chewv.

/tʃ(j)uː/

Forms: Old English céowan, Middle English cheowen, cheouwen, chewwenn ( Orm.), Middle English chewen, Middle English–1500s chewe, (Middle English chyewe, Middle English schewe), Middle English– chew. See also variants chaw n.¹, chow n.

Etymology: Old English céowan, past tense céaw, cuwon, past participle cowen, corresponding to Old High German chiuwan, kiuwan, past tense kou, kūwun, gikūwan, kiuwan < Germanic *kewwan. The original strong past tense and past participle appear not to have come down into Middle English; an analogical participle chewen occurs however in 16th cent.

a. transitive. To crush, bruise, and grind to pulp, by the continued action of the molar teeth, with help of the tongue, cheeks, and saliva.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > use of drugs and poison > tobacco > action of chewing tobacco > chew tobacco [verb (transitive)]

chew1838

c1000 Ælfric Homilies (Bosw.) I. 510 He het hine ceowan mid toþum his fingras.

c1000 Ælfric Homilies I. 404 Hi cuwon heora girdlas, and gærs æton.

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 64 Hwase cheoweð spices.

c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Miller's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 504 But first he cheweth grayn and likorys To smellen swete.

1600 W. Cornwallis Ess. I. xxiv. sig. N3^v Barre some fellow from chewing a stick.

1723 J. Clarke tr. Rohault's Syst. Nat. Philos. I. i. xxiv. 175 It excites but a very small Sensation in those who chew the Wood.

1810 E. D. Clarke Trav. Var. Countries: Pt. 1st xx. 512 To lead a very idle life,..chewing tobacco or opium.

1838 T. Thomson Chem. Org. Bodies 803 No astringency is perceived when a piece of it is chewed.

1865 D. Livingstone & C. Livingstone Narr. Exped. Zambesi xix. 398 They frequently chew the branches for the bark and the sap alone.

b. In early times often equivalent to gnaw.

ΚΠ

OE Soul & Body I 72 Þe sculon her moldwyrmas manige ceowan, slitan sarlice swearte wihta, gifre ond grædige.

c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 183 Iuele wurmes mote þe chewe.

a. esp. To perform this operation upon (food), in preparation for swallowing it; to masticate. Sometimes, To eat with chewing, devour.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > consumption of food or drink > eating > processes or manners of eating > eat via specific process [verb (transitive)] > chew

grindc1200

chew1377

chow1382

chaw1530

masticate1562

chop1581

manducate1623

jawa1625

1377 W. Langland Piers Plowman B. xviii. 199 Let hem chewe as þei and chide we not, susteres, For hit is a botless bale þe byte þat þei eten.

1530 Myroure Oure Ladye (Fawkes) (1873) i. 40 Bodely meate is not ryght profytable, but yf yt be wel chewyd.

a1616 W. Shakespeare As you like It (1623) iv. iii. 102 Chewing the food of sweet and bitter fancie.

1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan iii. xxxii. 195 Pills..chewed, are for the most part cast up again without effect.

1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth III. 349 These [teeth] also seem better adapted for tearing and chewing, than those of the cat kind.

1879 J. A. Froude Cæsar xv. 247 I am chewing what I have to swallow.

b. To masticate for another.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > consumption of food or drink > eating > processes or manners of eating > eat via specific process [verb (transitive)] > chew > for another

chew1398

1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum (1495) vi. ix. 195 The moder chewyth meete in her mouth and makyth it redy to the tothlees chylde that he may the easylyar swolowe the meete.

1552 R. Huloet Abcedarium Anglico Latinum Chewed meate..is the meate whiche a nource cheweth.

1713 R. Steele Englishman No. 15. 101 Chew or cut it small, that the Lion may swallow it safely.

3. figurative and transferred in many applications:

a. by simile.

ΚΠ

1393 W. Langland Piers Plowman C. iii. 140 Holy churche, and charite ȝe cheweþ and deuoureþ.

1393 W. Langland Piers Plowman C. vii. 154 (MS. F) I spak no speche it swal so my breste þat I chewed it as a cowe þat code chewith ofte.

1597 F. Bacon Ess. f. 1^v Some bookes are to bee tasted, others to bee swallowed, and some few to bee chewed and disgested.

1696 J. Evelyn Let. 3 Dec. in S. Pepys Private Corr. (1926) I. 133 I have of late ben chewing-over some old stories.

b. in reference to spiritual food: To meditate on.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > aspects of faith > spirituality > contemplation or meditation > contemplate [verb (transitive)]

chewc1175

contemplate1560

meditate1560

medite1606

recollect1626

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 1241 Forr þe to ȝifenn bisne. Þatt te birrþ ummbeþennkenn aȝȝ. & chewwenn i þin heorrte Hu þu mihht cwemenn þin drihhtin.

c1410 N. Love tr. Bonaventura Mirror Life Christ (Sherard MS.) Gostly chewynge in þat manere the gospell of crist.

1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. MMMvii The commaundementes of god, of the whiche we must fede dayly, & chewe them in our hertes, by oft meditacion.

c. in reference to counsels, opinions, statements, etc.: To consider or examine deliberately (as a process preliminary to swallowing and digesting them).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > thought > continued thinking, reflection, contemplation > thinking about, consideration, deliberation > consider, deliberate [verb (transitive)]

i-thenchec897

showeOE

i-mune971

thinkOE

overthinkOE

takec1175

umbethinkc1175

waltc1200

bethinkc1220

wend?c1225

weighc1380

delivera1382

peisea1382

considerc1385

musec1390

to look over ——a1393

advise?c1400

debatec1400

roll?c1400

revert?a1425

advertc1425

deliberc1425

movec1425

musec1425

revolvec1425

contemplec1429

overseec1440

to think overc1440

perpend1447

roil1447

pondera1450

to eat inc1450

involvec1470

ponderate?a1475

reputec1475

counterpoise1477

poisea1483

traversec1487

umbecast1487

digest1488

undercast1489

overhalec1500

rumble1519

volve?1520

compassa1522

recount1526

trutinate1528

cast1530

expend1531

ruminate1533

concoct1534

contemplate1538

deliberate1540

revolute1553

chawa1558

to turn over1568

cud1569

cogitate1570

huik1570

chew1579

meditatec1580

discourse1581

speculate1599

theorize1599

scance1603

verse1614

pensitate1623

agitate1629

spell1633

study1659

designa1676

introspect1683

troll1685

balance1692

to figure on or upon1837

reflect1862

mull1873

to mull over1874

scour1882

mill1905

1579 L. Tomson tr. J. Calvin Serm. Epist. S. Paule to Timothie & Titus 367/1 It is good..to haue thinges well chewed, that we may the better digest them.

a1629 C. Cornwallis Disc. Prince Henry (1641) 8 Counsells are to be chewed not swallowed.

1663 J. Spencer Disc. Prodigies (1665) 397.

1678 R. Cudworth True Intellect. Syst. Universe i. iv. 560 Nor scrupulously chew or examine any thing.

d. in reference to plans, etc.: To meditate, devise or plan deliberately.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > intention > planning > plan [verb (transitive)]

forethinkc897

bethinka1225

compass1297

contrivec1330

ordain1340

conjectc1380

imaginec1380

cast1382

ordaina1387

advisec1400

forecast1413

imagec1450

ordainc1450

project1477

foreminda1535

invent1539

aimc1540

practise1550

plat1556

trive1573

meditate1582

patterna1586

plot1589

platform1592

design1594

chew1600

forelay1605

to map out1618

to cut out1619

agitate1629

laya1631

plod1631

cut1645

calculate1654

concert1702

to scheme out1716

plan1718

model1725

to rough out1738

to lay out1741

plan1755

prethink1760

shape1823

programme1834

pre-plan1847

encompass1882

target1948

1600 W. Shakespeare Henry V ii. ii. 55 Capitall crimes, Chewed, swallowed and disgested.

1683 J. Dryden & N. Lee Duke of Guise i. i. 11 If while alive I cease to chew their Ruine.

1718 M. Prior To Mr. Harley 285 He chews Revenge.

e. in reference to words: To take or retain in the mouth; to keep saying or mumbling over.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > speech > repetition > repeat [verb (transitive)] > often or over and over

decantate1542

chewa1616

dictitate1615

decant1674

a1616 W. Shakespeare Measure for Measure (1623) ii. iv. 5 Heauen in my mouth, As if I did but onely chew his name.

1834 F. Marryat Peter Simple III. i. 7 Her mother was startled when she put the question to her, and chewed it, and cursed her when she insisted upon the truth.

†f. to chew to (a person): (cf. 2b); to reduce (anything) to a condition ready for another's use, to prepare (words, etc.) for another to utter. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > undertaking > preparation > prepare [verb (transitive)] > for use > prepare for another's use

to chew to1594

predigest1905

1594 R. Carew tr. J. Huarte Exam. Mens Wits xi. 156 Lawyers..if the cases which the law thrusteth into their mouth, be not squared and chewed to their hands, they are to seek what to doe.

1641 J. Milton Animadversions 18 A Minister that cannot be trusted to pray in his own words without being chew'd to..should as little be trusted to Preach.

g. to chew oakum (Naut.): (of a ship) to grind the oakum out of its seams by the working of its timbers.

ΚΠ

1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. Chewing of Oakum or Pitch.

h. Slang phr. to chew the rag or fat: to discuss a matter, esp. complainingly; to reiterate an old grievance; to grumble; to argue; to talk or chat; to spin a yarn.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > speech > conversation > converse [verb (intransitive)] > discuss things already spoken of

to beat over the old ground1792

to chew the rag or fat1885

1885 J. B. Patterson Life in Ranks ix. 77 Persisting to argue the point, or ‘chew the rag’, as it is termed in rank and file phraseology, with some extra intelligent non-commissioned officer.

1885 J. B. Patterson Life in Ranks xv. 124 The various diversions of whistling, singing, arguing the point, chewing the rag, or fat.

1891 J. M. Dixon Dict. Idiomatic Eng. Phrases (at cited word) He was chewing the rag at me the whole afternoon.

1909 Scribner's Mag. Aug. 250/2 How better is conversational impotence characterized than by ‘chewing the rag’?

1916 Punch 23 Aug. 144/3 I got me woes..An' she's got 'ers, the good Lord knows, Although she never chews the fat.

1916 ‘Taffrail’ Pincher Martin viii. 134 D'you think I'm standin' up 'ere 'longside a blackboard chewin' my fat for the good o' my 'ealth, or wot?

1916 ‘Taffrail’ Pincher Martin viii. 134 Chewing the fat, spinning a yarn.

1919 War Slang in Athenæum 8 Aug. 727/2 If anyone starts fault-finding or ‘chewing the fat’ he is immediately ‘ticked off’.

1928 Daily Express 2 Mar. 5/2 We ‘chew the rag’, as our husbands would call it, over happenings of weeks and even months ago.

1931 R. Campbell Georgiad i. 17 The scavengers of letters Convene to chew the fat about their betters.

1942 P. G. Wodehouse Money in Bank xii. 120 We were at J. Sheringham Adair's office, chewing the fat with J. Sheringham Adair.

1948 ‘J. Tey’ Franchise Affair xi. 117 We had that paper in the pantry last Friday and chewed the rag over it for hours!

4. to chew the cud:

a. of certain quadrupeds, to bring back into the mouth and masticate the food which has been coarsely bruised and swallowed into a first stomach; to ruminate.In Old English the simple céowan is so used; the Ayenb. has eftchyewe.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > group Ruminantia (sheep, goats, cows, etc.) > subfamily Bovinae (bovine) > [verb (intransitive)] > chew cud

to chew the cudc1000

the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > group Ruminantia (sheep, goats, cows, etc.) > subfamily Bovinae (bovine) > [verb (transitive)] > chew the cud

to chew the cudc1000

c1000 Ælfric Leviticus xi. 3 Ðæt hig eton þa nytenu þe hira clawe todælede beoþ and ceowaþ. Ne ete ge þa þing þe ceowaþ, and clawe ne todælaþ.

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 1236 Oxe chewweþþ..Hiss cude.

a1300 Cursor Mundi 1958 O beist has clouen fote in tua An chewand cude, ȝee ete o þaa.

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 86 Efterward me ssel þesne mete eft chyewe ase þe oxe þet gers þet he heþ vorzuelȝe.

1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) Lev. xi. 3 Alle that han the clee dyuydid, and chewith kude.

1664 H. Power Exper. Philos. i. 16 Like so many Ginny-Pigs, munching and chewing the cud.

1836 M. Scott Cruise of Midge xvi. 265 The cattle..stood listlessly chewing their cuds.

b. figurative. To ‘ruminate’.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > thought > continued thinking, reflection, contemplation > thinking about, consideration, deliberation > think about, consider [verb (intransitive)]

thinkOE

bethinka1200

umthinka1300

to have mind ofc1300

casta1340

studya1375

delivera1382

to chew the cudc1384

to take advisementa1393

stema1400

compassc1400

advisec1405

deliberc1405

to make it wisec1405

to take deliberationc1405

enter?a1413

riddlec1426

hovec1440

devise?c1450

to study by (also in) oneself?c1450

considerc1460

porec1500

regard1523

deliberate1543

to put on one's thinking or considering cap1546

contemplate1560

consult1565

perpend1568

vise1568

to consider of1569

weigh1573

ruminate1574

dascanc1579

to lay to (one's) heart1588

pondera1593

debate1594

reflect1596

comment1597

perponder1599

revolvea1600

rumine1605

consider on, upon1606

to think twice1623

reflex1631

spell1645

ponderatea1652

to turn about1725

to cast a thought, a reflection upon1736

to wake over1771

incubatea1847

mull1857

fink1888

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Hosea vii. 14 Thei chewiden cud vpon whete, and wijne, and departiden fro me.

1547 Certain Serm. or Homilies Exhort. Holy Script. ii, in J. Griffiths Two Bks. Homilies (1859) i.15 Let vs ruminate, and (as it were) chewe the cudde that wee maye haue the sweete iewse..& consolation of them.

1749 H. Fielding Tom Jones VI. xviii. iii. 184 Having left her a little while to chew the Cud (if I may use that Expression) on these first Tidings.

1771 T. Smollett Humphry Clinker II. 196 I shall for some time continue to chew the cud of reflection.

1829 R. Southey Oliver Newman vii And in all outward patience chew the while The cud of bitter thoughts.

1876 Maxwell in Life xiv.

1880 R. Broughton Second Thoughts I. i. xii. 204 She is dismally chewing the cud of sour reflection.

†a. To worry with reproaches, etc.; ‘to jaw’ (Cockayne). Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disapproval > reproach > [verb (transitive)] > worry with reproaches

chewc1230

c1230 Hali Meid. 31 Chit te & cheoweð þe & schent te schomeliche.

b. With out. To reprimand. colloquial (chiefly U.S.).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disapproval > rebuke or reproof > rebuke or reprove [verb (transitive)] > scold

chidec1230

ban1340

tongue1388

rate1393

flite14..

rehetec1400

janglec1430

chafec1485

rattle1542

berate1548

quarrel1587

hazen?1608

bequarrel1624

huff1674

shrewa1687

to claw away, off1692

tongue-pad1707

to blow up1710

scold1718

rag1739

redd1776

bullyraga1790

jaw1810

targe1825

haze1829

overhaul1840

tongue-walk1841

trim1882

to call down1883

tongue-lash1887

roar1917

to go off at (a person)1941

chew1948

wrinch2009

1948 J. B. Roulier in N.Y. Folk Q. IV. i. 18 A verbal admonishing from a superior would be recorded by the victim with ‘I just got eaten out’ or ‘I just got chewed out’.

1963 H. Garner in R. Weaver Canadian Short Stories (1968) 2nd Ser. 48 Walters chewed him out for not knowing that the specifications had been changed.

1967 R. J. Serling President's Plane is Missing (1968) ii. 20 When Gunther Damon chewed out an errant staffer, his five feet eight seemed to swell to six feet.

6. intransitive. To perform the action described in sense 1, 2; to exercise the jaws and teeth (on, upon anything); to bite, champ.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > consumption of food or drink > eating > processes or manners of eating > eat via specific process [verb (intransitive)] > chew

chow1382

chew1393

ruminate1605

masticate1935

1393 W. Langland Piers Plowman C. xvi. 46 Ac of þese metes þis maister myghte not wel chewe.

1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball ii. ci. 287 The same chewen upon maketh one to avoyde much flegme.

1598 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 1 ii. ii. 24 The veriest varlet that euer chewed with a tooth.

1856 E. K. Kane Arctic Explor. II. xxix. 288 The cartilaginous parts of the fore-flippers were passed round to be chewed upon.

7. figurative. To exercise the mind, meditate, ruminate upon, on, occasionally at. Also with over; esp. to discuss, talk over (a matter).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > speech > conversation > converse with [verb (transitive)] > discuss or confer about

bespeakc1175

roundc1275

talka1387

discuss1402

commune1423

common1435

discutec1440

ventilate?1530

discourse1546

confer1552

consult?1553

imparlc1600

parle1631

conjobble1692

to talk over1734

chew1939

punt1945

to kick about1966

1580 J. Lyly Euphues & his Eng. (new ed.) f. 66^v I haue more desire to chew vpon melancholy, then to dispute vppon Magicke.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Julius Caesar (1623) i. ii. 172.

1651 N. Bacon Contin. Hist. Disc. Govt. viii. 83 I shall onely leave the Reader to chew upon the Point.

1734 A. Pope Epist. to Visct. Cobham 12 Old Politicians chew on Wisdom past, And blunder on in Bus'ness to the last.

1833 C. Lamb Ellistoniana in Last Ess. Elia 39 To chew upon his new-blown dignities.

1883 ‘M. Twain’ Life on Mississippi liii. 527 When you come to..chew at it and think it over.

1939 R. Chandler Big Sleep xxv. 149 Drop up and chew it over.

1952 ‘M. Innes’ Private View ii. 37 Must you people really go on chewing over Gavin?

1953 S. Kauffmann Philanderer xv. 247 I certainly don't want to chew the matter over tonight.

1960 L. Cooper Accomplices i. vi. 62 I chewed it over for a bit and came to the conclusion that I'd better speak to John Pollard.

8. to chew up: to demolish. Cf. chaw v. 3.

ΚΠ

1837–40 T. C. Haliburton Clockmaker (1862) 391 I felt as if I could chew him right up.

Draft additions March 2021

chew toy n. any of various kinds of toy, usually made from hard rubber, designed for a dog or other domesticated animal to chew on for the purpose of stimulation or to help maintain healthy teeth; (later also) any of various similar kinds of toy designed for an infant to chew on while teething.Also in figurative contexts (cf. quot. 1990).

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > entertainment > toy or plaything > other toys > [noun] > others

spurc1450

cock1608

turnel1621

corala1625

house of cardsa1625

Jack-in-the-box1659

(Prince) Rupert's Drops1662

sucker1681

whirligig1686

playbook1694

card house1733

snapper1788

card castle1792

Aaron's bells?1795

Noah's Ark1807

Jacob's ladder1820

cat-stairs1825

daisy chain1841

beanbag1861

playboat1865

piñata1868

teething ring1872

weet-weet1878

tumble-over1883

water cracker1887

jumping-bean1889

play money1894

serpentin1894

comforter1898

pacifier1901

dummy1903

bubble water1904

yo-yo1915

paper airplane1921

snowstorm1926

titty1927

teaser1935

Slinky1948

teether1949

Mr Potato Head1952

squeeze toy1954

Frisbee1957

mobile1957

chew toy1959

water-rocket1961

Crazy Foam1965

playshop1967

war toy1973

waterball1974

pull-along1976

transformer1984

Aerobie1985

1959 Marion (Ohio) Star 11 Nov. (Home ed.) b45/3 Dogs love to unwrap presents, too, so select safe, chew toys; new bed or plaid coat.

1990 Christian Sci. Monitor (Nexis) 5 Sept. 20 In practice, the EPA's regulations amount to a chew-toy for environmentalists. School districts that don't comply aren't penalized. And the EPA relies heavily on complaints from school custodians and concerned parents.

1999 Ebony (Nexis) Aug. 66 Must-haves for teething babies are sterile, non-toxic teething rings..or special chew toys that are great for playing and gnawing.

2020 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 28 June (Mag.) 20 I could hear her Labradoodle, Kevin, playing with a squeaky chew toy in the background.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1889; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	chew
释义	chewn. /tʃ(j)uː/ Etymology: < chew v. The 12th cent. icheu may go back to an Old English geceow. 1. The action of chew v. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > consumption of food or drink > eating > processes or manners of eating > [noun] > chewing chewingc1000 chewc1200 mastication?a1425 chamming1528 chawing?1533 champing1592 champ1604 manducation1650 masticating1827 c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom.* 35 Ofte mid wurmene icheu. c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 123 Hwile wurmene cheu and fele oðre þe ich telle ne mai. 1878 L. P. Meredith Teeth (ed. 2) 217 After every smoke or chew, brush the teeth thoroughly. †2. ? ‘Jawing’, reproach. Obsolete. ΚΠ c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 13 Chest and chew and twifold speche and ilch fliting of worde. 3. That which is chewed or for chewing; spec. a quid (of tobacco). Also, a sweetmeat, esp. a ‘chewy’ one. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > use of drugs and poison > tobacco > [noun] > tobacco in a roll, cake, or stick > small piece cut from cudeOE quid1720 chew1725 chaw1772 fid1793 fig1838 plug1843 the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > confections or sweetmeats > sweets > [noun] > a sweet > chewy sweet stickjaw1827 tie-teeth1879 chew1936 1725 London Gaz. No. 6387/2 Commonly has a Chew of Tobacco in his under Lip. 1748 T. Smollett Roderick Random I. xxxii. 284 One of the sailors..put a large chew of tobacco in his mouth. 1887 M. Roberts Western Avernus xx The floors..covered with saliva, old chews, and tobacco ash. 1936 K. Morrow & H. Hemminger Western Cook Bk. 40 (heading) Chinese Chews. 1950 B. Sutton-Smith Our Street iv. 48 He would spend it on biscuits and chews. 1959 I. Opie & P. Opie Lore & Lang. Schoolchildren ix. 166 Sweets are..‘chews’ in Aberystwyth. 1967 L. Deighton London Dossier 158 Chewable trifles such as wine-gums..and nougat-based chews on sticks. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1889; most recently modified version published online March 2021). chewv. /tʃ(j)uː/ Forms: Old English céowan, Middle English cheowen, cheouwen, chewwenn ( Orm.), Middle English chewen, Middle English–1500s chewe, (Middle English chyewe, Middle English schewe), Middle English– chew. See also variants chaw n.¹, chow n. Etymology: Old English céowan, past tense céaw, cuwon, past participle cowen, corresponding to Old High German chiuwan, kiuwan, past tense kou, kūwun, gikūwan, kiuwan < Germanic kewwan. The original strong past tense and past participle appear not to have come down into Middle English; an analogical participle chewen* occurs however in 16th cent. 1. a. transitive. To crush, bruise, and grind to pulp, by the continued action of the molar teeth, with help of the tongue, cheeks, and saliva. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > use of drugs and poison > tobacco > action of chewing tobacco > chew tobacco [verb (transitive)] chew1838 c1000 Ælfric Homilies (Bosw.) I. 510 He het hine ceowan mid toþum his fingras. c1000 Ælfric Homilies I. 404 Hi cuwon heora girdlas, and gærs æton. ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 64 Hwase cheoweð spices. c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Miller's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 504 But first he cheweth grayn and likorys To smellen swete. 1600 W. Cornwallis Ess. I. xxiv. sig. N3^v Barre some fellow from chewing a stick. 1723 J. Clarke tr. Rohault's Syst. Nat. Philos. I. i. xxiv. 175 It excites but a very small Sensation in those who chew the Wood. 1810 E. D. Clarke Trav. Var. Countries: Pt. 1st xx. 512 To lead a very idle life,..chewing tobacco or opium. 1838 T. Thomson Chem. Org. Bodies 803 No astringency is perceived when a piece of it is chewed. 1865 D. Livingstone & C. Livingstone Narr. Exped. Zambesi xix. 398 They frequently chew the branches for the bark and the sap alone. b. In early times often equivalent to gnaw. ΚΠ OE Soul & Body I 72 Þe sculon her moldwyrmas manige ceowan, slitan sarlice swearte wihta, gifre ond grædige. c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 183 Iuele wurmes mote þe chewe. 2. a. esp. To perform this operation upon (food), in preparation for swallowing it; to masticate. Sometimes, To eat with chewing, devour. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > consumption of food or drink > eating > processes or manners of eating > eat via specific process [verb (transitive)] > chew grindc1200 chew1377 chow1382 chaw1530 masticate1562 chop1581 manducate1623 jawa1625 1377 W. Langland Piers Plowman B. xviii. 199 Let hem chewe as þei and chide we not, susteres, For hit is a botless bale þe byte þat þei eten. 1530 Myroure Oure Ladye (Fawkes) (1873) i. 40 Bodely meate is not ryght profytable, but yf yt be wel chewyd. a1616 W. Shakespeare As you like It (1623) iv. iii. 102 Chewing the food of sweet and bitter fancie. View more context for this quotation 1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan iii. xxxii. 195 Pills..chewed, are for the most part cast up again without effect. 1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth III. 349 These [teeth] also seem better adapted for tearing and chewing, than those of the cat kind. 1879 J. A. Froude Cæsar xv. 247 I am chewing what I have to swallow. b. To masticate for another. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > consumption of food or drink > eating > processes or manners of eating > eat via specific process [verb (transitive)] > chew > for another chew1398 1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum (1495) vi. ix. 195 The moder chewyth meete in her mouth and makyth it redy to the tothlees chylde that he may the easylyar swolowe the meete. 1552 R. Huloet Abcedarium Anglico Latinum Chewed meate..is the meate whiche a nource cheweth. 1713 R. Steele Englishman No. 15. 101 Chew or cut it small, that the Lion may swallow it safely. 3. figurative and transferred in many applications: a. by simile. ΚΠ 1393 W. Langland Piers Plowman C. iii. 140 Holy churche, and charite ȝe cheweþ and deuoureþ. 1393 W. Langland Piers Plowman C. vii. 154 (MS. F) I spak no speche it swal so my breste þat I chewed it as a cowe þat code chewith ofte. 1597 F. Bacon Ess. f. 1^v Some bookes are to bee tasted, others to bee swallowed, and some few to bee chewed and disgested. 1696 J. Evelyn Let. 3 Dec. in S. Pepys Private Corr. (1926) I. 133 I have of late ben chewing-over some old stories. b. in reference to spiritual food: To meditate on. ΘΚΠ society > faith > aspects of faith > spirituality > contemplation or meditation > contemplate [verb (transitive)] chewc1175 contemplate1560 meditate1560 medite1606 recollect1626 c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 1241 Forr þe to ȝifenn bisne. Þatt te birrþ ummbeþennkenn aȝȝ. & chewwenn i þin heorrte Hu þu mihht cwemenn þin drihhtin. c1410 N. Love tr. Bonaventura Mirror Life Christ (Sherard MS.) Gostly chewynge in þat manere the gospell of crist. 1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. MMMvii The commaundementes of god, of the whiche we must fede dayly, & chewe them in our hertes, by oft meditacion. c. in reference to counsels, opinions, statements, etc.: To consider or examine deliberately (as a process preliminary to swallowing and digesting them). ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > thought > continued thinking, reflection, contemplation > thinking about, consideration, deliberation > consider, deliberate [verb (transitive)] i-thenchec897 showeOE i-mune971 thinkOE overthinkOE takec1175 umbethinkc1175 waltc1200 bethinkc1220 wend?c1225 weighc1380 delivera1382 peisea1382 considerc1385 musec1390 to look over ——a1393 advise?c1400 debatec1400 roll?c1400 revert?a1425 advertc1425 deliberc1425 movec1425 musec1425 revolvec1425 contemplec1429 overseec1440 to think overc1440 perpend1447 roil1447 pondera1450 to eat inc1450 involvec1470 ponderate?a1475 reputec1475 counterpoise1477 poisea1483 traversec1487 umbecast1487 digest1488 undercast1489 overhalec1500 rumble1519 volve?1520 compassa1522 recount1526 trutinate1528 cast1530 expend1531 ruminate1533 concoct1534 contemplate1538 deliberate1540 revolute1553 chawa1558 to turn over1568 cud1569 cogitate1570 huik1570 chew1579 meditatec1580 discourse1581 speculate1599 theorize1599 scance1603 verse1614 pensitate1623 agitate1629 spell1633 view1637 study1659 designa1676 introspect1683 troll1685 balance1692 to figure on or upon1837 reflect1862 mull1873 to mull over1874 scour1882 mill1905 1579 L. Tomson tr. J. Calvin Serm. Epist. S. Paule to Timothie & Titus 367/1 It is good..to haue thinges well chewed, that we may the better digest them. a1629 C. Cornwallis Disc. Prince Henry (1641) 8 Counsells are to be chewed not swallowed. 1663 J. Spencer Disc. Prodigies (1665) 397. 1678 R. Cudworth True Intellect. Syst. Universe i. iv. 560 Nor scrupulously chew or examine any thing. d. in reference to plans, etc.: To meditate, devise or plan deliberately. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > intention > planning > plan [verb (transitive)] forethinkc897 bethinka1225 compass1297 contrivec1330 ordain1340 conjectc1380 imaginec1380 cast1382 ordaina1387 advisec1400 forecast1413 imagec1450 ordainc1450 project1477 foreminda1535 invent1539 aimc1540 practise1550 plat1556 trive1573 meditate1582 patterna1586 plot1589 platform1592 design1594 chew1600 forelay1605 to map out1618 to cut out1619 agitate1629 laya1631 plod1631 cut1645 calculate1654 concert1702 to scheme out1716 plan1718 model1725 to rough out1738 to lay out1741 plan1755 prethink1760 shape1823 programme1834 pre-plan1847 encompass1882 target1948 1600 W. Shakespeare Henry V ii. ii. 55 Capitall crimes, Chewed, swallowed and disgested. 1683 J. Dryden & N. Lee Duke of Guise i. i. 11 If while alive I cease to chew their Ruine. 1718 M. Prior To Mr. Harley 285 He chews Revenge. e. in reference to words: To take or retain in the mouth; to keep saying or mumbling over. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > speech > repetition > repeat [verb (transitive)] > often or over and over decantate1542 chewa1616 dictitate1615 decant1674 a1616 W. Shakespeare Measure for Measure (1623) ii. iv. 5 Heauen in my mouth, As if I did but onely chew his name. View more context for this quotation 1834 F. Marryat Peter Simple III. i. 7 Her mother was startled when she put the question to her, and chewed it, and cursed her when she insisted upon the truth. †f. to chew to (a person): (cf. 2b); to reduce (anything) to a condition ready for another's use, to prepare (words, etc.) for another to utter. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > undertaking > preparation > prepare [verb (transitive)] > for use > prepare for another's use to chew to1594 predigest1905 1594 R. Carew tr. J. Huarte Exam. Mens Wits xi. 156 Lawyers..if the cases which the law thrusteth into their mouth, be not squared and chewed to their hands, they are to seek what to doe. 1641 J. Milton Animadversions 18 A Minister that cannot be trusted to pray in his own words without being chew'd to..should as little be trusted to Preach. g. to chew oakum (Naut.): (of a ship) to grind the oakum out of its seams by the working of its timbers. ΚΠ 1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. Chewing of Oakum or Pitch. h. Slang phr. to chew the rag or fat: to discuss a matter, esp. complainingly; to reiterate an old grievance; to grumble; to argue; to talk or chat; to spin a yarn. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > speech > conversation > converse [verb (intransitive)] > discuss things already spoken of to beat over the old ground1792 to chew the rag or fat1885 1885 J. B. Patterson Life in Ranks ix. 77 Persisting to argue the point, or ‘chew the rag’, as it is termed in rank and file phraseology, with some extra intelligent non-commissioned officer. 1885 J. B. Patterson Life in Ranks xv. 124 The various diversions of whistling, singing, arguing the point, chewing the rag, or fat. 1891 J. M. Dixon Dict. Idiomatic Eng. Phrases (at cited word) He was chewing the rag at me the whole afternoon. 1909 Scribner's Mag. Aug. 250/2 How better is conversational impotence characterized than by ‘chewing the rag’? 1916 Punch 23 Aug. 144/3 I got me woes..An' she's got 'ers, the good Lord knows, Although she never chews the fat. 1916 ‘Taffrail’ Pincher Martin viii. 134 D'you think I'm standin' up 'ere 'longside a blackboard chewin' my fat for the good o' my 'ealth, or wot? 1916 ‘Taffrail’ Pincher Martin viii. 134 Chewing the fat, spinning a yarn. 1919 War Slang in Athenæum 8 Aug. 727/2 If anyone starts fault-finding or ‘chewing the fat’ he is immediately ‘ticked off’. 1928 Daily Express 2 Mar. 5/2 We ‘chew the rag’, as our husbands would call it, over happenings of weeks and even months ago. 1931 R. Campbell Georgiad i. 17 The scavengers of letters Convene to chew the fat about their betters. 1942 P. G. Wodehouse Money in Bank xii. 120 We were at J. Sheringham Adair's office, chewing the fat with J. Sheringham Adair. 1948 ‘J. Tey’ Franchise Affair xi. 117 We had that paper in the pantry last Friday and chewed the rag over it for hours! 4. to chew the cud: a. of certain quadrupeds, to bring back into the mouth and masticate the food which has been coarsely bruised and swallowed into a first stomach; to ruminate.In Old English the simple céowan is so used; the Ayenb. has eftchyewe. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > group Ruminantia (sheep, goats, cows, etc.) > subfamily Bovinae (bovine) > [verb (intransitive)] > chew cud to chew the cudc1000 the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > group Ruminantia (sheep, goats, cows, etc.) > subfamily Bovinae (bovine) > [verb (transitive)] > chew the cud to chew the cudc1000 c1000 Ælfric Leviticus xi. 3 Ðæt hig eton þa nytenu þe hira clawe todælede beoþ and ceowaþ. Ne ete ge þa þing þe ceowaþ, and clawe ne todælaþ. c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 1236 Oxe chewweþþ..Hiss cude. a1300 Cursor Mundi 1958 O beist has clouen fote in tua An chewand cude, ȝee ete o þaa. 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 86 Efterward me ssel þesne mete eft chyewe ase þe oxe þet gers þet he heþ vorzuelȝe. 1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) Lev. xi. 3 Alle that han the clee dyuydid, and chewith kude. 1664 H. Power Exper. Philos. i. 16 Like so many Ginny-Pigs, munching and chewing the cud. 1836 M. Scott Cruise of Midge xvi. 265 The cattle..stood listlessly chewing their cuds. b. figurative. To ‘ruminate’. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > thought > continued thinking, reflection, contemplation > thinking about, consideration, deliberation > think about, consider [verb (intransitive)] thinkOE thinkOE bethinka1200 umthinka1300 to have mind ofc1300 casta1340 studya1375 delivera1382 to chew the cudc1384 to take advisementa1393 stema1400 compassc1400 advisec1405 deliberc1405 to make it wisec1405 to take deliberationc1405 enter?a1413 riddlec1426 hovec1440 devise?c1450 to study by (also in) oneself?c1450 considerc1460 porec1500 regard1523 deliberate1543 to put on one's thinking or considering cap1546 contemplate1560 consult1565 perpend1568 vise1568 to consider of1569 weigh1573 ruminate1574 dascanc1579 to lay to (one's) heart1588 pondera1593 debate1594 reflect1596 comment1597 perponder1599 revolvea1600 rumine1605 consider on, upon1606 to think twice1623 reflex1631 spell1645 ponderatea1652 to turn about1725 to cast a thought, a reflection upon1736 to wake over1771 incubatea1847 mull1857 fink1888 c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Hosea vii. 14 Thei chewiden cud vpon whete, and wijne, and departiden fro me. 1547 Certain Serm. or Homilies Exhort. Holy Script. ii, in J. Griffiths Two Bks. Homilies (1859) i.15 Let vs ruminate, and (as it were) chewe the cudde that wee maye haue the sweete iewse..& consolation of them. 1749 H. Fielding Tom Jones VI. xviii. iii. 184 Having left her a little while to chew the Cud (if I may use that Expression) on these first Tidings. View more context for this quotation 1771 T. Smollett Humphry Clinker II. 196 I shall for some time continue to chew the cud of reflection. 1829 R. Southey Oliver Newman vii And in all outward patience chew the while The cud of bitter thoughts. 1876 Maxwell in Life xiv. 1880 R. Broughton Second Thoughts I. i. xii. 204 She is dismally chewing the cud of sour reflection. 5. †a. To worry with reproaches, etc.; ‘to jaw’ (Cockayne). Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disapproval > reproach > [verb (transitive)] > worry with reproaches chewc1230 c1230 Hali Meid. 31 Chit te & cheoweð þe & schent te schomeliche. b. With out. To reprimand. colloquial (chiefly U.S.). ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disapproval > rebuke or reproof > rebuke or reprove [verb (transitive)] > scold chidec1230 ban1340 tongue1388 rate1393 flite14.. rehetec1400 janglec1430 chafec1485 rattle1542 berate1548 quarrel1587 hazen?1608 bequarrel1624 huff1674 shrewa1687 to claw away, off1692 tongue-pad1707 to blow up1710 scold1718 rag1739 redd1776 bullyraga1790 jaw1810 targe1825 haze1829 overhaul1840 tongue-walk1841 trim1882 to call down1883 tongue-lash1887 roar1917 to go off at (a person)1941 chew1948 wrinch2009 1948 J. B. Roulier in N.Y. Folk Q. IV. i. 18 A verbal admonishing from a superior would be recorded by the victim with ‘I just got eaten out’ or ‘I just got chewed out’. 1963 H. Garner in R. Weaver Canadian Short Stories (1968) 2nd Ser. 48 Walters chewed him out for not knowing that the specifications had been changed. 1967 R. J. Serling President's Plane is Missing (1968) ii. 20 When Gunther Damon chewed out an errant staffer, his five feet eight seemed to swell to six feet. 6. intransitive. To perform the action described in sense 1, 2; to exercise the jaws and teeth (on, upon anything); to bite, champ. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > consumption of food or drink > eating > processes or manners of eating > eat via specific process [verb (intransitive)] > chew chow1382 chew1393 ruminate1605 masticate1935 1393 W. Langland Piers Plowman C. xvi. 46 Ac of þese metes þis maister myghte not wel chewe. 1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball ii. ci. 287 The same chewen upon maketh one to avoyde much flegme. 1598 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 1 ii. ii. 24 The veriest varlet that euer chewed with a tooth. View more context for this quotation 1856 E. K. Kane Arctic Explor. II. xxix. 288 The cartilaginous parts of the fore-flippers were passed round to be chewed upon. 7. figurative. To exercise the mind, meditate, ruminate upon, on, occasionally at. Also with over; esp. to discuss, talk over (a matter). ΘΚΠ the mind > language > speech > conversation > converse with [verb (transitive)] > discuss or confer about bespeakc1175 roundc1275 talka1387 discuss1402 commune1423 common1435 discutec1440 ventilate?1530 discourse1546 confer1552 consult?1553 imparlc1600 parle1631 conjobble1692 to talk over1734 chew1939 punt1945 to kick about1966 1580 J. Lyly Euphues & his Eng. (new ed.) f. 66^v I haue more desire to chew vpon melancholy, then to dispute vppon Magicke. a1616 W. Shakespeare Julius Caesar (1623) i. ii. 172. 1651 N. Bacon Contin. Hist. Disc. Govt. viii. 83 I shall onely leave the Reader to chew upon the Point. 1734 A. Pope Epist. to Visct. Cobham 12 Old Politicians chew on Wisdom past, And blunder on in Bus'ness to the last. 1833 C. Lamb Ellistoniana in Last Ess. Elia 39 To chew upon his new-blown dignities. 1883 ‘M. Twain’ Life on Mississippi liii. 527 When you come to..chew at it and think it over. 1939 R. Chandler Big Sleep xxv. 149 Drop up and chew it over. 1952 ‘M. Innes’ Private View ii. 37 Must you people really go on chewing over Gavin? 1953 S. Kauffmann Philanderer xv. 247 I certainly don't want to chew the matter over tonight. 1960 L. Cooper Accomplices i. vi. 62 I chewed it over for a bit and came to the conclusion that I'd better speak to John Pollard. 8. to chew up: to demolish. Cf. chaw v. 3. ΚΠ 1837–40 T. C. Haliburton Clockmaker (1862) 391 I felt as if I could chew him right up. Draft additions March 2021 chew toy n. any of various kinds of toy, usually made from hard rubber, designed for a dog or other domesticated animal to chew on for the purpose of stimulation or to help maintain healthy teeth; (later also) any of various similar kinds of toy designed for an infant to chew on while teething.Also in figurative contexts (cf. quot. 1990). ΘΚΠ society > leisure > entertainment > toy or plaything > other toys > [noun] > others spurc1450 cock1608 turnel1621 corala1625 house of cardsa1625 Jack-in-the-box1659 (Prince) Rupert's Drops1662 sucker1681 whirligig1686 playbook1694 card house1733 snapper1788 card castle1792 Aaron's bells?1795 Noah's Ark1807 Jacob's ladder1820 cat-stairs1825 daisy chain1841 beanbag1861 playboat1865 piñata1868 teething ring1872 weet-weet1878 tumble-over1883 water cracker1887 jumping-bean1889 play money1894 serpentin1894 comforter1898 pacifier1901 dummy1903 bubble water1904 yo-yo1915 paper airplane1921 snowstorm1926 titty1927 teaser1935 Slinky1948 teether1949 Mr Potato Head1952 squeeze toy1954 Frisbee1957 mobile1957 chew toy1959 water-rocket1961 Crazy Foam1965 playshop1967 war toy1973 waterball1974 pull-along1976 transformer1984 Aerobie1985 1959 Marion (Ohio) Star 11 Nov. (Home ed.) b45/3 Dogs love to unwrap presents, too, so select safe, chew toys; new bed or plaid coat. 1990 Christian Sci. Monitor (Nexis) 5 Sept. 20 In practice, the EPA's regulations amount to a chew-toy for environmentalists. School districts that don't comply aren't penalized. And the EPA relies heavily on complaints from school custodians and concerned parents. 1999 Ebony (Nexis) Aug. 66 Must-haves for teething babies are sterile, non-toxic teething rings..or special chew toys that are great for playing and gnawing. 2020 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 28 June (Mag.) 20 I could hear her Labradoodle, Kevin, playing with a squeaky chew toy in the background. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1889; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.c1200v.OE
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chewn.

chewv.

Draft additions March 2021