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单词 chalk
释义

chalkn.

Brit. /tʃɔːk/, U.S. /tʃɔk/, /tʃɑk/
Forms: Old English calc, cealc, Middle English–1600s chalke, (Middle English chaalke, shalke), 1500s chauke, chawke, 1500s–1600s chaulk(e, 1500s– chalk. See also cauk n.
Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.
Etymology: Common West Germanic; Old English cealc ( < *ceælc, *cælc, *calc) = Old Saxon calc (Middle Dutch calk, Dutch kalk), Old High German chalch (Middle High German kalc, modern German kalk, kalch); also Danish, Swedish, modern Icelandic kalk); < Latin calc-em, calx lime; this sense is retained in the Germanic languages generally, but in English the word passed at an early period into the sense of Latin crēta, Old High German krîde, French craie. Compare the quotations in which Latin calx is translated cealcstan limestone, and the fact that chalk is the chief ‘limestone’ of the S.E. of England.
¶ It occurs in the oldest English Glossaries, as rendering Latin calculus (? = later cealcstan.)
c700 Epinal Gl. 165 Calculus, cealc [also Erf. & Cott.].
c1050 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 362/1 Calculus, cealc, numestan (? read pumestan).
†1. ? Lime. (Traces of this sense after the Old English period are very uncertain; quot. 1572 is doubtful.)
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > rock > sedimentary rock > [noun] > chalk or limestone
chalkc893
caukc1440
calcareous earth1757
c893 tr. Orosius Hist. vi. xxxii. §2 Sume niht on anum niwcilctan huse [L. nuper calce illitorum]..þa ongon se cealc mid ungemete stincan.
c1050 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 334 Calx, cealcstan [= limestone].
a1200 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 551 Calcx, chalcston.
1572 J. Jones Bathes of Bathes Ayde ii. f. 17v Snow is very cold, and chalke is very hot, yet eyther of them is most whyte.
2. An opaque white soft earthy limestone, which exists in deposits of vast extent and thickness in the south-east of England, and forms high cliffs along the sea-shore.Chemically, chalk consists of carbonate of lime with some impurities. Geologically, it is a deep-sea formation composed of fragments of shells of Foraminifera, abounding in certain important animal fossils, and interspersed with nodules of flint. It is burned for lime, and prepared for writing or marking on blackboards or other dark surfaces. In 17–18th centuries it is often mentioned as eaten by young women suffering from chlorosis: cf. quot. 1811.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > mineral material > [noun] > chalk
chalk956
the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > rock > sedimentary rock > [noun] > chalk
chalk956
cray14..
society > communication > writing > writing materials > writing instrument > [noun] > chalk
chalkc1850
956 [see chalk-pit n. at Compounds 2].
c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 68 Calke or chalke, erþe, calx, creta.
c1450 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 576 Creta, chaalke.
?1518 Cocke Lorelles Bote sig. B.ijv Stele floure and put chauke therin.
c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 3047 Hir chekes..as the chalke white.
1587 J. Higgins Mirour for Magistrates (new ed.) Elstride xxxiv. 7 Shee lookt as pale as chalke with wrathfull ire.
1694 New Bill in Reply to Ladies & Batchelors Petition 2 How can any man..believe that ten thousand Green-sickness Maidens..would rather dye Martyrs to Oatmeal, Loam and Chalk than accept..Matrimony.
1700 G. Farquhar Constant Couple v. iii. 52 You might have had me once:— But now, Madam, if you shou'd chance fall to eating Chalk, or gnawing the Sheets, 'tis none of my Fault.
1787 G. Winter New Syst. Husbandry 51 Chalk is an absorbent earth.
1811 R. Hooper Quincy's Lexicon-medicum (new ed.) Chlorosis..a preternatural appetite for chalk, lime, and other absorbents..usually attend on this disease.
c1850 Arabian Nights (Rtldg.) 640 The robber quickly made a mark on the door with some chalk.
1857 C. Kingsley Thoughts Gravel-pit in Misc. (1860) II. 372 It [chalk] was deposited as white lime mud, at a vast sea-depth.
1859 Regulations for Musketry Instr. Army 21 A black board and a piece of chalk..to describe the figures.
1880 A. Geikie Elem. Lessons Physical Geogr. (new ed.) iv. 191 Chalk..is formed of the broken remains of minute forms of marine animal life.
3.
a. Applied to other earths resembling chalk. fuller's chalk: ? fuller's earth. In quot. 1658 probably = calx n. brown chalk: a name for umber. French chalk (see French adj. and n. Compounds 1b). red chalk: a bed of chalk of a deep red colour in Norfolk; also applied to ‘ruddle, a red argillaceous ore of iron’ ( New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon). black chalk (see quots.).
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > equipment for painting or drawing > [noun] > chalk or crayon
chalk1481
pastel1612
crayonc1660
Conté1852
black chalk1854
sanguine1854
sumi1889
1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. 560 Sundry sorts of chaulkes for to scoure clothes, and namely the Tuckers earth.
1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 254 Mingled with fullers chaulke.
1658 J. Rowland tr. T. Moffett Theater of Insects in Topsell's Hist. Four-footed Beasts (rev. ed.) 911 The chaulk or salt of it..is..commended by Chymicks, and Chirurgeons, for to cure that kernell or tumour of flesh.
1854 Encycl. Brit. VI. 402/1 Black Chalk, a mineral used by artists for drawing. It is a variety of bituminous shale, the schiste-graphique of Haüy.
1886 J. W. Anderson Prospector's Handbk. 115 Black Chalk—a variety of clay containing carbon.
1889 N.E.D. at Chalk Mod. The section of the Red Chalk at Hunstanton.
b. spec. Applied to various coloured preparations resembling chalk in texture, and used like it in the form of crayons for drawing. With plural. Also attributive drawn with chalk, executed in chalk.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > equipment for painting or drawing > [noun] > chalk or crayon
chalk1481
pastel1612
crayonc1660
Conté1852
black chalk1854
sanguine1854
sumi1889
1481–90 Howard Househ. Bks. (1841) 202 Item, in yelu okyr..Item, in blak chalke.
?1790 J. Imison Curious & Misc. Articles (new ed.) 55 in School of Arts (ed. 2) Sketching chalk..a composition made of whiting and tobacco-pipe clay rolled like crayons.
1815 J. Smith Panorama Sci. & Art II. 702 Chalks are..held in a steel or brass case, called a port-crayon.
1832 G. Downes Lett. from Continental Countries I. 161 Two heads in chalks by..Rahn.
1883 ‘G. Lloyd’ Ebb & Flow I. 30 A beautiful chalk head of a dog.
1884 Cassell's F.M. 216/1 Shading in chalk from the flat.
4. In reference to the old custom at alehouses, etc., of ‘ticking’ or writing up with chalk a ‘score’ or account of credit given: transferred from the chalk used to the chalk marks or ticks on the door, etc., the ‘score’ entered in chalk, the reckoning or account; credit, ‘tick’.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > management of money > keeping accounts > account or statement of > [noun] > tally
tailstick1235
taila1325
white stick?c1430
senyec1440
tallyc1440
chalka1529
tally-stick1830
tally-board1849
chalk-score1867
a1529 J. Skelton Tunnyng of Elynour Rummyng in Certayne Bks. (?1545) 613 We're fayne with a chalke To score on the balke.
?1577 F. T. Debate Pride & Lowlines sig. Eviv Your cheker man for it doth keepe no chalke.
1590 Tarltons Newes out of Purgatorie 29 His score growing very great, and much chalke vpon the post.
1592 T. Nashe Pierce Penilesse (Brit. Libr. copy) sig. B4 Hee that hath no money..must goe dine with sir John Best-betrust at the signe of the Chalke and the Post.
1634 Noble Souldier v. iii. sig. H3v There's lesse chalke upon you[r] score of sinnes.
1667 in C. Mackay Coll. Songs London Prentices (1841) 157 When we have no mony, We shall find chalk.
a1704 T. Brown Satyr upon French King in Wks. (1707) I. i. 92 I trespass'd most enormously in Chalk.
1719 T. D'Urfey Wit & Mirth I. 273 This wheedling talk You fancy will rub out my Chalk.
5.
a. A mark, line, or ‘score’ made with chalk; spec. in various games (formerly scored with chalk).
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > number > enumeration, reckoning, or calculation > [noun] > mark made to keep score or record
nick?a1450
notch1565
chalk1674
tally1951
society > leisure > sport > recording score > [noun] > mark made
chalk1674
score1680
society > communication > indication > marking > a mark > [noun] > chalk mark
chalk1674
chalk-mark1862
1674 C. Cotton Compl. Gamester xiv. 126 The eldest must show how many Chalks he hath in his hand to set up.
1801 J. Strutt Glig-gamena Angel-ðeod iii. vii. 242 Thirty-one chalks complete the game.
1861 T. P. Thompson Audi Alteram Partem III. cxlvi. 135 Draw a chalk, and let those who are disposed, step over it.
1887 Sporting Life (Philadelphia) 24 June 1/4 Skittles..Curry went out with 4 chalks.
b. figurative. A scratch or scar. slang.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > injury > [noun] > scratch or graze
scarta1585
scratcha1586
ranch1611
chalk1840
graze1847
gravel-rash1860
rope burn1880
road rash1892
1840 F. Marryat Poor Jack vi. 27 I got this chalk.
6. Phrases.
a. Chalk and cheese are opposed in various proverbial expressions as things differing greatly in their qualities or value, though their appearance is not unlike, and their names alliterate.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > relationship > contrariety or contrast > contrariety [phrase] > the two sides or one thing and its opposite
chalk1393
cross and pilec1450
spring and fall1578
light and shade1733
1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 17 Lo, how they feignen chalk for chese.
1541 R. Barnes Wks. (1573) 258 This deffinition agreeth as well with your key, as Chalke and Cheese.
a1555 H. Latimer Let. 15 July in J. Foxe Actes & Monuments (1563) 1350/2 As though I coulde not discerne chese from chalke.
1579 S. Gosson Schoole of Abuse To Rdr. sig. ☞7 Making black of white, Chalke of Cheese.
1600 S. Rowlands Letting of Humors Blood vi. 75 Tom is no more like thee, then Chalks like Cheese.
1708 P. A. Motteux Wks. F. Rabelais v. xvi Words..as analogous as Chalk and Cheese!
1826 W. Scott Woodstock II. xii. 313 This Scotch scare-crow was no more to be compared to him than chalk was to cheese.
b. (by) a long chalk, also by long chalks, by chalks (colloquial): in a great degree, by far (in allusion to the use of chalk in scoring ‘points’, etc.; see 4, 5). to walk one's chalks (slang): to go away, be off.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > going away > go away [verb (intransitive)]
wendeOE
i-wite971
ashakec975
shakeOE
to go awayOE
witea1000
afareOE
agoOE
atwendOE
awayOE
to wend awayOE
awendOE
gangOE
rimeOE
flitc1175
to fare forthc1200
depart?c1225
part?c1225
partc1230
to-partc1275
biwitec1300
atwitea1325
withdrawa1325
to draw awayc1330
passc1330
to turn one's (also the) backc1330
lenda1350
begonec1370
remuea1375
voidc1374
removec1380
to long awaya1382
twinc1386
to pass one's wayc1390
trussc1390
waive1390
to pass out ofa1398
avoida1400
to pass awaya1400
to turn awaya1400
slakec1400
wagc1400
returnc1405
to be gonea1425
muck1429
packc1450
recede1450
roomc1450
to show (a person) the feetc1450
to come offc1475
to take one's licence1475
issue1484
devoidc1485
rebatea1500
walka1500
to go adieua1522
pikea1529
to go one's ways1530
retire?1543
avaunt1549
to make out1558
trudge1562
vade?1570
fly1581
leave1593
wag1594
to get off1595
to go off1600
to put off1600
shog1600
troop1600
to forsake patch1602
exit1607
hence1614
to give offa1616
to take off1657
to move off1692
to cut (also slip) the painter1699
sheera1704
to go about one's business1749
mizzle1772
to move out1792
transit1797–1803
stump it1803
to run away1809
quit1811
to clear off1816
to clear out1816
nash1819
fuff1822
to make (take) tracks (for)1824
mosey1829
slope1830
to tail out1830
to walk one's chalks1835
to take away1838
shove1844
trot1847
fade1848
evacuate1849
shag1851
to get up and get1854
to pull out1855
to cut (the) cable(s)1859
to light out1859
to pick up1872
to sling one's Daniel or hook1873
to sling (also take) one's hook1874
smoke1893
screw1896
shoot1897
voetsak1897
to tootle off1902
to ship out1908
to take a (run-out, walk-out, etc.) powder1909
to push off1918
to bugger off1922
biff1923
to fuck off1929
to hit, split or take the breeze1931
to jack off1931
to piss offa1935
to do a mick1937
to take a walk1937
to head off1941
to take a hike1944
moulder1945
to chuff off1947
to get lost1947
to shoot through1947
skidoo1949
to sod off1950
peel1951
bug1952
split1954
poop1961
mugger1962
frig1965
society > travel > aspects of travel > departure, leaving, or going away > depart, leave, or go away [verb (intransitive)]
to come awayeOE
wendeOE
i-wite971
ashakec975
shakeOE
to go awayOE
witea1000
afareOE
agoOE
awayOE
dealc1000
goOE
awendOE
rimeOE
to go one's wayOE
flitc1175
depart?c1225
partc1230
to-partc1275
atwitea1325
withdrawa1325
to turn one's (also the) backc1330
lenda1350
begonec1370
remuea1375
removec1380
to long awaya1382
twinc1386
to pass one's wayc1390
trussc1390
to turn awaya1400
returnc1405
to be gonea1425
recede1450
roomc1450
to come offc1475
to take one's licence1475
issue1484
walka1500
to go adieua1522
pikea1529
avaunt1549
trudge1562
vade?1570
discoast1571
leave1593
wag1594
to go off1600
troop1600
hence1614
to set on one's foota1616
to pull up one's stumps1647
quit1811
to clear out1816
slope1830
to walk one's chalks1835
shove1844
to roll out1850
to pull out1855
to light out1859
to take a run-out powder1909
to push off (also along)1923
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > going away > causing to go away > command to go away [verb (intransitive)]
scud1602
go scrape!1611
to push off (also along)1740
to go it1797
to walk one's chalks1835
morris1838
scat1838
go 'long1859
to take a walk1881
shoot1897
skidoo1905
to beat it1906
to go to the dickens1910
to jump (or go (and) jump) in the lake1912
scram1928
to piss offa1935
to bugger off1937
to fuck off1940
go and have a roll1941
eff1945
to feck off?1945
to get lost1947
to sod off1950
bug1956
to hit, split or take the breeze1959
naff1959
frig1965
muck1974
to rack off1975
the world > relative properties > quantity > greatness of quantity, amount, or degree > high or intense degree > greatly or very much [phrase] > to a great extent or by far
great quantityc1330
far forthly1362
by farc1380
well awayc1390
by half?a1400
by mucha1450
far (and) away1546
by a great sort1579
to stand head and shoulders abovea1683
(by) a long way1741
by a jugful1831
by all odds1832
by a long, damn, etc., sight1834
out and away1834
(by) a long chalk1835
by chalks1835
by long chalks1835
by a street1886
a whole lot1886
1835 A. B. Longstreet Georgia Scenes 6 Oh, wake snakes, and walk your chalks.
1837–40 T. C. Haliburton Clockmaker (1862) 26 Your factories down east..go ahead on the English a long chalk.
a1845 R. H. Barham Blasphemer's Warning in Ingoldsby Legends (1847) 3rd Ser. 236 Sir Alured's steed was ‘by long chalks’ the best Of the party.
1846 T. De Quincey Syst. Heavens in Tait's Edinb. Mag. Sept. 568 As regards the body of water..the Indus ranks foremost by a long chalk.
a1849 J. C. Mangan Poems (1859) 459 I could once beat all of them by chalks.
1857 C. Kingsley Two Years Ago I. i. 16 The poisoner has..cut his stick, and walked his chalks, and is off to London.
7. In the names of butterflies and moths, as chalk carpet, chalk hill blue, chalk pit (see quots.).
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > Heterocera > [noun] > unspecified and miscellaneous types > miscellaneous types
high-flyer?1749
nonpareil1749
porphyry1819
satin carpet1819
satin pygmy1828
scopolian1829
chalk carpet1832
sieve lackey1832
sprawler1832
tissue1832
treble bar1832
treble gold stripe1832
vesper-beauty1832
viburnian1832
yellowhead1832
flame carpet1862
sting-moth1863
lilac moth1868
luna-moth1869
melon-caterpillar1884
wood-nymph1885
unicorn-moth1891
geometer moth1897
the suspected1908
porina1929
tomato pinworm1931
mopane worm1966
the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > Heterocera > [noun] > family Pterophoridae or Alucitidae > member of
plume moth1742
privet-fly1753
plume1819
chalk pit1832
the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > Rhopalocera (butterflies) > [noun] > family Lycaenidae > genus Lysandra > lysandra condon (chalk hill blue)
chalk hill blue1832
the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > Heterocera > [noun] > family Geometridae > carpet > types of
panther1775
garden carpet1809
chalk carpet1832
wall-carpet1832
ringed carpet1839
red carpet1890
1832 J. Rennie Conspectus Butterflies & Moths Brit. 18 The Chalk Hill Blue (Polyommatus Corydon, Stephens).
1832 J. Rennie Conspectus Butterflies & Moths Brit. 117 The Chalk Carpet (Larentia bipunctaria, Ochsenheimer).
1832 J. Rennie Conspectus Butterflies & Moths Brit. 125 The Chalk Carpet (Xerene procellata, Ochsenheimer).
1832 J. Rennie Conspectus Butterflies & Moths Brit. 230 The Chalk-pit Plume (Pterophorus migadactylus, Fabricius) ‘frequents chalky districts’.
1892 R. Kipling Lett. of Trav. (1920) 36 A lordly swallow-tailed butterfly,..very like the flitting ‘chalk-blue’ of the English downs.
1927 Daily Express 14 July 5/5 The chalkhill and holly blues would make beauty spots among the yellow iris.

Compounds

C1. Generalattributive.
a.
chalk-bank n.
ΚΠ
1823 W. Cobbett Rural Rides in Cobbett's Weekly Polit. Reg. 13 Sept. 642 You actually have a chalk-bank to your right and a sand-bank to your left.
chalk-cliff n.
ΚΠ
1773 G. White Let. 15 Mar. in Nat. Hist. Selborne (1789) 96 The next church, ruin, chalk-cliff..may become their hybernaculum.
chalk-country n.
ΚΠ
1830 W. Cobbett Rural Rides in Cobbett's Weekly Polit. Reg. 24 Apr. 514 The houses white and thatched, as they are in all chalk-countries.
chalk-down n.
ΚΠ
1876 J. R. Green Short Hist. Eng. People (1882) i. §3. 17 Sitting..on the chalk-down above Minster.
chalk-dust n.
chalk-formation n.
chalk-hill n.
ΚΠ
1823 W. Cobbett Rural Rides in Cobbett's Weekly Polit. Reg. 13 Sept. 650 A great chalk-hill.
1832 Ld. Tennyson Miller's Daughter xxiv, in Poems (new ed.) 47 On the chalk-hill the bearded grass Is dry and dewless.
chalk-land n.
ΚΠ
1941 Proc. Prehistoric Soc. 7 149 The cultural succession observed on the south English chalk~lands.
chalk-licker n.
ΚΠ
1712 R. Steele Spectator No. 431. §3 These craving Damsels, whether..Pipe-champers, Chalk-lickers, Wax-nibblers, etc.
chalk-lime n.
chalk mixture n.
ΚΠ
1811 A. T. Thomson London Dispensatory iii. 636 An elegant and useful adjunct to the chalk mixture.
chalk-ridge n.
chalk-score n. see 4.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > management of money > keeping accounts > account or statement of > [noun] > tally
tailstick1235
taila1325
white stick?c1430
senyec1440
tallyc1440
chalka1529
tally-stick1830
tally-board1849
chalk-score1867
1867 T. Carlyle Reminisc. (1881) I. 239 Now have a chalk-score and no money.
chalk-stripe n.
ΚΠ
1943 R. Chandler Lady in Lake (1944) i. 7 Smooth grey flannel with a narrow chalk stripe.
1953 ‘S. Ransome’ Drag Dark (1954) ii. 24 A double-breasted blue chalk-stripe suit.
b.
chalk-eating adj.
ΚΠ
1721 T. D'Urfey Plague of Impertinence in New Opera's 124 Discouler'd, pale, as..Chalk eating Girl, That Oatmeal with it chew'd.
chalk-faced adj.
ΚΠ
1896 Daily News 6 Apr. 6/5 A not very distant chalk-faced hill.
1935 C. Day Lewis Time to Dance & Other Poems 47 Not for long will your chalk-faced bravado Stand the erosion of eternity.
chalk-like adj.
ΚΠ
1842 J. Liebig & W. Gregory E. Turner's Elements Chem. (ed. 7) 759 The white chalk-like excrement of Serpents.
C2.
chalk-back day n. (see quots.).
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > period > year > [noun] > specific days of the year
Candlemas1014
May Day1267
All Souls' Dayc1300
midsummer evena1400
firstc1400
Beltane1424
midsummer eve1426
quarter day1435
Beltane1456
mid-Sundaya1475
madding-day1568
Lord Mayor's day1591
Barnaby bright1595
Lammas-eve1597
All Saints' Night1607
Handsel Monday1635
distaff's day1648
long Barnabya1657
St. Valentine's eve1671
leet-day1690
All Fools' Day1702
Boxing Day1743
April Fool's Day1748
Royal Oak Day1759
box day1765
Oak-apple Day1802
All Souls' Eve1805
mischief night1830
Shick-shack Day1847
chalk-back day1851
call night1864
Nut-Monday1867
Arbor Day1872
April Fool's1873
Labour Day1884
Martinmas Sunday1885
call day1886
Samhain1888
Juneteenth1890
Mother's Day1890
Father's Day1908
Thinking Day1927
Punkie night1931
Tweede Nuwejaar1947
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > deceit, deception, trickery > cheating, fraud > trickery, playing jokes > [noun] > day for tricks
All Fools' Day1702
April Fool's Day1748
mischief night1830
chalk-back day1851
April Fool's1873
1851 Notes & Queries 4 501/2 At Diss, Norfolk, it is customary for the juvenile populace, on the Thursday before the third Friday in September..to mark..each other's dress with white chalk, pleading a prescriptive right to be mischievous on ‘chalk-back day’.
1906 Westm. Gaz. 27 Feb. 2/3 In Norfolk there used to be an annual ‘Chalk-back Day’, the servants hired at the September fair at Diss being marked with chalk on either jacket or dress to indicate that they were settled.
chalk-bed n. a stratum of chalk.
ΚΠ
1802 J. Playfair Illustr. Huttonian Theory 177 In the Chalk-beds of England..a great proportion of the petrifactions belong to the tropical seas.
chalk-cutter n. one who digs chalk.
Categories »
chalk-drawing n. a drawing executed in chalk (see 3b).
chalk-flint n. a flint found in the chalk:
ΚΠ
1823 W. Buckland Reliq. Diluvianæ 193 The diluvium contains..fragments of chalk and chalk-flints.
chalk-fossil n. etc.
ΚΠ
1875 W. B. Carpenter Microscope (ed. 5) xix. 796 The Ventriculites which are well known as Chalk-fossils.
chalk-head n. humorous a good head for chalking scores (see 4).
ΚΠ
1863 M. Lemon Wait for End II. vii. 167 ‘Haven't got a chalk-head, and can't keep score,’ replied Tom [the waiter].
chalk-lime n. lime made from chalk.
ΚΠ
1755 S. Hales in Philos. Trans. 1754 (Royal Soc.) 48 827 Chalk-lime..will not preserve water from putrefaction: though stone-lime..does preserve water in a great measure.
chalk-mark n. and v. (a) n. a mark, esp. a distinctive mark, made with chalk; (b) v. transitive, to mark with chalk, esp. with a distinctive mark; to draw (a line) with chalk.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > indication > marking > a mark > [noun] > chalk mark
chalk1674
chalk-mark1862
society > communication > indication > marking > marking to identify > be distinctive mark on [verb (transitive)] > put identifying mark on > with chalk
chalk-mark1862
chalk1866
1862 W. M. Thackeray Roundabout Papers 166 On the doorpost..is a little chalk-mark.
1878 Chambers's Jrnl. 14 Dec. 791/2 The white chalk-mark on his [sc. a Brahmin's] forehead, which signifies his rank to the world.
1927 Scots Observer 11 June 2/2 A happy-go-lucky Customs officer chalk-marked my suit case.
1928 Daily Tel. 9 Oct. 8/1 He has to toe the line which I chalk-mark, otherwise out he goes.
chalk-marked adj.
ΚΠ
1880 R. Rowe Picked up in Streets 221 Rows of broken, dusty, chalk-marked shutters.
chalk-marl n. an argillaceous stratum situated just beneath the Lower White Chalk.
ΚΠ
1876 D. Page Adv. Text-bk. Geol. (ed. 6) xviii. 344 Bones of birds..obtained from the chalk-marl of England.
chalk period n. the cretaceous period (see cretaceous adj. 2).
ΚΠ
1904 J. R. A. Davis Nat. Hist. Animals III. lii. 309 The toothless Pterosaurs (species of Pteranodon), which flourished during the Chalk period.
chalk-pit n. a pit or quarry from which chalk is dug.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > workplace > places where raw materials are extracted > quarry > [noun] > chalk
chalk-pit956
chalk-quarry1832
956 Chart. Eadwig in Cod. Dipl. V. 346 Of Deohholes hyllæ on ðonæ cealcpyt; swa forð..oðða ða dunæ ufewearde.
1884 Contemp. Rev. Aug. 331 The chalk-pits..are usually unfenced.
chalk-quarry n.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > workplace > places where raw materials are extracted > quarry > [noun] > chalk
chalk-pit956
chalk-quarry1832
1832 Ld. Tennyson Miller's Daughter xv, in Poems (new ed.) 40 The white chalkquarry from the hill Upon the broken ripple gleamed.
chalk stream n. a stream flowing over chalk.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > water > rivers and streams > stream > [noun] > other
well streamOE
letch1138
well strandc1429
pow1481
black water1483
wash1530
gravel-brook1591
spring branch1650
pour1790
water splash1820
chalk stream1829
understream1830
water feeder1831
quebrada1833
black spring1847
weir-stream1889
obsequent1895
anti-dip1900
resequent1901
misfit1910
1829 T. Arnold Jrnl. 7 Aug. in A. P. Stanley Life & Corr. T. Arnold (1846) App. D. 658 As gentle and as limpid as one of the clear rapid chalk streams of the south of Hampshire.
1858 Kingsley in Fraser's Mag. Dec. 330/1 In chalk streams the largest fish are found oftener in the mill-heads than in the mill-tails.
1904 E. F. Benson Challoners xiv The chalk-stream..was brimful from bank to bank of hurrying translucent water.
1906 Macmillan's Mag. Apr. 453 The chalk stream regions to-day are not fishing countries in the sense that Devon, Hereford, or Wales are.
chalk talk n. U.S. a lecture or speech illustrated by chalk sketches made by the speaker.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > speech > speech-making > [noun] > a discourse or lecture
spellc888
predicationa1325
lessonc1330
collation1417
sermocination1514
discourse1533
lecture1536
descant1567
peroration1607
homilya1616
sermona1616
exercitation1632
transcursion1641
exhortatory1656
by-discourse1660
screed1748
purlicue1825
rhesis1840
talk1859
lecturette1867
chalk talk1881
pi-jaw1896
1881 Christian Misc. V. 40 His inimitable ‘chalk-talk’.
1969 New Yorker 31 May 78/2 We are treated to a vicious and numbing chalk-talk from the writings of the founder.
chalk-talker n.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > speech > speech-making > [noun] > a discourse or lecture > one who discourses or lectures
discourser1564
descanter1610
conferencier1884
chalk-talker1888
1888 Pioneer Press (St. Paul, Minneapolis) 22 July (Farmer) The celebrated chalk-talker.

Draft additions 1993

Geology. A deposit or stratum composed mainly of chalk; frequently used to denote a particular stratum or system of such composition (usually with capital initial).
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > rock > sedimentary rock > [noun] > chalk > deposit or stratum
chalk1811
1811 T. Webster Let. 7 June in H. C. Englefield Descr. Isle of Wight (1816) 149 On arriving at the pit, I found this was cut in the lower chalk, which was entirely without flints.
1814 Trans. Geol. Soc. 2 161 (heading) On the freshwater formations in the Isle of Wight, with some observations on the strata over the chalk in the south-east part of England.
1824 W. H. Fitton in Ann. Philos. New Ser. 8 462 Proposed names of the strata. 1. Chalk..Including chalk with and without flints—(the craie blanche of the French) and grey chalk—chalk marl of Mr. Webster.
1833 G. A. Mantell Geol. S.E. Eng. v. 69 The Upper and Lower Chalk of Sussex.
1882 A. Geikie Text-bk. Geol. 820 The lower part of the Chalk has generally a somewhat greyish tint.
1882 A. Geikie Text-bk. Geol. 821 A well-defined band between the Grey Chalk and the overlying lower subdivision of the White Chalk (Turonian).
1910 Bull. Geol. Surv. W. Austral. No. 36. 115 (title) The geological age and organic remains of the Gingin Chalk.
1930 F. J. North Limestones xi. 250 ‘The Chalk’, in the stratigraphical sense, includes some rocks that are hard and marly and others that are sandy.
1946 L. D. Stamp Britain's Struct. & Scenery xii. 137 Permanent connection across the central ridge was probably not established till Lower Chalk times.
1969 G. M. Bennison & A. E. Wright Geol. Hist. Brit. Isles xiv. 323 In Yorkshire, north of the Humber only thin pre-chalk strata occur, the Red Chalk and Carstone.
1977 A. Hallam Planet Earth 223/3 Also occurring in marine sediments, and best known from the chalks of Kansas.., are the last of the flying reptiles, the pterosaurs.

Draft additions 1993

chalk and talk, a method of teaching consisting of lectures illustrated chiefly on the blackboard; also chalk-and-talker (Australian), a school-teacher. colloquial.
ΘΚΠ
society > education > teaching > [noun] > other methods of teaching
demonstration1742
bear-leading1766
royal road1793
tachydidaxy1846
object teaching1851
object system1862
methodic1864
community education1873
methodics1883
maieutics1885
type-system1901
direct method1904
spoon-feeding1905
play method1914
playway1914
project method1916
active learning1919
study skills1924
skit1926
free activity1929
hypnopaedia1932
sleep-teaching1932
chalk and talk1937
show-and-tell1941
demo1945
naming of (the) parts1946
team teaching1949
teleteaching1953
programming1954
audio-lingualism1961
immersion1965
dem1968
open learning1970
suggestopaedia1970
suggestopedy1970
distance learning1972
fast-tracking1972
paideia1982
tutorial1984
m-learning2001
society > education > teaching > teacher > schoolteacher or schoolmaster > [noun]
schoolmasterc1225
pedagoguea1387
pedanty1573
pedanta1586
dominiea1625
Khoja1625
schoolteachera1691
knight of the grammar1692
boy farmer1869
schoolkeeper1871
faki1872
professor1880
beak1888
schoolie1889
grade teacher1906
master teacher1931
chalk-and-talker1937
sir1955
teach1958
1937 G. A. N. Lowndes Silent Social Revol. ii. 36 The blackboard was replacing the reading cards or letter sheets hitherto almost universal. For the era of ‘chalk and talk’ had to intervene before the era of textbooks.
1941 S. J. Baker Pop. Dict. Austral. Slang 17 Chalk-and-talker, a school-teacher.
1955 School Sci. Rev. June 394 All too frequently lessons become ‘chalk and talk’ illustrated with a few demonstration experiments.
1977 P. Strevens New Orientations Teaching Eng. xiv. 166 Until some eight years ago, the teaching of foreign languages was a ‘chalk and talk’ profession.
1986 Listener 18 Sept. 5/2 What they want is a less didactic style in the classroom, less of what is called ‘chalk and talk’, the teacher lecturing and the children passively taking it in (or not).

Draft additions June 2017

Tennis. White powder used to mark the lines of a (typically grass) tennis court. Hence also: a line or lines marked in this way.Originally powdered chalk was used to mark the lines, but they are now usually marked using another substance, e.g. a compound containing titanium dioxide.
ΚΠ
1886 Sheffield & Rotherham Independent 29 July 5/5 The hasty conclusion frequently arrived at by tennis players that if the chalk flies the ball must have struck the line.
1933 Manch. Guardian 4 July 5/1 A backhand down the line which hit the chalk.
1979 J. Kramer Game (1981) viii. 134 I hit the chalk with a backhand volley.
2009 A. Agassi Open xiii. 164 A puff of chalk shoots up as if he hit the line with an assault rifle.

Draft additions December 2021

Billiards, Snooker, and Pool. Chalk, or any of various substances similar to chalk, typically made into the shape of a small cube and applied to the tip of a cue between shots in order to create friction and prevent miscueing.
ΚΠ
1835 Dublin Univ. Mag. Oct. 370/1 He rubbed a bit of chalk to his cue.
1860 Frank Leslie's Budget of Fun 1 July 2/1 If a draw shot should be missed, an immediate application of chalk to the cue leather shows a knowledge of the requirements of society.
1969 V. Bartlett Past of Pastimes x. 133 Chalk on the tip of the cue made it possible to put on ‘side.’
2020 Daily Record (Glasgow) (Nexis) 1 Nov. 46 The four-time world champion hasn't won a major title for nearly 32 months but has changed his cue and his chalk and he racked up a maximum 147 break..in the Championship League semi-finals.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1889; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

chalkv.

Brit. /tʃɔːk/, U.S. /tʃɔk/, /tʃɑk/
Forms: Also 1500s–1600s chalke, chaulk(e, chauk(e, 1600s chawke. See also cauk v.2
Etymology: < chalk n.
1. transitive. To mix or treat with chalk.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation of dairy produce > [verb (transitive)] > treat milk with chalk
chalk?1578
the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > preparation of land or soil > prepare land or soil [verb (transitive)] > mix soils
chalk?1578
intersoil1610
clay1697
the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > preparation of land or soil > fertilizing or manuring > fertilize or manure [verb (transitive)] > treat with other natural fertilizer
marlc1265
chavec1420
chalk?1578
lime1649
soot1707
sand1721
straw-burn1799
sprat1832
loam?1842
guanize1843
guano1847
bone1873
herring1879
?1578 W. Patten Let. Entertainm. Killingwoorth 48 Mylk for theyr flawnz, not yet pylld nor challked.
1652 W. Blith Eng. Improver Improved xxvi. 182 Land..Dunged, Limed, Marled, or Chalked, or otherwise made fat and warm.
1759 J. Mills tr. H. L. Duhamel du Monceau Pract. Treat. Husbandry i. viii. 35 It was the custom of the Britons to chalk their lands.
1875 Act 38 & 39 Vict. c. 92. §5 An improvement comprised in either of the three classes following: chalking of land, clay-burning, claying of land.
2.
a. To rub, mark, or inscribe with chalk.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > indication > marking > mark [verb (transitive)] > with chalk
chalk forth1579
chalk1592
red-line1942
1592 R. Greene Disput. Conny-catcher sig. C The boyes..shall chalke him on the backe for a Crosbite.
1679 R. Mansell Exact & True Narr. Late Popish Intrigue Addr. c Wisest Counsels, which by ill success have been chalkt o' th' back for Follies.
1680 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises I. xii. 215 They chalk the Flat side of it [sc. the Mandrel] very well.
1813 T. Moore Intercepted Lett. viii. 36 Thou know'st the time..It takes to chalk a ball-room floor.
1839 C. Dickens Nicholas Nickleby xiv. 127 Morleena..had the soles of her shoes chalked.
b. figurative. To make white or pale as by rubbing with chalk; to blanch.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > colour > named colours > white or whiteness > whitening > make white [verb (transitive)] > whiten with specific substance
limec1440
chalk1633
whitewash1722
lime-white1777
lime-wash1823
hearthstone1838
pipeclaya1839
white-stone1838
kalsomine1840
blanco1912
1633 G. Herbert Forerunners in Temple vi Let a bleak palenesse chalk the doore.
1847 Ld. Tennyson Princess iv. 83 Fear Stared in her eyes, and chalk'd her face.
c. to chalk (a person's) hat, to have one's hat chalked: to allow, be allowed, free travel (as on a railway). U.S. colloquial. Obsolete exc. Historical.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > rail travel > [verb (transitive)] > allow to travel free of charge
to chalk (a person's) hat1823
society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > [verb (intransitive)] > pay expenses of travel > be allowed free travel
to chalk (a person's) hat1823
to have one's hat chalked1887
society > travel > rail travel > [verb (intransitive)] > free of charge
to have one's hat chalked1880
1823 Quitman Let. in J. F. H. Claiborne Life & Corr. (1860) 78 I will ‘chalk your hat’ for the journey.
1880 A. A. Hayes New Colorado (1881) xi. 149 Twenty-five seedy, second-class ruffians, who proposed to travel, as they say in the West, ‘with their hats chalked’, or free.
1887 Nation (N.Y.) 21 Apr. 329/1 It would seem that all railway officers and most railway employees have their ‘hats chalked’ all over the U.S.
1928 J. W. Starr 100 Years Amer. Railroading 76 The practice out there was called ‘chalking the hat’, from the custom of the conductor in placing a white mark or ticket on the..headgear of the passenger.
d. To mark (an object) with chalk as an indication that it has been officially admitted, e.g. by a customs officer, or directed. U.S.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > indication > marking > marking to identify > be distinctive mark on [verb (transitive)] > put identifying mark on > with chalk
chalk-mark1862
chalk1866
1866 A. D. Whitney Summer in Leslie Goldthwaite's Life iii, in Our Young People Mar. 151 Stooping to examine the trunk..[he said,] ‘These things is chalked all right for Littleton.’
1893 ‘M. Twain’ £1,000,000 Bank-note 258 In his first agitation he was going to try to bribe the postman to chalk it through.
3.
a. To write with chalk; to draw, mark, line with chalk.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > writing > manner of writing > [verb (transitive)] > write with specific instrument
chalk1580
coal1605
pencil1673
charcoal1840
biro1962
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > drawing > draw [verb (transitive)] > in specific medium
crayona1684
chalk1709
pencil1774
crayonize1840
1580 G. Harvey in E. Spenser & G. Harvey Three Proper & Wittie Lett. 38 Whom..I recount and chaulke uppe in the Catalogue.
1590 R. Harvey Plaine Percevall sig. E So I will chalke thy praises vp.
1709 R. Steele & J. Addison Tatler No. 93. ⁋4 I have chalked out in every Figure my own Dimensions.
a1720 J. Sheffield Wks. (1753) I. 96 As painters first chalk out the future face.
1823 J. Badcock Domest. Amusem. 156 One chalks down nine figures.
1849 F. B. Head Stokers & Pokers (1851) vi. 58 Large letters were chalked on consecutive compartments.
b. spec. To write up in chalk (a record, esp. of credits given); to score. Hence to chalk it: to run up a score, take ‘tick’. Now esp. common in to chalk it up (to), to charge it (to) (a person, an account, experience, etc.). Also, to write down; to set down as a sum or estimate.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > management of money > keeping accounts > keep accounts [verb (transitive)]
keep1552
chalk1597
society > communication > record > written record > record in writing [verb (transitive)] > in chalk
chalk1597
wall1848
society > trade and finance > management of money > solvency > be solvent [verb (intransitive)] > take credit
creancec1386
to run into scores or in score1568
to run or go on or upon (the) score1568
score1594
to build a sconce1630
tick1648
to chalk ita1704
1597 1st Pt. Returne fr. Parnassus i. i. 451 All my debts stande chaukt upon the poste for liquor.
a1704 T. Brown Wks. (1760) I. 182 A country parliament man that chalk'd it plentifully last winter session.
1826 T. Wilson Pitman's Pay (1843) 11 She chalks up ‘scores’ at a' the shops.
1835 R. M. Bird Hawks of Hawk-hollow II. viii. 78 He chalked me down like a fool, me and Tom Staples; being old friends, or sort of.
1845 E. Robinson Whitehall II. xxii. 244 May I never chalk another pint!
1845 B. Disraeli Sybil III. vi. iii. 167 Every man I chalked up was of the same opinion as the landlord of the Cat and Fiddle.
1874 2nd Rep. Vermont State Board Agric. 1873–4 618 The farmers on that committee were outwitted, for while they chalked from $25,000 to $30,000, others chalked from $150,000 to $200,000, a sum which nobody expected could be raised.
1877 E. Peacock Gloss. Words Manley & Corringham, Lincs. 53/1 Chalk, to mark on a board with chalk the number of pints of beer a person is in debt to a publican. ‘Benny Mason's been to th' Gouden Cup an' had two quarts o' ale chalk'd down to you.’
1888 F. T. Elworthy W. Somerset Word-bk. (at cited word) Publicans are accustomed to keep the score by chalk marks behind the door, hence to be (chau·kd aup) is to be entered as a debtor.
1895 in Notes & Queries (1941) CLXXXI. 117/1 We want a drink... So, Miss, do chalk it up.
1939 N. Monsarrat This is Schoolroom ii. vii. 176 One of those superb nights when everything is so perfectly in tune..that one unconsciously chalks it up, to have something to aim at in the future.
1953 W. P. McGivern Big Heat vi. 82 Well, we can chalk it up to experience.
c. intransitive. To mount up in an account.
ΚΠ
1878 H. B. Stowe Poganuc People iii. 36 But who's going to pay for it all? These 'ere sort of things chalk up.
4. figurative. to chalk out.
Thesaurus »
†a. To mark out, as with chalk (obsolete).
b. To delineate, esp. by the main features; to outline, sketch out, adumbrate.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > representation > [verb (transitive)] > in outline
to chalk out1571
to shape forth1579
crayon1734
1571 A. Golding tr. J. Calvin Psalmes of Dauid with Comm. (xviii. 44) God did but (as it were under a dark shadowe) chalk out the..kingdome of his sonne.
1579 L. Tomson tr. J. Calvin Serm. Epist. S. Paule to Timothie & Titus 309/2 They are chalked out as enimies.
1634 W. Wood New Englands Prospect i. viii. 26 The Princely Eagle, and the soaring Hawke, Whom in their unknowne wayes there's none can chawke.
1678 J. Bunyan Pilgrim's Progress Author's Apol. sig. A6 This Book it chaulketh out before thine eyes The man that seeks the everlasting Prize. View more context for this quotation
1765–93 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. (ed. 12) 412 We have now chalked out all the principal outlines of this vast title of the law.
c. figurative. To trace out, mark out, as a course to be followed. Also occasionally chalk forth (obsolete).
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > indication > marking > mark [verb (transitive)] > with chalk
chalk forth1579
chalk1592
red-line1942
society > communication > representation > a plastic or graphic representation > graphic representation > represent graphically [verb (transitive)] > with chalk
to chalk out1707
1579 S. Gosson Schoole of Abuse f. 7v Chaulke out the way to do the like.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Tempest (1623) v. i. 206 It is you, that haue chalk'd forth the way Which brought vs hither. View more context for this quotation
1623 W. Shakespeare & J. Fletcher Henry VIII i. i. 60.
1643 D. Digges Unlawfulnesse Subj. ii. 14 That way to eternall glory, which our Saviour hath chalked out.
1670 C. Cotton tr. G. Girard Hist. Life Duke of Espernon i. ii. 77 His Majesty being pleas'd..to chalk him out what he would have him do.
1707 Vulpone 25 They have a much shorter way chalked out by this Article.
1754 S. Richardson Hist. Sir Charles Grandison VII. li. 259 Lay down your own plan: Chalk out your future steps.
1807 Ld. Byron Childish Recoll. 68 When now the boy is ripen'd into man, His careful sire chalks forth some wary plan.
1872 J. Grant Newspaper Press III. xi. 253 [He] pursued the course which he had from the first chalked out for himself.

Draft additions September 2016

transitive. Billiards, Snooker, and Pool. To apply chalk to the tip of (a cue) in order to prevent miscueing.
ΚΠ
1834 New Monthly Mag. Nov. 293 I chose my favourite cue,—chalked him—poised him—pointed the red ball—and went off.
1889 A. W. Drayson Art Pract. Billiards v. 19 To ‘miss cue’ as it is termed, that is, for the cue to slip off the ball, is almost entirely due to carelessness in not chalking the cue.
1923 Pop. Sci. Monthly Oct. 55 Use a cue that feels comfortable in your hands, hold it lightly, chalk it frequently, and, unless making a special shot, keep it horizontal.
1982 Times 26 Oct. 23/6 Reardon miscued while attempting to hit the green. Oddly enough Reardon had chalked his cue before striking.
2011 New Yorker 23 May 30/1 [He] had racked the balls and chalked his cue for a game of eight ball.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1889; most recently modified version published online December 2021).
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