afforcev.

Brit.

/əˈfɔːs/, U.S.

/əˈfɔrs/

Forms: Middle English–1500s aforce, Middle English– afforce, Middle English–1500s aforse, Middle English–1500s afforse.

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French afforcer.

Etymology: < Anglo-Norman aforser, afforcer, Anglo-Norman and Old French aforcier, aforcer to strengthen, augment (c1150), to force (a person to do something), to increase the number of members of a judicial body, to try, endeavour, (reflexive) to exert (oneself), to strive (all 2nd half of the 12th cent.), to fortify (a settlement, building, etc.) (end of the 13th cent.), to rape (mid 14th cent.), probably partly < a- a- prefix⁵ + forcer force v.¹, and partly an alteration (with substitution of the prefix: compare a- prefix⁵) of Anglo-Norman and Old French esforcier , efforcier , efforcer efforce v. or enforcer enforce v. Compare (apparently < French) post-classical Latin afforciare (in a legal context, of a court or assize) to strengthen, reinforce (12th cent.; from 1218 in British sources), to strengthen, fortify, reinforce (frequently from 1240 in British sources), to force, constrain (from 1300 in British sources), to violate, rape (from 14th cent. in British sources), to support (from c1390 in British sources).

†I. To apply force.

a. transitive (reflexive). To exert oneself (to do something); to strive, endeavour; to do one's best. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > endeavour > [verb (reflexive)] > strive

afforcec1300

forcec1340

perforce1490

stretch1526

the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > exert oneself [verb (reflexive)]

afforcec1300

enforcec1386

virtuea1393

endeavourc1400

naitc1400

envirtue1477

exploit1490

to put it forthc1500

constrainc1510

efforce1512

lay1535

evirtuate1642

to exert oneself1736

hump1835

spread1843

to put about1983

c1300 St. Wulstan (Laud) l. 56 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 72 (MED) His bischopriche he wuste wel..And aforcede him to serui wel god and seint Marie.

c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 2571 (MED) Hii aforcede hom þe more, þe heþene awey to driue.

a1400 tr. Lanfranc Sci. Cirurgie (Ashm.) (1894) 132 (MED) Þanne I aforce me to remeue þilke partie þat prickiþ wiþ pynsouns.

c1440 (a1349) R. Rolle in Eng. Writings (1931) 55 (MED) Swa sulde we do agaynes devells þat afforces tham to reve fra us [etc.].

a1529 J. Skelton Magnyfycence (?1530) sig. Hi Herein I wyll a forse me to shewe you my mynde.

c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy (2002) f. 100^v He aforset hym felly with his fyn strenght.

b. transitive. To attempt, try (something). Also with infinitive as object. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > endeavour > attempt [verb (transitive)]

fandOE

assayc1300

tryc1315

provec1330

adventurea1387

sayc1390

paina1400

havec1400

practisea1450

afforcec1487

afond1488

attempta1538

procure1574

endeavour1581

offer1611

poacha1616

attent1620

to venture at1623

essay1641

attentate1656

smacka1657

tempt1697

to try at1794

to have a go1802

to make a (good, poor, etc.) fist1833

tackle1847

to have or take a whack at1891

to make (or have, etc.) a stab at (something)1895

to have a dash (at)1916

c1487 J. Skelton tr. Diodorus Siculus Bibliotheca Historica iii. 181 And who-so-euer afforced to procure a peace bittwex theym, he ordeyned..that he shuld be banyshed.

?1499 J. Skelton Bowge of Courte (de Worde) sig. Aij I was sore moued to a force the same.

1523 J. Skelton Goodly Garlande of Laurell 818 Ye must nedis afforce it by pretence of your professioun unto umanyte.

a. transitive. To rape, violate (a woman). Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > morality > moral evil > licentiousness > unchastity > loss of chastity > deprive of chastity [verb (transitive)] > rape

to do (a) shamec1275

afforcec1330

beforcec1375

misusea1382

oppressa1382

enforcec1386

ravisha1387

forcea1400

betravaila1425

trespass1427

supprisea1450

violatec1450

viole?c1450

stuprate?1526

devour1530

stupre1548

constuprate1550

rape1574

suppress1590

harry1591

constrain1594

abripe1623

obstuprate1658

spoil1678

to rip off1967

c1330 (?a1300) Arthour & Merlin (Auch.) (1973) l. 2350 He haþ me of vilanie bisouȝt Me to aforce is in his þouȝt.

c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Parson's Tale (Ellesmere) (1877) §974 If the womman maugree hir hed hath been afforced or noon, this shal she telle.

c1450 (?c1408) J. Lydgate Reson & Sensuallyte (1901) l. 4305 (MED) Tereus Lovede the suster of his wyfe..Hir afforcynge throgh hys myght Of fals lust.

c1450 Seven Sages (Arun.) (1933) l. 1231 (MED) To do amys, þat is to aforce myne Emperice.

b. transitive. gen. To force, press; to compel (a person) (to do something). Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > obedience > compulsion > compel [verb (transitive)]

needeOE

straita1340

pressa1393

afforcea1400

stressa1400

coactc1400

coarctc1400

strainc1400

compulse?a1475

cohert1475

oppress1523

compel1526

forcec1540

to tie to the stake1544

urge1576

adact1615

duressa1626

coerce1659

railroad1889

to twist the tail1895

steamroll1900

steamroller1912

shanghai1919

bulldozer1945

shotguna1961

a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Harl.) l. 3663 (MED) Men aforced hym for drede To sey þat.

c1400 (?a1300) Kyng Alisaunder (Laud) (1952) l. 788 (MED) Fast he sitteþ and halt þe rayne..And a-forceþ it [sc. the colt] wiþ strengþe.

a1439 J. Lydgate Fall of Princes (Bodl. 263) ii. l. 1275 (MED) Lust afforcid hath a fals appetit.

a1500 ( J. Yonge tr. Secreta Secret. (Rawl.) (1898) 213 (MED) The Pepill of Pers bene y-wonet to afforce messangers to drynke good wyn.

II. To reinforce.

3. transitive. To strengthen, fortify, reinforce. In later use chiefly with an argument, example, etc., as object.Apparently unattested between the mid 16th and late 19th centuries. Later examples should probably be regarded as extended uses of sense 4.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > quantity > increase in quantity, amount, or degree > [verb (transitive)] > increase in strength or force

afforce1425

forcec1430

reforcec1450

fortify1470

reinforcec1485

stiffen?a1500

strengthen1548

toughen1582

invigorate1646

hardena1677

recruit1678

emphasize1800

bastion1822

beef1941

1425 Rolls of Parl.: Henry VI (Electronic ed.) Parl. Apr. 1425 §12. m. 4 What þat myght aforce þe matere of ether side, touchyng þe said discorde [etc.].

a1439 J. Lydgate Fall of Princes (Bodl. 263) ii. l. 2687 (MED) He..Made newe tours..And tafforce hem, leet werkmen vndertake Squar bastiles.

c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy (2002) f. 102^v Then Menestaus..afforsit hys frekys to þe fyght harde.

1890 M. M. Bigelow Treat. Law Fraud on Civil Side II. i. 13/1 An example which may yet be afforced by other examples as public policy may permit or demand.

1939 H. H. Henson Church of Eng. vi. 160 This general consideration is certainly being afforced by the fact [etc.].

1957 R. G. G. Price Hist. Punch ix. 301 This personal lack of the combative afforced the theory that Punch should not reduce circulation by alienating subscribers.

1992 S. P. Oakley War & Peace in Baltic v. 63 The small Polish fleet (which the Spaniards had promised to afforce).

4. transitive. Chiefly English Law. To reinforce or strengthen (a deliberative body); esp. (in the Middle Ages) to add a member or members to (a jury) when the original jurors cannot agree a majority verdict. historical.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > [verb (transitive)] > empanel a jury > increase number of jurors

afforce1783

1783 J. Reeves Hist. Eng. Law I. v. 273 If there was a difference of opinion amongst them [sc. the jurors], they might be afforced, as the assise was.

1848 H. Hallam Suppl. Notes View Europe Middle Ages 254 It was the practice to afforce the jury.

1880 J. Proffatt Treat. Trial by Jury ii. 113 At that time [sc. during the reign of Edward I] it was in the option of the justices either to compel the jury to agree, or to afforce the jury by adding jurors to the majority until twelve were found to be unanimous.

1911 C. G. Robertson Eng. under Hanoverians iii. 146 An inner Committee of the Privy Council,..(Hardwicke, Newcastle, Devonshire, and Pitt, afforced by Anson, Ligonier, or any other expert required).

1947 Eng. Hist. Rev. 62 518 The justiciar might also send to afforce the court.

1991 P. Coss Lordship, Knighthood, & Locality ii. 56 During the 1240s the prior of Coventry can be shown to have held a fortnightly court..which was afforced when necessary by..tenants from his nearby estates.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2012; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	afforce
释义	afforcev. Brit. /əˈfɔːs/, U.S. /əˈfɔrs/ Forms: Middle English–1500s aforce, Middle English– afforce, Middle English–1500s aforse, Middle English–1500s afforse. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French afforcer. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman aforser, afforcer, Anglo-Norman and Old French aforcier, aforcer to strengthen, augment (c1150), to force (a person to do something), to increase the number of members of a judicial body, to try, endeavour, (reflexive) to exert (oneself), to strive (all 2nd half of the 12th cent.), to fortify (a settlement, building, etc.) (end of the 13th cent.), to rape (mid 14th cent.), probably partly < a- a- prefix⁵ + forcer force v.¹, and partly an alteration (with substitution of the prefix: compare a- prefix⁵) of Anglo-Norman and Old French esforcier , efforcier , efforcer efforce v. or enforcer enforce v. Compare (apparently < French) post-classical Latin afforciare (in a legal context, of a court or assize) to strengthen, reinforce (12th cent.; from 1218 in British sources), to strengthen, fortify, reinforce (frequently from 1240 in British sources), to force, constrain (from 1300 in British sources), to violate, rape (from 14th cent. in British sources), to support (from c1390 in British sources). †I. To apply force. 1. a. transitive (reflexive). To exert oneself (to do something); to strive, endeavour; to do one's best. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > endeavour > [verb (reflexive)] > strive afforcec1300 forcec1340 perforce1490 stretch1526 the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > exert oneself [verb (reflexive)] afforcec1300 enforcec1386 virtuea1393 endeavourc1400 naitc1400 envirtue1477 exploit1490 to put it forthc1500 constrainc1510 efforce1512 lay1535 evirtuate1642 to exert oneself1736 hump1835 spread1843 to put about1983 c1300 St. Wulstan (Laud) l. 56 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 72 (MED) His bischopriche he wuste wel..And aforcede him to serui wel god and seint Marie. c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 2571 (MED) Hii aforcede hom þe more, þe heþene awey to driue. a1400 tr. Lanfranc Sci. Cirurgie (Ashm.) (1894) 132 (MED) Þanne I aforce me to remeue þilke partie þat prickiþ wiþ pynsouns. c1440 (a1349) R. Rolle in Eng. Writings (1931) 55 (MED) Swa sulde we do agaynes devells þat afforces tham to reve fra us [etc.]. a1529 J. Skelton Magnyfycence (?1530) sig. Hi Herein I wyll a forse me to shewe you my mynde. c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy (2002) f. 100^v He aforset hym felly with his fyn strenght. b. transitive. To attempt, try (something). Also with infinitive as object. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > endeavour > attempt [verb (transitive)] fandOE assayc1300 tryc1315 provec1330 adventurea1387 sayc1390 paina1400 havec1400 practisea1450 afforcec1487 afond1488 attempta1538 procure1574 endeavour1581 offer1611 poacha1616 attent1620 to venture at1623 essay1641 attentate1656 smacka1657 tempt1697 to try at1794 to have a go1802 to make a (good, poor, etc.) fist1833 tackle1847 to have or take a whack at1891 to make (or have, etc.) a stab at (something)1895 to have a dash (at)1916 c1487 J. Skelton tr. Diodorus Siculus Bibliotheca Historica iii. 181 And who-so-euer afforced to procure a peace bittwex theym, he ordeyned..that he shuld be banyshed. ?1499 J. Skelton Bowge of Courte (de Worde) sig. Aij I was sore moued to a force the same. 1523 J. Skelton Goodly Garlande of Laurell 818 Ye must nedis afforce it by pretence of your professioun unto umanyte. 2. a. transitive. To rape, violate (a woman). Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > morality > moral evil > licentiousness > unchastity > loss of chastity > deprive of chastity [verb (transitive)] > rape to do (a) shamec1275 afforcec1330 beforcec1375 misusea1382 oppressa1382 enforcec1386 ravisha1387 forcea1400 betravaila1425 trespass1427 supprisea1450 violatec1450 viole?c1450 stuprate?1526 devour1530 stupre1548 constuprate1550 rape1574 suppress1590 harry1591 constrain1594 abripe1623 obstuprate1658 spoil1678 to rip off1967 c1330 (?a1300) Arthour & Merlin (Auch.) (1973) l. 2350 He haþ me of vilanie bisouȝt Me to aforce is in his þouȝt. c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Parson's Tale (Ellesmere) (1877) §974 If the womman maugree hir hed hath been afforced or noon, this shal she telle. c1450 (?c1408) J. Lydgate Reson & Sensuallyte (1901) l. 4305 (MED) Tereus Lovede the suster of his wyfe..Hir afforcynge throgh hys myght Of fals lust. c1450 Seven Sages (Arun.) (1933) l. 1231 (MED) To do amys, þat is to aforce myne Emperice. b. transitive. gen. To force, press; to compel (a person) (to do something). Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > obedience > compulsion > compel [verb (transitive)] needeOE straita1340 pressa1393 afforcea1400 stressa1400 coactc1400 coarctc1400 strainc1400 compulse?a1475 cohert1475 oppress1523 compel1526 forcec1540 to tie to the stake1544 urge1576 adact1615 duressa1626 coerce1659 railroad1889 to twist the tail1895 steamroll1900 steamroller1912 shanghai1919 bulldozer1945 shotguna1961 a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Harl.) l. 3663 (MED) Men aforced hym for drede To sey þat. c1400 (?a1300) Kyng Alisaunder (Laud) (1952) l. 788 (MED) Fast he sitteþ and halt þe rayne..And a-forceþ it [sc. the colt] wiþ strengþe. a1439 J. Lydgate Fall of Princes (Bodl. 263) ii. l. 1275 (MED) Lust afforcid hath a fals appetit. a1500 ( J. Yonge tr. Secreta Secret. (Rawl.) (1898) 213 (MED) The Pepill of Pers bene y-wonet to afforce messangers to drynke good wyn. II. To reinforce. 3. transitive. To strengthen, fortify, reinforce. In later use chiefly with an argument, example, etc., as object.Apparently unattested between the mid 16th and late 19th centuries. Later examples should probably be regarded as extended uses of sense 4. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > quantity > increase in quantity, amount, or degree > [verb (transitive)] > increase in strength or force afforce1425 forcec1430 reforcec1450 fortify1470 reinforcec1485 stiffen?a1500 strengthen1548 toughen1582 invigorate1646 hardena1677 recruit1678 emphasize1800 bastion1822 beef1941 1425 Rolls of Parl.: Henry VI (Electronic ed.) Parl. Apr. 1425 §12. m. 4 What þat myght aforce þe matere of ether side, touchyng þe said discorde [etc.]. a1439 J. Lydgate Fall of Princes (Bodl. 263) ii. l. 2687 (MED) He..Made newe tours..And tafforce hem, leet werkmen vndertake Squar bastiles. c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy (2002) f. 102^v Then Menestaus..afforsit hys frekys to þe fyght harde. 1890 M. M. Bigelow Treat. Law Fraud on Civil Side II. i. 13/1 An example which may yet be afforced by other examples as public policy may permit or demand. 1939 H. H. Henson Church of Eng. vi. 160 This general consideration is certainly being afforced by the fact [etc.]. 1957 R. G. G. Price Hist. Punch ix. 301 This personal lack of the combative afforced the theory that Punch should not reduce circulation by alienating subscribers. 1992 S. P. Oakley War & Peace in Baltic v. 63 The small Polish fleet (which the Spaniards had promised to afforce). 4. transitive. Chiefly English Law. To reinforce or strengthen (a deliberative body); esp. (in the Middle Ages) to add a member or members to (a jury) when the original jurors cannot agree a majority verdict. historical. ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > [verb (transitive)] > empanel a jury > increase number of jurors afforce1783 1783 J. Reeves Hist. Eng. Law I. v. 273 If there was a difference of opinion amongst them [sc. the jurors], they might be afforced, as the assise was. 1848 H. Hallam Suppl. Notes View Europe Middle Ages 254 It was the practice to afforce the jury. 1880 J. Proffatt Treat. Trial by Jury ii. 113 At that time [sc. during the reign of Edward I] it was in the option of the justices either to compel the jury to agree, or to afforce the jury by adding jurors to the majority until twelve were found to be unanimous. 1911 C. G. Robertson Eng. under Hanoverians iii. 146 An inner Committee of the Privy Council,..(Hardwicke, Newcastle, Devonshire, and Pitt, afforced by Anson, Ligonier, or any other expert required). 1947 Eng. Hist. Rev. 62 518 The justiciar might also send to afforce the court. 1991 P. Coss Lordship, Knighthood, & Locality ii. 56 During the 1240s the prior of Coventry can be shown to have held a fortnightly court..which was afforced when necessary by..tenants from his nearby estates. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2012; most recently modified version published online December 2021). † afforceadv. Forms: Middle English afforse, Middle English a-force, Middle English a force. Origin: Either (i) a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Or (ii) a borrowing from French. Etymons: of force at force n.¹ 5b; French à force. Etymology: Either < of force at force n.¹ 5b, with reduction of the first element (compare a prep.², and also a- prefix⁴), or < Anglo-Norman and Middle French à force (late 12th cent. in Old French) < à to, of (see a- prefix⁵) + force force n.¹ Obsolete. By force; (also) of necessity; perforce. Cf. of force at force n.¹ 19a. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > necessity > [adverb] > by absolute compulsion or obligation by (also with, by) fine forcea1375 afforcec1380 by or in perforce1525 imperiously1534 bindingly1851 perforcedly1855 c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) 972 (MED) Þanne þay asayllede Scot Gwylmer & toke him a-force fyne. c1460 (?c1400) Tale of Beryn 2118 (MED) Shame it is to tell The penury þat I have I-had, þat a force sell I must nedis myne aray, wher me list or lothe. c1475 (c1399) Mum & Sothsegger (Cambr. Ll.4.14) (1936) iv. l. 22 No þing y-lafte but þe bare baggis, Þan felle it afforse to fille hem aȝeyne. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2012; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < v.c1300adv.c1380
随便看	and stuff and such and such like and such other and that and that more is and that's a fact and that's all she wrote and the like another pair of shoes another place another place, another time another planet another such another such a another time another time, another place another while another world another-gaines anotheres anothergaines anothergates anotherguess anotherguise

afforcev.

† afforceadv.