. 203 One petal; bell-shaped;..Border with six clefts. 1798 S. T. Coleridge Anc. Marinere i, in W. Wordsworth & S. T. Coleridge Lyrical Ballads 8 Thro' the drifts the snowy clifts Did send a dismal sheen. 1847–9 Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. IV. i. 739/1 This hollow [in a horse's foot] is termed the cleft of the frog. 1880 S. Haughton Six Lect. Physical Geogr. iv. 168 The Red Sea and Valley of Jordan..form a narrow cleft of great depth. †b. A parting (of the hair). Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > hair > hair of head > parting > [noun] cleftc1325 shedc1325 shodingc1440 seam1585 part1864 the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > beautification of the person > beautification of the hair > parts of the hair or head relating to hairdressing > [noun] > parting shodec1000 cleftc1325 shedc1325 shodingc1440 seam1585 parting1699 part1864 a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 18837 In hefd he had a clift be-forn, Als nazarens has þat þar er born. β. form cliff.c1325 [see sense 2a]. c1440 [see sense 1a]. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) Judges vi. 2 The children of Israel made them clyffes in y^e mountaynes, and caues and holdes.1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 327^v Searchyng the clyffes of theyr ryftes.1575 G. Gascoigne Noble Arte Venerie xxi. 53 The little clyffes or streakes therein.1610 Bible (Douay) II. 4 Esdras xvi. 29 In thicke woodes, and cliffes of rockes.1670 W. Simpson Hydrol. Ess. 63 The stony quarry, full of cleffs.1670 J. Pettus Fodinæ Regales iii. 3 The cliffs or chincks of Rocks. 1694 [see sense 2c]. 2. spec. a. The parting of the thighs, the ‘cleaving’ or ‘fork’. Now dialect. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > external parts of body > trunk > groin or crotch > [noun] shareeOE liskc1175 forchure13.. cleftc1325 fouchc1330 grainsa1400 swange?a1400 groin14.. thigh-holec1425 twist1572 crotcha1592 fork1608 cleaving1632 inguen1679 crutch- c1325 Gloss. W. de Biblesw. in T. Wright Voc. 148 La furchure, the clif [MS. Arund. & Camb. cleft]. c1386 G. Chaucer Summoner's Tale 437 Doun his hond he launcheth to the clifte. 1664 C. Cotton Scarronides 60 From her Arm-pits or her Cliffe. 1827 J. Wilson Noctes Ambrosianae xxx, in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Jan. 110 Legs and thees a' o' ae thickness, frae cute to cleft. b. A split made by partially cleaving a tree or the like; esp. a slit or split to receive a graft. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > forestry or arboriculture > [noun] > cleft for grafting clefta1398 the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > management of plants > propagation of plants > [noun] > grafting > place where graft inserted clefta1398 stockc1400 grafting1601 seed stock1702 crown graft1706 graft1802 root graft1824 saddle graft1830 rind-graft1907 a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xvii. xxxi. 929 [The reed] is somdel cloue for to ȝiue enke the bettre, and þe right syde of þe clifte is somdel lenger þan þe lift syde. 1481 W. Caxton tr. Hist. Reynard Fox (1970) 15 Bruyn..put his heed ouer his eeris in to the clyft of the tree. 1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry ii. f. 73^v You must take heede..that the cleft be not to slacke nor to strayt. 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. xvii. xiv. 518 That the clift of the stocke gape not too much (as being over wide for the graffe). 1693 J. Evelyn tr. J. de La Quintinie Compl. Gard'ner ii. v. xiv. 110 You may make an end of stretching, or closing the Cleft..when the Graff, or Graffs are plac'd as they should be. 1724 [see cleft-grafting n. at Compounds 2]. 1747 [see Compounds 1]. 1850 [see cleft-graft vb. at Compounds 2]. c. A crack of the skin, a chap; a disease of the feet of horses. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > injury > [noun] > chap or crack rhagadesOE chap1398 chine1398 rupture?a1425 chapping1540 rift1543 chame1559 cleft1576 chop1578 crepature1582 cone1584 chink1597 fent1597 chawn1601 star1607 hacka1610 kin1740 sand-crack1895 the world > health and disease > ill health > animal disease or disorder > disorders of horses > [noun] > disorders of feet or hooves pains1440 mellitc1465 false quarter1523 gravelling?1523 founder1547 foundering1548 foot evil1562 crown scab1566 prick1566 quittor bone1566 moltlong1587 scratches1591 hoof-bound1598 corn1600 javar1600 frush1607 crepance1610 fretishing1610 seam1610 scratchets1611 kibe1639 tread1661 grease1674 gravel1675 twitter-bone1688 cleft1694 quittor1703 bleymes1725 crescent1725 hoof-binding1728 capelet1731 twitter1745 canker1753 grease-heels1753 sand-crack1753 thrush1753 greasing1756 bony hoof1765 seedy toe1829 side bone1840 cracked heel1850 mud fever1872 navicular1888 coronitis1890 toe-crack1891 flat-foot1894 1576 G. Baker tr. C. Gesner Newe Jewell of Health iii. f. 209^v This helpeth all y^e clefts and chops happening on the handes and feete in the winter tyme. 1599 A. M. tr. O. Gaebelkhover Bk. Physicke 266/1 For cleftes of the Lippes, Handes, Woemens Pappes, and Heeles. 1694 London Gaz. No. 3003/4 Lost..a brown bay Mare.. with a cliff behind. 1726 N. B. Farrier's & Horseman's Dict. 122/1 Clefts appear on the Bought of the Pasterns. 1727 R. Bradley Chomel's Dictionaire Oeconomique (Dublin ed.) Clift's, call'd otherwise Cracks in the Heels, a Disease incident to Horses. d. Surgery. The aperture in cleft palate (see cleft adj.). ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > deformity > deformities of specific parts > [noun] > cleft palate > aperture cleft1847 1847 J. F. South tr. Chelius Syst. Surg. I. 606 If in very large cleft the closure be difficult. 1885 T. Holmes Syst. Surg. (new ed.) II. 502 It will be frequently found that these partial clefts are very broad. †3. a. One of the pieces formed by cleaving; esp. split wood for fuel. Obsolete or dialect. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > wholeness > incompleteness > part of whole > [noun] > a separate part > a piece or bit > piece formed by cleaving clefta1400 flake1591 a1400–50 Alexander 799 Þat all to-wrasted þai wod, & warpyd in-sonder, All claters in clyftez, clene to þair fistez. 1527 Accts. St. John's Hosp., Canterbury (Canterbury Cathedral Archives: CCA-U13/4) Carriage of a lode of clyftis and pylys. 1562 in T. Wright Churchwardens' Accts. Ludlow (1869) 110 A klyfft to make steyes for the belle whelles. 1640 Accts. St. John's Hosp., Canterbury (Canterbury Cathedral Archives: CCA-U13/5) For helpinge to lood the cleffts to make pales and railes. 1669 J. Worlidge Systema Agriculturæ (1681) vi. §10. 108 Good cleft for the fire. 1887 Sc. Leader 21 Sept. 6 ‘Wheeling’ a large stick known in Tipperary as a ‘quarter clift’. b. A strip of glass as cut by the glazier. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > glass and glass-like materials > [noun] > glass > other shapes or forms of glass table1482 cleft1688 tablet1688 glass fibre1824 glass wool1879 angel hair1888 glass brick1909 1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. 384/2 The Glasiers Diamond..by which he cuts his Glass..into Lengths or Clifts, and from such long pieces or Clifts into shorter pieces as Squares or Quarryes. 4. A division formed by cleaving: spec. (a) one of the divisions of the foot in animals; (b) one of the divisions of an orange or similar fruit (dialect). ΘΚΠ the world > plants > part of plant > part defined by form or function > [noun] > lobe or division clefta1398 fissure1656 lacinia1668 segment1713 lobe1731 earlet1787 the world > animals > animal body > general parts > body and limbs > [noun] > paw or foot > division in foot clefta1398 clove1607 a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xviii. xix. 1157 The camele..is clouefooted and haþ felles in þe cliftes, as it fareþ in a goos foot; and þilke cliftes ben fleisshly as þe clyfte of a bere foot. 1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball iii. xxxix. 371 With leaves cloven or cut into five, sixe, or seven cliftes. 1611 Bible (King James) Deut. xiv. 6 Euery beast that parteth the hoofe, and cleaueth the clift into two clawes. View more context for this quotation 1674 N. Cox Gentleman's Recreation i. 67 In a Grey-hound..a round Foot, and good large Clefts. 1842 J. C. Prichard Nat. Hist. Man 32 The hoof of the swine is also found divided into 5 clefts. 5. English regional (Somerset). A stratum of argillaceous slate lying between coal seams. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > minerals > mineral deposits > features of stratum or vein > [noun] > material above or between cleft1676 1676 J. Beaumont in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 11 732 All the clifts in some Mines are made up of these Stone-plants. 1719 J. Strachey in Philos. Trans. 1717–19 (Royal Soc.) 30 968 The Cliff..is dark or blackish Rock, and always keeps its regular Course as the Coal does, lying obliquely over it. 1769 Gentleman's Mag. Nov. 546/1 Coal clives in Somerset; the top of these is reddish, or grey, and becomes of a deep black as it approaches the coal. 1824 Jrnl. Geol. Soc. 1 253 This [slate-clay], when very fissile, is called by the miners, on account of its easy cleavage, ‘cliff’ or ‘clives’. Compounds C1. attributive and in other combinations, as cleft-hole; cleft-nursed adj. Π 1747 W. Hooson Miners Dict. sig. N4 Their bigness is about an Inch at least, for either Blast-holes, or Clift-holes. 1869 R. Browning Ring & Bk. IV. x. 46 This mere chance-sown, cleft-nursed seed. C2. cleft-graft v. to graft in a cleft (see 2b). ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > management of plants > propagation of plants > propagate [verb (transitive)] > a cutting: graft > cleft-graft cleft-graft1850 1850 G. Glenny Hand-bk. Flower Garden 228 They may be..cleft-grafted like the rose. cleft-grafted adj. cleft-grafting n. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > management of plants > propagation of plants > [noun] > grafting > cleft-grafting cleft-grafting1669 slit-grafting1706 stock-grafting1731 1669 J. Worlidge Systema Agriculturæ (1681) 25 Cutting off the head of the Stock, and smooth it as in Cleft-graffing. 1724 P. Miller Gardeners & Florists Dict. I. at Grafting Cleft grafting, called also Stock, or Slit Grafting,..is proper for Trees or Stocks of a lesser Size. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1889; most recently modified version published online June 2022). cleftadj. Brit. /klɛft/, U.S. /klɛft/ Etymology: One of the forms of the past participle of cleave v.¹: compare cloven adj. and n. a. Split asunder; split into thin pieces. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > separation > action of dividing or divided condition > cleaving or splitting > [adjective] > cleft, split, or having clefts cleft1393 acleft?c1425 clefted1552 splitted1594 clefty1632 split1648 cloven1676 fissured1788 splitten1832 1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis II. 264 Tho lay there certain wode cleft. c1520 in J. T. Fowler Memorials Church SS. Peter & Wilfrid, Ripon (1888) III. 206 xiij peysses of clyft wodd, 20d. 1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory ii. 86/1 A Billet is a piece of Cleft Wood for to Burn. 1715 A. Pope tr. Homer Iliad I. ii. 508 From the cleft Wood the crackling Flames aspire. 1821 J. Baillie Columbus in Metrical Legends vi. 16 Cleft waves. b. Split or divided to a certain depth; bifurcate. cleft palate: a malformation of the palate, in which a longitudinal gap exists in the middle or on either side of the roof of the mouth. a cleft stick: a position in which advance and retreat are alike impossible, a dilemma, a fix. †cleft (or cloven) beasts: insects. Rarely in cleft hoof, cleft foot, where cloven is the ordinary word. ΘΚΠ the world > the supernatural > deity > a devil > the Devil or Satan > [noun] > cloven hoof cloven hoofc1175 cleft foot1574 hoof1638 Clootie1786 Cloots1786 the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > state of uncertainty, suspense > [noun] > dilemma a cleft stick1574 quandary?1576 dilemma1590 crotch1622 Morton's Fork1964 the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > [noun] > member of > collectively cleft (or cloven) beasts1574 the world > relative properties > number > specific numbers > two > division into two > [adjective] > divided by a cleft or notch clovec1400 cloven1526 cleft1574 bisulcous1646 bisulc1650 bifidous1657 bisulcated1657 bifid1661 bifidated1755 bisulcate1833 bifidate1847 the mind > language > speech > defective or inarticulate speech > [noun] > specific disorders or faults tongue-tiedness1598 plateasm1656 tongue-tying1762 paraphonia1772 lullaby-speech1822 cleft palate1847 paralalia1848 logoneurosis1857 zetacism1860 alogia1864 lallation1864 lambdacism1864 semi-mute1864 heterophemy1875 agrammatism1877 bradyphrasia1877 heterophasia1877 logopathy1877 paragraphia1877 paralexia1877 paraphasia1877 paraphrasia1877 verbigeration1877 recurring utterance1878 word blindness1878 word deafness1878 scanning1887 sigmatism1888 idioglossia1891 staccato utterance1898 word salad1904 palilalia1908 paragrammatism1924 idiolalia1930 dysprosody1947 Broca's aphasia1959 the world > health and disease > ill health > deformity > deformities of specific parts > [noun] > cleft palate cleft palate1847 the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > group Ruminantia (sheep, goats, cows, etc.) > [noun] > ruminant > parts of > hoof cloven hoofc1175 cleft hoof1847 1574 T. Hill Ord. Bees i Plinie nameth Bees cleft beasts because of the division or parting betweene of the heade and shoulders. 1574 T. Hill Ord. Bees vi Of all cloven beasts the bees are principally to be cherished.] 1647 A. Cowley Not Fair in Mistress So men..Believe it fair..Till the cleft foot discovers all. 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Pastorals x, in tr. Virgil Wks. 45 Not steepy Pindus..Nor cleft Parnassus. 1745 J. Swift Direct. to Servants Pref. 16 You may..stick your Candle in a Bottle..or in a cleft Stick. 1781 W. Cowper Let. 9 Dec. (1979) I. 555 We are squeezed to death between the two sides of that sort of alternative, which is commonly called a cleft stick. 1784 Reynolds in Leslie & Taylor Life (1865) II. viii. 458 I put him in a cleft stick. 1829 T. P. Thompson in Westm. Rev. July 8 The other side are in a cleft stick; they cannot go on long as they are, and they cannot stir into any new path without demolishing the Corn Laws. 1847 W. B. Carpenter Zool.: Systematic Acct. I. §254 The surfaces..are so flattened that the appearance is that of a single cleft hoof. 1847 J. F. South tr. Chelius Syst. Surg. I. 599 Cases of hare-lip and cleft-palate. 1876 T. Bryant Pract. Surg. (ed. 2) I. xii. 505 Having..successfully treated a medical student for cleft palate. 1880 A. Gray Struct. Bot. iii. §4. 98 A leaf..is said to be cleft, when the division is half way down or more, and the lobes or sinuses narrow or acute. 1895 Catal. Surg. Instruments (Arnold & Sons) 190 Cleft-palate knife..cleft-palate chisel. c. figurative. Divided, twofold. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > specific numbers > two > division into two > [adjective] bipartite1574 biparted1586 slit1607 cleft1609 bisected1656 two-parted1793 dichotomized1806 dichotomous1817 dichotomal1818 1609 W. Shakespeare Louers Complaint in Sonnets sig. L2 Or cleft effect, cold modesty hot wrath. d. Linguistics (esp. Transformational Grammar). cleft sentence, a two-clause sentence derived by transformation from a single clause in order to emphasize a particular element of the clause, the resultant sentence starting with it is or another form of the verb to be (as ‘it is x that we want’ from ‘we want x’). Similarly, cleft construction. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > syntax or word order > syntactic relations > [noun] > change of word order or position > specific types of movement or transformation cleft construction1937 wh-transformation1957 rank shift1961 rankshifting1965 fronting1966 pseudo-cleft1967 promotion1968 pseudo-clefting1970 tough movement1971 slifting1973 extraposing1976 1937 O. Jespersen Analyt. Syntax xxv. 83 (heading) Cleft Sentences... A fourth class of sentences beginning with it is. 1963 R. B. Lees in Zeitschr. f. Phonetik Sprachwissensch. XVI. 371 At least three different analyses have been proposed for the so-called ‘Cleft-sentence’ construction in English. 1976 Archivum Linguisticum 7 146 The mechanism of cleft construction can be used to predicate and bring into focus any of the grammatical (modal) functions: subject, object, adjunct. 1982 R. Quirk Style & Communication in Eng. Lang. i. 14 There is..the over-use of the cleft sentence to provide little-wanted focus upon time adverbials. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1889; most recently modified version published online March 2022). † cleftcliftv. Etymology: < cleft n. or cleft adj. Obsolete. rare. intransitive. To divide, split, cleave. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > breaking or cracking > break [verb (intransitive)] > crack, split, or cleave chinea700 to-chinec725 cleavea1225 to-cleavec1275 rivec1330 to-slentc1380 to-sundera1393 cracka1400 rifta1400 chapc1420 crevec1450 break1486 slave?1523 chink1552 chop1576 coame1577 cone1584 slat1607 cleft1610 splita1625 checka1642 chicka1642 flaw1648 shale1712 vent1721 spalt1731 star1842 seam1880 tetter1911 the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > separation > action of dividing or divided condition > cleaving or splitting > cleave or split [verb (intransitive)] cleavea1225 acleavea1425 cleft1610 splita1625 1610 W. Folkingham Feudigraphia i. viii. 17 That Earth, that by moulding in the hand doth clift and cleaue. 1657 R. Tomlinson tr. J. de Renou Pharmaceut. Shop ii, in Medicinal Dispensatory sig. Oooo2^v Almonds..must be macerated long in warm water..that the cortex may cleft. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1889; most recently modified version published online March 2021). < n.c1325adj.1393v.1610
随便看	to see through the press to see through the wrong end of the perspective to see to to see to it that to pal up to palaceward to palanquin it to pale into insignificance to pant for breath to paper over the cracks to paper the house to parade as to pare and burn to pare beyond the quick to pare etc the quick to pare the claws of to pare the nails of to pare to the quick to pare too close to pare too near to park a custard to park a the tiger to park about to park fudge to park ones also the fudge