channeln.¹

Brit.

/ˈtʃanl/, U.S.

/ˈtʃæn(ə)l/

Forms: Middle English chanayle, Middle English–1500s chanelle, Middle English–1600s chanell, Middle English–1700s chanel, 1500s channelle, 1500s–1600s chenell, 1500s–1600s chennell, 1500s–1700s channell, 1500s– channel, 1600s–1700s chanall, 1600s–1700s channal, 1600s (1800s English regional (northern and midlands)) chennel; English regional (northern) 1800s chanil, 1800s chinnel; also Scottish pre-1700 channale, 1900s chennel.

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French chanel.

Etymology: < Anglo-Norman chanell, chanelle, chanele, Anglo-Norman and Middle French chanel, chanal (compare Old French (northern) chanel , Old French, Middle French chenal ; French chenal ) hollow bed of a river or stream (beginning of the 12th cent. in Old French), gutter (13th cent.), (in anatomy) passage, tube (13th cent.), any of various kinds of artificial watercourse (14th cent.), navigable passage in an otherwise unsafe stretch of water, giving access to a port (late 14th cent.) < classical Latin canālis canal n. Compare later canal n. and cannel n.², and (with sense 3a) also kennel n.²Compare post-classical Latin chenella , chanellum , chanellus (natural or artificial) watercourse (from 13th cent. in British sources; < French). The later semantic development is influenced by classical Latin canālis canal n. Sense 9 may in origin show a different word; compare earlier cannel n.² 3 and see discussion at that entry. In sense 10a(a) after Italian canaletto (1542 in the passage translated in quot. 1611, in a German context), lit. ‘small channel’. In sense 10b after the corresponding specific use of French canal canal n. (1611 in Cotgrave).

I. A watercourse, and related senses.

1. The hollow bed of a river, stream, or other body of running water; the course through which a river or stream flows. Formerly also: †the seabed (obsolete). Cf. cannel n.² 1a.overflow channel, rill channel, river channel, etc.: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > water > rivers and streams > stream > [noun] > bed of

rakeeOE

channela1387

cannela1400

watercourse1566

alveus1686

waterstead1775

fiumara1820

stream-way1822

wash1894

the world > the earth > water > sea or ocean > region of sea or ocean > [noun] > sea bed

groundOE

sea-groundOE

channela1387

sea-bottoma1400

ocean bed1638

ocean floor1820

sea bed1838

ocean basin1848

ocean bottom1855

sea-floor1855

a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1869) II. 29 Þat ryuer..leueþ ofte þe chanel [L. alveo relicto].

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. xiii. iii. 654 Sometyme by grete reyne..the water ariseþ and passeþ þe chanayle and brymmes.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 22563 Of hir chanel þe see sal rise.

1563 W. Baldwin et al. Myrrour for Magistrates (new ed.) Hastings xlii Flye from thy chanell Thames.

1692 R. Bentley Boyle Lect. iv. 24 The Chanels of Rivers [will be] corroded by the Streams.

1698 J. Keill Exam. Theory Earth (1734) 129 They would fill the great Channel of the Ocean if it were empty.

a1701 H. Maundrell Journey Aleppo to Jerusalem (1703) 19 A River or rather a Channel of a River, for it was now almost dry.

1790 R. Burns in J. Johnson Scots Musical Museum III. 288 As streams their channels deeper wear.

1847 C. Lyell Princ. Geol. (ed. 7) xix. 263 During other seasons of the year, the ocean makes reprisals, scouring out the channels.

1858 Mining & Statistic Mag. June 468 In this way only a small part of any gold which was in the channel could have been obtained.

1932 W. C. Alden Physiogr. & Glacial Geol. E. Montana p. vii/2 The Keewatin ice sheet covered most of the area north of the present channel of the Missouri River.

2005 W. H. Doleman in B. J. Vierra Late Archaic across Borderlands v. 117 Streams went from occupying incised channels to meandering across fertile, aggrading floodplains.

a. A length of water wider than a strait, joining two larger areas of water, esp. two seas.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > water > body of water > channel of water > [noun]

channel1427

gullet1515

traversea1645

the world > the earth > water > sea or ocean > channel > [noun]

meatusc1425

channel1427

canal1542

tide-gate1589

euripe1600

Euripus1601

interflow1610

sleeve1614

tides-way1627

gat1723

tideway1798

lane1835

seaway1866

1427 Petition (P.R.O.: SC 8/25/1232) Vesselx and men..be lost and perisshid..for defaute of a bekyn þ^t shud teche þe poeple to holde þe right chanell.

?c1475 in J. Gairdner Sailing Direct. (1889) 22 (MED) Yif it be stremy grounde, it is betwene Huschaunt and cille in the entry in the Chanell of Flaundres.

1553 R. Eden tr. S. Münster Treat. Newe India sig. Eiij^v The sea in certaine chanels is of such heigth and depth, that no anker may come to the bottome.

1617 F. Moryson Itinerary i. iii. iv. 258 This channell running from the blacke sea, called Euxinus, into Propontis, and so..to these said two Castles, and from hence into the Aegean sea.

a1678 A. Marvell Last Instr. to Painter in Coll. Poems Affairs of State (1689) III. sig. D Those Oaken Gyants of the ancient Race,That rul'd all Seas, and did our Channel grace.

1723 D. Defoe Hist. Col. Jack (ed. 2) 225 We had tollerable Weather..till we came into the Soundings, so they call the Mouth of the British Channel.

a1781 R. Watson Hist. Reign Philip III (1783) ii. 151 The island [in the Rhine]..is separated by a narrow channel from the town.

1839 C. Darwin in R. Fitzroy & C. Darwin Narr. Surv. Voy. H.M.S. Adventure & Beagle III. xi. 237 This [Beagle] channel which was discovered by Captain FitzRoy during the last voyage.

1876 F. Martin Hist. Lloyd's xi. 183 Ever since that time the channels connecting the ocean and the former inland lake have been multiplying and shifting.

1902 H. J. Mackinder Brit. & Brit. Seas ii. 23 Outside, beyond the relatively broad channel of the Minch, is a mountain ridge striking north-north-eastward.

1938 Geogr. Rev. 28 209 The channel between Oahu and Kauai, seventy miles in width, is the only one between inhabited islands the shores of which are not intervisible.

2010 Western Mail (Nexis) 26 Mar. 15 The ship was sailing up the channel between Ireland and Wales.

b. the Channel: spec. the English Channel.English Channel first occurs at around the same time: cf. quot. 1589.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > water > sea or ocean > channel > [noun] > English Channel

South SeaOE

mid-channel1518

sleeve1574

the Channel1588

silver streak1879

1588 Packe of Spanish Lyes 9 Hee came to the Channell, sixe leagues from Plimmouth: where vnderstanding the enemies were, hee gathered together and set in order all the fleete.

1589 Declar. Causes Arrest of Shippes 11 They couenanted in plaine words, with the shipmasters, that they should not passe into Spaine & Portingall through the English Chanel & vsuall way.]

1633 Earl of Strafford Let. 7 Sept. (1739) I. 109 We may no more admit this Course of Prize taking, to the disquieting the Trades of His Majesty's Subjects here in the Channel, than in the River of Thames.

1694 London Gaz. No. 2961/1 The Weymouth..left the rest of the homeward bound..Fleet..off the Lizard, making up the Channel.

1711 Atlas Geographus II. 1071/1 The Port [sc. Brest] is much frequented by French Privateers, who infest the Channel in Time of War.

1762 New & Gen. Biogr. Dict. VII. 265 They passed through Lorrain into France, from thence crossed the channel into England, and made Holland the last stage of their travels.

1837 T. Carlyle French Revol. I. ii. vi. 70 Swindlery and Blackguardism have stretched hands across the Channel, and saluted mutually.

1877 Judy 26 Dec. 112/1 I have not yet swam across the Channel, or bicycled from Paris to Vienna.

1933 Radio Times 14 Apr. 75/1 The war was newly over... There was a tremendous fuss of coming and going across the Channel.

2004 Daily Tel. 13 Aug. 36/1 ‘The Froggies’ were discouraging Britons from taking booze'n'fags cruises across the Channel.

a. An artificial watercourse running at the side or (less commonly) along the middle of a street or road, to carry away the surface water; a gutter. Cf. cannel n.² 1b, kennel n.²In later use Scottish, English regional, or simply a contextual use of sense 3b.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > means of travel > route or way > way, path, or track > street > [noun] > gutter in a street

gutter1408

cannel1422

channel1440

kennel1582

ginnel1613

water table1664

channelling1834

Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 69 Chanelle of a strete, canalis, aquagium.

a1500 (?a1390) J. Mirk Festial (Gough) (1905) 195 (MED) Goo downe ynto þe strete, and se þer a pylgrym lyyng yn þe chanell.

1578 J. Lyly Euphues f. 3^v Dronken sottes wallowinge.., in euery channell.

1617 Bp. J. Hall Quo Vadis? (new ed.) xx. 74 Euery obscure Holy-day takes the wall of it, and thrusts it into the channell.

?1689 Articles Charge of Wardmote Inquest (first sheet) If any person...sweep any Dung, Ordure, Rubbish, Rushes, Seacoal-Dust, or any other thing noyant, down into the Channel of any Street or Lane.

a1726 J. Vanbrugh Journey to London (1728) iii. i. 40 Overturn'd in the Channel, as we were going to the Play-house.

?1746 ‘T. Bobbin’ View Lancs. Dial. (Gloss.) sig. D5^v Riggot, Channel or Gutter.

1843 ‘T. Treddlehoyle’ Bairnsla Foaks' Ann. (E.D.D.) 12 Swept him reight aght a doors intat chanil.

1882 J. O. Halliwell Outl. Life Shakespeare (ed. 2) 18 House slops were recklessly thrown into ill-kept channels that lined the sides of unmetalled roads.

1911 Munic. Engin. 41 47/1 If such open channels in the street can not be used, closed channels or culverts may be used.

1995 J. M. Sims-Kimbrey Wodds & Doggerybaw: Lincs. Dial. Dict. 55/1 Channels, roadside gutters.

2002 Church Times 1 Nov. 32/3 As I thought, the grigs, i.e. those little channels cut in the sides of roads to let the water run away, are blocked.

b. gen. Any artificial watercourse, esp. one constructed for irrigation. Cf. canal n. 4.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > water > rivers and streams > stream > [noun] > channel for conveyance of water

water leatOE

water lade1224

leat1279

watergang1293

sow1316

trough1398

wissinga1400

lanec1420

waterway1431

water leasow1440

watercoursea1450

fleam1523

lead1541

cut1548

aqueducta1552

lake1559

strand1565

race1570

channel1581

watergauge1597

gout1598

server1610

carriage1669

runnel1669

aquage1706

shoot1707

tewel1725

run1761

penstock1763

hulve1764

way-gang1766

culvert1774

flume1784

shute1790

pentrough1793

raceway1793

water carriage1793

carrier1794

conductor1796

water carrier1827

penchute1875

chute1878

by-cut1883

1581 L. Mascall Husbandlye Ordring & Gouernmente Poultrie xli. f.viiv Yee must make a channell for to conuay the running water.

1593 T. Danett tr. L. Guicciardini Descr. Low Countreys sig. N3^v Neerer to Terouenne..is a great chanell called the new Fosse or dike, made as some hold opinion by mens hands,..to stop the courses of the Enimies.

1600 J. Taverner Certaine Exper. conc. Fish & Fruite 3 Hauing a place conuenient..and some small brooke or rill running through the same, you are to dig a channell or pond as it were from the one hill to the other.

1660 F. Brooke tr. V. Le Blanc World Surveyed 377 From this Lake they draw a Channell that sets certain Leather-Engines at worke.

1721 New Gen. Atlas 119 The Dykegrave and his Assistants meet to take care of the Dykes, Sluices, Banks, and Channels..in the Rhineland.

1781 M. Flinders Diary 2 May in Gratefull to Providence (2007) I. 110 I..have also had the Causway and Channell widened & repaired.

1875 L. D'A. Jackson Hydraul. Man. (ed. 3) 136 Hydraulic engineers not having yet arrived at a perfect module for measuring the amount of water drawn off in an open channel for irrigation.

1937 S. W. Wooldridge & R. S. Morgan Physical Basis Geogr. xiv. 189 The..surface will be resolved into slopes leading down to drainage channels.

1987 Stock & Land (Melbourne) 12 Mar. 39/2 Farmland east of Lake Tyrrell would be the first to benefit from piping of the stock and domestic supply, now in open channels.

2012 New Scientist 25 Aug. 30/3 A few species [of algae] are cultivated commercially on a small scale, in shallow channels called raceways or in enclosures called photobioreactors.

c. A trough or conduit used in smelting to conduct molten metal to several moulds. Also: any of the moulds themselves; = pig n.¹ 11d. Now historical.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > metalworking equipment > [noun] > channel for conveying molten metal

channel1679

runner1799

launder1900

1679 Philos. Trans. 1677 (Royal Soc.) 12 1049 A small Channel in that end..is most remote from the blast, for the running off of the baser Metals.

1730 Philos. Trans. 1729–30 (Royal Soc.) 36 32 When the Ore is melted, it runs out at an Opening in the Bottom Part of the Front of the Furnace, through a small Channel made for that Purpose.

1806 R. Forsyth Beauties Scotl. III. 104 The lateral moulds or channels are called pigs.

1901 Shop & Foundry Pract. (Colliery Engineer Co.) IV. xxxv. 20 The metal will run into the vent channels..and fill them with iron.

?1949 Simple Guide Basic Processes Iron & Steel Industry 17 The iron was run out of the furnace along channels in the ground to a series of open sand moulds.

1992 A. Fisher Day Trips in Delmarva xiv. 199 The main pouring channel and the row of similar molds were noted to resemble a sow with suckling pigs; hence the term pig iron.

†4. A small river; a stream, a brook. Also in extended use. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > water > rivers and streams > stream > [noun] > rivulet or runnel

rindleeOE

runningc1350

stripec1440

ruissel1477

channel1478

veina1500

rivel1542

rivereta1552

rivulet1577

rundle1577

runnel1577

runner1578

runnet1601

rival1602

riverling1605

run1605

riveling1615

creek1622

drill1641

vein riveret1652

riverlet1654

rigolet1771

runlet1801

1478 in W. Fraser Chiefs of Colquhoun (1869) II. 296 Fra the crag..to the channale at the end of the said Schir Johnnis land.

1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende f. ccccxxii/1 They came to a ruysel or chanel.

?1533 G. Du Wes Introductorie for to lerne Frenche sig. Dii^v The broke or chenell, le ruisseau.

1587 R. Scot in A. Fleming et al. Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) III. Contin. 1546/1 When the flood came, the chanell did so suddenlie swell.

1630 Bp. J. Hall Occas. Medit. §xix Many drops fill the Channels, and many channels swell up the brookes.

a1649 S. Crook Τα Διαϕεροντα (1658) ii. xi. 594 If he restraine some brook of anger, It breaks out by lust, or some such like channel or rivulet.

a1727 W. Pattison Cupid's Metamorph. (1728) 206 At thy Command do roaring Channels rise, Sweep away Plains, and thunder thro' the Woods?

1773 J. Robertson Poems (rev. ed.) 147 United now in one pure stream, The crimson channels flow.

a. A navigable passage in a stretch of water otherwise unsafe for vessels; esp. one between shallows in an estuary.navigation channel, reef channel, ship-channel, etc.: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > water > sea or ocean > channel > [noun] > navigable channel through shoals, etc.

channel1536

thoroughfare1598

swatch1626

traversea1645

pilot water1653

swash1694

pass1698

waterway1759

water lane1779

swatchway1798

fairwater1802

swash-way1839

water gate1850

stoach-way1853

seaway1866

swash channel1885

1536 R. Copland tr. P. Garcie Rutter of See (new ed.) sig. b.iiii Yf ye wyll entre with in the nedles of the yle of wyght, go harde aborde y^e nedles ryght in, & beware of the rocke in the myddes of the chanell.

?1574 W. Bourne Regiment for Sea xxii. f.60v Firste (if you knowe how the channell doth lie right betweene any .2. sandes) you must view the land to take some markes for it.

1600 E. Blount tr. G. F. di Conestaggio Hist. Uniting Portugall to Castill v. 140 The nauigation or entrie thereof..lying betwixt the Iland and the left shoare (hauing but a shallow chanell) is not nauigable but at a full sea.

1695 tr. M. Misson New Voy. Italy I. xvi. 149 The Doge's Ships steer'd their Course through the navigable Chanels, without meeting with any Misfortunes.

1716 Eng. Pilot IV. i. 3/1 The South Channel is navigable for Boats or small vessels to go in at.

1798 T. Pennant View of Hindoostan I. 148 The isles..attended with reefs, and the channels between them..very deep.

1833 Dublin Penny Jrnl. 27 July 32/2 Directions were given to mariners how to steer up this channel so as to clear some rocks which lay in the middle of it.

1895 H. N. Burden Manitoulin xi. 82 For many years a portage path has existed for the convenience of Indians and others navigating the inner channel with their canoes.

1940 Sun (Baltimore) 23 Apr. 15/6 The army district engineer..is prepared to make a survey of the channel through the ‘muds’ at the mouth of the Pocomoke river.

2016 Liverpool Echo (Nexis) 8 Feb. 27 They rescued him from a 32ft yacht between Askew Spit and Taylors Bank, in the main channel of the River Mersey.

†b. An artificial waterway constructed to allow the passage of boats or ships inland; = canal n. 5a. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > water > body of water > channel of water > [noun] > navigable waterway > canal

channel1579

canal1597

cut river1677

navigation1720

shipway1840

canalette1869

klong1898

1579 T. North tr. Plutarch Liues 573 So did Xerxes..cause..a channell to be digged there to passe his shippes through.

1622 M. Drayton 2nd Pt. Poly-olbion xxvi. 117 And her [sc. the Soare] a Channell call, because she is so slow.

a1684 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1645 (1955) II. 432 The Channells [at Venice], which are as our Streetes.

1703 Universal, Hist., Geogr., Chronol. & Poet. Dict. II. at Toulouse The present K. of France had taken up a Design to make a Channel for Boats from this C. to the Lake of Maqueton.

†6. Scottish and English regional (northern). Gravel. Cf. channelly adj. Obsolete.Probably with reference to its being commonly found in the bed of a stream or river; cf. sense 1.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > stone > stony material > [noun] > gravel or shingle > gravel

gravel?a1366

glair1481

preble1541

rab1581

grail1590

channel1592

1592 in J. Stuart Extracts Council Reg. Aberdeen (1848) II. 76 That na channell, stanes, sand..be cassin in the trink of the watter.

1743 Sel. Trans. Soc. Improvers Knowl. Agric. Scotl. xii. 109 Having only sand and channel below it.

1770 J. Cook Voy. & Trav. Russ. Empire I. xvii. 68 The bottom is of channel, interspersed with a very great number of small pipes, imperceptible to the unwary stranger.

1878 Borings & Sinkings (N. Eng. Inst. Mining & Mech. Engineers) I. 45 Channel and coarse sand with water.

1893 ‘G. Setoun’ Barncraig vii That would be i' March..for Tammy was drivin' channel to the gardens o' the big house.

7. figurative. The course in which something proceeds; a direction, a line. Frequently with verbs of turning.In quot. 1631 with reference to a person's way of life.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > continuing > progress, advance, or further continuance > [noun] > continuous progress or advance of anything > course in which anything progresses

channel1631

railroada1838

1631 T. Heywood Londons Ius Honorarium sig. B^v Keepe the even Channell, and be neither swayde, To the right hand nor left.

c1680 W. Beveridge Serm. (1729) II. 518 Their affections so turned into their proper chanels.

1732 True & Faithful Narr. in J. Swift Misc. III. ii. 276 The World went on in the old Channel.

1779 J. Moore View Society & Manners France I. xxix. 268 The conversation happening to turn into this channel.

1857 D. Livingstone Missionary Trav. S. Afr. ii. 34 Turning [his] abilities..into that channel in which he was most likely to excel.

1889 Official Rep. Ann. Convent. National Assoc. Builders U.S.A. 40 It is said that great minds run in the same channel.

1963 M. McCarthy Group iii. 62 She managed to steer the conversation into safer channels by getting him to talk to Dottie about recipes and cooking.

2006 Intelligencer Jrnl. (Lancaster, Pa.) (Nexis) 9 Dec. a4 This statement completely altered my channel of thought.

II. A pipe, tube, or groove.

a. A pipe, duct, tube, or tubular cavity, natural or artificial, often used for conveying liquid; spec. a tubular cavity in the body of an animal or in the tissues of a plant. Cf. canal n. 1a, 2a.In anatomical use, now usually less technical than canal.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > physical aspects or shapes > shape > [noun] > tube or canal

conduit1340

pipec1385

channela1387

porea1398

canal?a1425

cannel?1553

strait1558

canaliculus1661

tube1661

duct1667

tubule1677

ductus1699

funnel1712

cannule1719

infundibulum1799

meatus1800

tubulet1826

tubulus1826

canalicule1839

canalization1840

ductule1883

the world > space > shape > curvature > curved three-dimensional shape or body > cylinder > [noun] > quality of being hollow cylinder > hollow cylinder or tube

pipeOE

channela1387

cannela1400

canal?a1425

trump?1440

tunnel1545

clyster1578

cannon1588

bugle1615

tube1658

the world > plants > part of plant > part defined by form or function > ridge channel > [noun]

wrinkle1545

crest1597

ruga1683

tubea1704

furrow1725

flute1728

stria1731

rib1740

carina1774

striolet1826

vallecula1856

channel1875

carination1880

rumination1889

striola1903

riblet1949

a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1874) V. 389 A greet pestilence of evel in þe chanelles of men at þe neþer ende [L. pestis inguinaria].

?1541 R. Copland Guy de Chauliac's Questyonary Cyrurgyens ii. sig. E. iv By the whiche chanels is drawen the fumous vaporacyon to the said places.

1578 T. Tymme tr. J. Calvin Comm. Genesis 199 Certain chanels or veins of the earth.

?1608 W. B. tr. A. Ortelius Theatrum Orbis Terrarum f. xj^v When they drinke, the drinke will run down as it were through a pipe or channel.

1664 H. Power Exper. Philos. i. 4 The Stings in all Bees are hollow..so that when they prick the flesh, they do also, through that channel, transfuse the poyson into it.

1704 J. Harris Lexicon Technicum I Ductus Pancreaticus, is a little Channel, which arises from the Pancreas or sweet-bread, running all along the middle of it.

1767 Sel. Ess. Husb. 49 The plants do not solely subsist on the juices extracted from the earth, by the channels and veins of the roots, the wood, and the bark.

1839 C. Darwin in R. Fitzroy & C. Darwin Narr. Surv. Voy. H.M.S. Adventure & Beagle III. v. 114 The poison channel in its [sc. a snake] fangs.

1854 E. Ronalds & T. Richardson Knapp's Chem. Technol. I. 266 E, a door for the introduction of coke through the channel F.

1875 A. W. Bennett & W. T. T. Dyer tr. J. von Sachs Text-bk. Bot. ii. v. 498 The style..may be penetrated by a channel consisting of a narrow elongation of the cavity of the ovary.

1958 Appl. Mech. Reviews 11 518/1 If the channel walls are built removable then the separated aerosol can be collected.

2008 Best Life Oct. 96/1 Cholesterol-based plaques develop between the inner and middle layers of an artery's three-layered wall, forcing the interior layer inward and shrinking the channel through which blood flows.

b. Mining. A shaft serving as an airway in a mine.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > workplace > places where raw materials are extracted > mine > [noun] > shaft > other types

stulm1693

whim-shaft1759

sump shaft1778

channel1816

staple1818

incline shaft1842

raise1877

stair-pit1883

subshaft1889

1816 Ann. Philos. 7 119 Wherever the workings of the mine..should render it impossible to form these channels of connexion with established air shafts, a new air shaft should be formed.

1886 J. Barrowman Gloss. Sc. Mining Terms 53 Raggling, a channel cut in the side of a mine and covered with boarding to serve as an airway.

1919 Trans. Amer. Soc. Heating & Ventilating Engineers 24 308 At the foot of the air shaft two or more separate channels or airways branch off in different directions.

2015 R. Steinzor Why Not Jail? 130 These channels are fed by gigantic fans drawing air from the surface.

†9. The neck; the throat. Cf. cannel n.² 3, cannel-bone n., channel-bone n. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > external parts of body > neck > [noun]

swirec888

neckeOE

halseOE

hattrelc1330

cannelc1400

channelc1425

crag1488

kennel?1533

pile1584

neck-piece1605

neck parta1627

nub1673

cervix1741

squeeze1819

scrag1829

the world > life > the body > digestive or excretive organs > digestive organs > throat or gullet > [noun]

rakeeOE

cudeOE

weasanda1000

chelc1000

throatOE

garget13..

gorgec1390

oesophagusa1398

meria1400

oesophagea1400

swallowa1400

cannelc1400

gull1412

channelc1425

halsec1440

gully1538

encla?1541

stomach?1541

lane1542

weasand-pipe1544

throttlea1547

meat-pipe1553

gargil1558

guttur1562

cropc1580

gurgulio1630

gule1659

gutter lane1684

red lane1701

swallow-pipe1786

neck1818

gullet-pipe1837

foodway1904

c1425 (c1400) Laud Troy-bk. l. 5538 (MED) Here armes vayled not an hoppe, He smot In-two bothe chanel and choppe.

1590 C. Marlowe Tamburlaine: 2nd Pt. sig. G I will strike, And cleaue him to the channell with my sword.

10. A groove, furrow, or track.

a. A (long) groove, furrow, or recess in any surface; spec. (a) Architecture a flute (flute n.¹ 4), a glyph; (b) (in quarrying and stonework) a groove or furrow cut in the line along which a stone or rock is to be split.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > shape > unevenness > condition or fact of receding > [noun] > making grooves > a groove, channel, or furrow

furrowc1374

groopc1440

regal1458

rat1513

slot?1523

gutter1555

chamfer1601

channel1611

fluting1611

furrowing1611

rita1657

denervation1657

rigol1658

groove1659

riggota1661

rake1672

stria1673

champer1713

cannelure1755

gully1803

channelure1823

flute1842

rill1855

droke1880

society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > building or constructing with stone > [noun] > stonework or masonry > types of

ashlar-work1398

rough wall1398

keying1483

corbelling1548

rustic1610

channel1611

rustic work1615

ledge1624

coffer-work1668

rubble work1675

canal1723

rockwork1755

ashlaring1758

rubble1815

ragwork1840

striped work1842

1611 R. Peake tr. S. Serlio 4th Bk. Archit. v. f. 4^v In the Corona you may cut channels or hollowings [Ger. Canaleti].

1682 G. Wheler Journey into Greece i. 48 [Pillars with] their Fusts cut into Angles, about the breadth of an usual Channel.

1765 T. H. Croker et al. Compl. Dict. Arts & Sci. II. at Groove Groove, among joiners, implies the channel made by their plough in the edge of a moulding, &c.

1795 J. C. Murphy Trav. Portugal 307 The number of channels in each column is but sixteen.

1861 A. Pratt Flowering Plants & Ferns Great Brit. III. 2 Each carpel is marked by five vertical ridges..these ridges..are separated by channels.

1884 F. W. Sperr in Rep. Building Stones U.S. 1880 37 in S. F. Peckham Rep. Production Petroleum (U.S. Dept. Interior, Census Office) In the softer sandstones channels about 18 inches in width..are dug around the sides of the quarry with sharp steel picks.

1907 Canad. Patent Office Rec. Aug. 1928/1 A thumb clearance groove and a channel in the bed thereof, an ink pad in said channel.

1963 E. H. Edwards Saddlery xv. 107 Normally the width of the channel in a well-made saddle is sufficient, but if it is too narrow.., pressure will occur on the sides of the vertebrae.

1990 Pract. Householder Apr. 14/2 Steel profiles attached to the side walls, which have channels into which the blocks are set.

2014 N. Y. Times (Nexis) 9 Feb. (Real Estate section) 8 The fluting on the columns is unlike anything seen in antiquity,..its concave channels in a luxurious mosaic of vinelike styling.

†b. In a horse: the concave space between the two bones of the lower jaw. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > family Equidae (general equines) > body or parts of horse > [noun] > mouth or type of > lower jaw

beard?1561

channel1696

underbeard1753

1696 W. Hope tr. J. de Solleysel Parfait Mareschal i. i. 3 The Channel [Fr. canal]..is the hollow betwixt the two Barrs or nether jaw-bones, in which the Tongue is lodged.

1753 Chambers's Cycl. Suppl. Channel, in the manege, is used for that concavity in the middle of the lower jaw of a horse, where the tongue lies.

1835 Dublin Penny Jrnl. 25 Apr. 338/2 The space between the branches of the lower jaw, called the channel, should be wide.

1911 Country Life in Amer. 1 May 59/3 The ‘channel’ or cavity in which the tongue reposes between the branches of the lower jaw is wide in the young horse.

c. A groove in the wheel of a pulley along which a rope, cable, etc., runs; (also) the area of the frame of a pulley in which the wheel sits.

ΚΠ

1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Pulley A little Wheel, or Rundle, having a Channel around it, and turning on an Axis.

1784 W. Falconer Universal Dict. Marine (new ed.) Canal, or Creux autour d'une poulie, the channel of a block through which the rope passes, over the sheave or wheel.

1808 Repertory Arts, Manuf., & Agric. Mar. 246 The frames carrying the pullies x and y may have..small wheels on any proper part of the sliding frame, to pass up and down in a channel, so as to prevent friction.

1967 Hesperia 36 390 The concave channels on the edges of the sheaves (‘gorges’), where the rope would slide, are at their maximum depth 0.007 m.

2000 Austral. Financial Rev. (Nexis) 2 Dec. 10 The belt, called the variator, sits inside the tapered channel of each pulley wheel.

d. Shoemaking. A groove cut around the edge of the sole of a shoe or boot, into which the seam joining the sole and upper is sunk.Recorded earliest with modifying word, in attributive use.

ΚΠ

1763 Lloyd's Evening Post 27 Apr. (advt.) Double and Single Channel Shoes.

1834 J. O'Sullivan Art & Myst. Gentle Craft 50 Cut the channel as near to the edge of the top piece as you think the point of the heel awl will come out with ease.

1922 Shoemaking (Retail Shoemen's Inst., Boston) (Sci. Shoe Retailing: Text Material Vol. IV) vi. 115 While the shoe is being made the edge of the channel is turned back and the stitches buried in the channel.

1989 R. Thompson Path to Mechanized Shoe Production in U.S. iii. xiii. 204 Channeling required great accuracy; the channel had to be deep enough to cover the stitches yet not so deep that the stitch could pull through the sole.

2013 J. A. Bingham et al. Basic Shoemaking 241/2 Either a simple incision can be made and the stitching laid in the incision (channel) or, in addition, a groove can be cut at the base of the channel to accommodate the thread.

e. A bar or beam shaped to form a channel on one side (= channel bar n. at Compounds 2); also as a mass noun.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > metal > iron > [noun] > bar of iron > channel bar

channel1844

channel iron1856

channel bar1862

channel section1866

1844 G. B. Airy Acct. Northumberland Equatoreal & Dome 9 Figure 3..is a plan of the top of the walls, shewing the wall-curb, the iron channel [etc.]... The arrangement of the channel and balls will be seen in section in Figure 6.

1885 Catal. Work Executed (Wilson Brothers & Co., Philadelphia) 36/2 The stress in the outer fibres of..beams, channels, etc.,..shall not exceed the tensile working stress..for rolled shape iron.

1904 Westm. Gaz. 22 Aug. 5/1 Structural material, such as joists, channels, and other sectional bars.

1970 Financial Times 13 Apr. 21/3 Small orders for special rollings—for, perhaps, 100 tons of 6-inch by 3-inch channel.

2016 South China Morning Post (Hong Kong) (Nexis) 10 Jan. He made sure there was sufficient space at the side to mount the structural steel channel accommodating the glass.

11. Cell Biology. A specialized pore in a membrane, allowing and controlling the passage of a specific inorganic ion; the protein structures forming a pore of this kind.Frequently with distinguishing word, as potassium channel, calcium channel, etc.

ΚΠ

1958 A. L. Hodgkin in Proc. Royal Soc. B. 148 32 In parallel with this [secretory] system are the special channels which allow sodium and potassium ions to move at varying rates down their concentration gradients.

1964 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 52 1178 The channels (or paths) by which cations may pass through a membrane are of two types, those suitable for well-hydrated ions such as Na⁺ and Ca⁺⁺, and those suitable for moderately hydrated ions such as K⁺.

1974 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 71 2858/2 Pharmacological data are indicative of a spatial separation of both sodium and potassium channels.

1983 B. Alberts et al. Molecular Biol. Cell xviii. 1025 (caption) Recording of the current through individual voltage-gated Na⁺ channels in a patch of membrane.

2002 Guardian 16 May (Online section) 10/4 The batrachotoxins..are powerful activators of proteins found in the cell wall known as sodium ion channels.

III. Figurative and extended (technical) uses.

12.

a. figurative. A medium of communication, transmission, or distribution; that through which information, news, trade, etc., is conveyed.See also usual channels at usual adj. 3a(b). With quot. 2004 cf. sense 12b.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > supply > [noun] > means of supply

channel1537

conduit1818

pipeline1916

1537 tr. H. Latimer Serm. to Clergie sig. B.vii^v A foule filthy chanell of al myscheues [sc. the devil].

1549 T. Chaloner tr. Erasmus Praise of Folie sig. Liv^v By what chanels sinne was deriued into Adams posteritee.

1639 G. Digby in G. Digby & K. Digby Lett. conc. Relig. (1651) 86 There cannot be admitted..unto the avowed channell of the Church, any corrupt Rivolet of erroneous Doctrine.

1690 T. Burnet Theory of Earth iv. 174 Another chanel wherein this doctrine is traditionally deriv'd from St. John.

1718 W. Wood Surv. Trade Ded. p. xi The Preservation of the great Channels of Trade.

1785 T. Reid Ess. Intellect. Powers 277 Knowledge..comes by another channel.

1848 J. S. Mill Princ. Polit. Econ. II. 194 No new..channel for investment has been opened.

1890 H. Adams Hist. U.S.A. during 1st Admin. J. Madison xx. 437 The President decided upon the conflicting claims of politicians to act as channels for dispensing his power.

1934 C. D. Bohannan Cooperatives as Factor in Distribution Agric. Commodities i. 1 Data..on the channels of distribution for sales channels used by manufacturers.

1958 M. L. King Stride toward Freedom xi. 208 The church..must seek to keep channels of communication open between the Negro and white community.

2004 San Diego July 46/2 The school received word the event was cancelled by the student..who initially went through proper channels to get permission.

b. through channels: (originally U.S. Military) in accordance with official or established procedures, esp. that of a bureaucracy or chain of command. Esp. in to go through channels: (of a person) to follow such procedures, typically in contrast to more direct (informal or unauthorized) means of action or communication (cf. back channel n. 2).

ΚΠ

1935 Boston Daily Globe 19 Apr. 17/4 The ruling of the department which compels officers to go through channels and obtain permission from their superior in order to take any matter to the commissioner.

1972 Atlanta Constit. 29 Dec. 1 b/1 He was ordered to ‘go through channels’ and lodge any protest with the admiral who ordered his demotion.

1984 Guardian (Nexis) 19 July The staff of the Assessment Office will begin what is described as a ‘process of consultations through channels..to establish the range and quality of opinions.’

1994 S. K. Sarker Rise & Fall of Communism 147 Strong tried to plead not guilty for Stalin..she said, Stalin acted ‘through channels’ (through the Central Committee of the Party).

2010 L. L. Adams Spectacular State iv. 157 We couldn't get a hall for the concert because we didn't ‘go through channels’, so the director of the hall..refused.

c. A person believed to be in contact with the spirits of the dead or other supernatural entities and to communicate between the dead and the living; a medium. Cf. channeller n.² 2.

ΚΠ

1970 J. Roberts Seth Material xx. 268 Seth is my channel to revelational knowledge.]

1976 U. Geller in Corpus Christi (Texas) Times 19 Feb. 8 c/3 The Arthur Ford Academy defines the word [sc. medium] in this way: ‘A highly ethical person who causes himself to become a conscious, spiritual and psychic channel.’

1978 M. Prophet & E. C. Prophet Prayer & Medit. xxvi. 246 Not a channel, not a medium, the messenger of the Great White Brotherhood has perceived the Christ as the inner Light.

1988 Times 30 May 18/2 The best known American channel is a Mrs J. Z. Knight who says she is taken over by the spirit of Ramtha, a 35,000-year-old warrior.

2015 Blackpool Gaz. (Nexis) 17 June Helen Chadwick acts as a channel for spirit guides, angels and loved ones.

13. Electronics. In a field-effect transistor: the semiconductor region forming a path through which current passes from the source terminal to the drain terminal. More fully conducting channel.Frequently with a prefixed letter distinguishing positive from negative channels, see p-channel at P n. 8, n-channel at N n. 15h.

ΚΠ

1952 Proc. IRE 40 1365/2 The current flows in a channel of p-type material bounded by the space-charge regions.

1986 Science 24 Jan. 347/2 As the current and field are increased, a voltage drop builds up along the conducting channel.

2014 E. L. Wolf Applic. Graphene iv. 51 Graphene has good conduction properties suitable for the channel of such devices.

14. Nuclear Physics. Any of the possible outcomes of a particular nuclear reaction or instance of decay of a particle or nucleus.

ΚΠ

1955 F. L. Friedman & V. F. Weisskopf in W. Pauli Niels Bohr & Devel. Physics 137 The decay through a given channel is the inverse of the formation of a compound nucleus through the same channel.

1971 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 323 105 Three real structure parameters and three real amplitude paraters for each channel..describe the totality of all neutral kaon decays.

2007 C. Iliadis Nuclear Physics Stars ii. 141 Recall that α denotes a pair of particles (including their state of excitation) in a particular channel.

15. Association Football. In plural. The areas between opposing players, exploited as a route to goal; spec. (frequently with the) the spaces between opposing fullbacks and central defenders, exploited as a means of getting the ball wide and behind the opposing defence.

ΚΠ

1990 Times 14 Feb. 47/1 McCall..in particular caught the eye as he stroked some passes into channels so accurately one half expected Alan Brazil, former Ipswich player, to materialize on the end of them.

1995 Daily Mirror 6 Nov. 2 I don't ask the players to pass the ball during the week in training and then play through the channels on match days.

2000 Evening Standard (Electronic ed.) 6 Mar. He runs into the channels and gets balls that most of the time, he's got no right to get.

IV. Senses relating to the transmission or exchange of electrical signals, data, etc.

16. Telecommunications. A signal path in an electronic circuit, used for transmitting communications; esp. (in later use) one occupying a particular frequency band or time block in a multiplexing telecommunications system.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > telecommunication > telegraphy or telephony > telegraphy > [noun] > channel or route

line1847

channel1848

1848 H. Highton & E. Highton Brit. Patent 12,039 (1857) 17 Each of the three circuits..is then split as it were into three different channels.

1922 Telegr. & Teleph. Jrnl. Oct. 8/1 The whole telegraph position in this country is changed by the fact that eight channels..can be equipped on one wire.

1959 Wire & Radio Communication 12 7/2 The 36 message channels in the deep sea cable.

2005 R. L. Freeman Fund. Telecommunications (ed. 2) iv. 78 The number of channels that can be multiplexed on a particular circuit depends on the bandwidth of the transmission medium involved.

17.

a. A band of frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum, used for the transmission of a radio or television signal.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > broadcasting > equipment > [noun] > band of frequencies

channel1923

society > communication > telecommunication > [noun] > signal > frequency or band of frequencies > channel

subchannel1825

channel1923

voice channel1924

1923 Proc. IRE 11 40 The number of independent channels is at best very limited.

1928 Television 1 No. ii. 20/2 A very short wavelength was chosen for broadcasting these ‘pictures’ because a channel 40 kilocycles wide is needed.

1935 Discovery Aug. 240/2 Automatic transmitting and high-speed recording is provided for one transmitting and one receiving channel.

1960 in Rep. Comm. Broadcasting (1962) 334 We feel that the 625-line standard with a total channel width of 8 Mc/s represents the best compromise.

2013 E. E. Johnson et al. Third-generation & Wideband HF Radio Communications vii. 231 An integrated adaptive control process..might manage all of the preceding options, as well as determine the optimal bandwidth and frequency offset within an allocated channel.

b. A television broadcast transmitted over a particular frequency band or (in later use also) internet stream. Also: an organization or group providing a transmission of this kind.In early use sometimes difficult to distinguish from sense 17a.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > broadcasting > television > [noun] > organization or service

television station1926

television network1930

TV station1945

TV network1947

channel1952

Independent Television (Authority)1954

I.T.A.1955

I.T.V.1958

side1961

Channel 41964

MTV1981

1952 Billboard 12 July 51/2 Parely Baer..had special slide pictures on all seven television channels.

1977 Times 25 Mar. 4/3 There should be an open broadcasting authority to take responsibility for the fourth television channel.

2005 Denver Post (Nexis) 25 Feb. ff2 Massey says ManiaTV is the only live 24-hour channel on the Internet but it's just the beginning.

2011 Daily Tel. 21 July 6/1 Rupert Murdoch's Fox News television channel had a ‘black ops’ department that may have illegally hacked private telephone records.

c. An account on a video sharing or streaming website, used to host content from a particular user, group, or organization.

ΚΠ

2006 NBC, YouTube announce partnership in rec.arts.tv (Usenet newsgroup) 27 June NBC will create an official NBC Channel on YouTube to house its Fall Preview area with exclusive clips to promote NBC's ‘The Office’.

2010 Hutchinson (Kansas) News 30 Jan. b4/5 Last year it [sc. the Vatican] opened a YouTube channel as well as a portal dedicated to the pope.

2016 N. Kardaras Glow Kids xiii. 232 Some gamers with channels on Twitch struggle to make enough change to buy their weekly supply of Mountain Dew.

18. A signal path in an electronic device; esp. one which is used for providing input or output, or for allowing one of several signals to be processed individually.Frequently with distinguishing word.

ΚΠ

1931 U.S. Patent 1,833,373 1/1 The system is carried out typically by providing a double amplifying system of the push-pull circuit, both channels being connected to a single three-wire microphone at the input end, and each being connected to a separate sound wave recording means at the output end.

1933 Proc. IRE 21 7 A cut-off of the audio channel was based on a specific degree of detuning from the carrier.

1946 Pop. Mech. Jan. 143/1 Volume controls R8 and R9 control each input channel separately.

1968 Brit. Med. Bull. 24 255/1 In the digital averager we have designed and built, only 1,024 bits are available for each of four channels.

1985 Yuma (Arizona) Daily Sun 4 Aug. (Family Weekly Suppl.) 9/1 The salesperson may say that a deck puts out a certain number of ‘watts per side.’ That's the amount of power fed to each of the two output channels.

2015 V. J. Manzo & W. Kuhn Interactive Composition ii. 32 You would probably want to connect a microphone to one channel to record voice and use another channel to record your guitar.

19. Computing. A path along which data can be transmitted between a central processing unit and one or more hardware components or peripheral devices; (also) a specialized processor used to control this transmission.

ΚΠ

1946 H. H. Goldstine & A. Goldstine in Math. Tables & Other Aids Computation 2 106 The five separate digit input channels on an accumulator make it possible for an accumulator to receive from any one of 5 different digit trunks.

1977 Computerworld 31 Oct. 6/4 The basic I/O configuration includes six channels (one byte multiplexer, one block multiplexer and four word channels).

2008 B. Jacob et al. Memory Syst. 44/1 A narrow, high-speed channel connects the master memory controller to the DIMM-level memory controllers.

20. Computing. An internet chat room, esp. one hosted on an Internet Relay Chat server.

ΚΠ

1992 Computer Shopper (Nexis) Feb. 697 Talk Channel is a multiuser chatting system serving users in both Dallas and Forth Worth.]

1993 E. S. Raymond New Hacker's Dict. (ed. 2) 103 Channel op, someone who is endowed with privileges on a particular IRC channel.

1995 .net Feb. 50/3 Also 6,000 channels of simultaneous conversation can sometimes cause serious lag, and be horribly confusing to the uninitiated.

2014 Age (Melbourne) (Nexis) 15 Feb. 14 Spaces for file-sharing, some blogs, and lively IRC channels.

Compounds

C1. General attributive.

a. In sense 1, as channel-bed, channel-bottom, channel-way, etc.

ΚΠ

1604 E. Grimeston tr. J. de Acosta Nat. & Morall Hist. Indies vii. xix. 552 Others sacrificed quailes, and with the bloud of them sprinckled the channell bankes.

1796 Star 27 Sept. The necessary preparations are making to weigh the wreck, at it lies quite in the Channel way.

1819 Descr. of Coasts of Northumberland & Durham 12 Here spring-tides run very strongly in the channel-way, but quite true.

1889 Science 15 Feb. 131/1 The only springs now flowing are small oozes of water issuing from the base of these slopes, or from the channel-bed.

1934 R. W. Bailey et al. Floods & Accelerated Erosion in N. Utah 7 Both the channel bottom and the sides were covered with a dense growth of trees and shrubs.

1950 H. A. Einstein Bed-load Function for Sedim. Transportation in Open Channel Flows U.S. Dept. Agric. Technical Bull. No. 1026. 2 The clear water released will tend to erode the channel bed downstream from the dam.

2015 H. Depeweg et al. Sedim. Transport in Irrigation Canals 282 Building of silt layers on channel sides is referred to as silting.

b. In sense 2, as channel crossing, channel ferry, channel trip, etc.Chiefly (often with capital initial) with reference to the English Channel.

ΚΠ

?1698 R. Colepepyr Proposal to prevent Decay Harbours 2 A strong Efflux doth carry out Sand from a Channel Barr, and Deepen, and Cleanse Channels and Harbours.

a1702 A. Grey Deb. House of Commons 1667–94 anno 1677 (1763) V. 167 Can you spare your Coast and Channel trade?

1787 Inq. Justice & Policy Union Great Brit. & Ireland 77 Our ports lying more convenient for trade, and the dangers of a coast or channel voyage removed, would lessen the rate of insurance.

1836 Bristol Mercury 6 Aug. At present, the small Channel steamers land their passengers at the steps.

1888 Standard 14 Aug. 3 The prospects of a Channel trip were brighter for the rest [of the passengers].

1914 Pop. Mech. Feb. 200/2 A channel ferry between England and Ireland for the conveyance of cargo to Blacksod.

1967 Economist 16 Sept. p. ix/1 The North Sea and Channel ports form the biggest frontiers in world trade.

2016 Gloucestershire Echo (Nexis) 5 July 29 (advt.) Our price includes..Return Channel crossings by ferry/Eurotunnel.

†c. In sense 3a, as channel-dirt, channel mud, channel-water, etc. Obsolete.With quot. 1598 cf. gutter n.¹ Compounds 3.

ΚΠ

1570 J. Foxe Actes & Monumentes (rev. ed.) I. 131/2 For dead falling to the ground, [he] sprauleth in the chanel durt.

a1593 C. Marlowe Edward II (1594) sig. K4 Here's channell water.

1598 J. Marston Scourge of Villanie i. iii. sig. D^v Shall I..taske bitterly Romes filth? scraping base channell rogarie?

1688 T. Shadwell Squire of Alsatia v. i. 71 A Lather made of Channel-dirt.

?1746 ‘T. Bobbin’ View Lancs. Dial. Gloss. Sinkdurt, channel-mud.

1785 Particulars Life & Experiences of Nicholas Manners 37 They collected great quantities of channel dirt and water to throw upon me.

1817 Act 57 George III c. 29 §73 in Statutes U.K. 639 Whosoever..fills any vehicle so as to turn over or cast any night-soil, ammoniacal liquor, slop, mire, or channel dirt, or filth, in or upon, or near to, any street or public place, shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding five pounds.

1851 T. H. Turner Some Acct. Domest. Archit. I. p. xxviii Among the varieties of tile mentioned [in the accounts of the works at St George's chapel in the time of Edward III], are channel-tiles, paving-tiles, and rug-tiles.

d. In sense 11, as channel ion, channel opening, channel protein, etc.

ΚΠ

1964 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 52 1178 The locking of an ion as ‘cameo’ into a channel site as ‘intaglio’ does not..totally exhaust the locking power of that site.

1971 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 68 1711/2 The subunit conformation change..necessary for channel opening.

1984 Proc. Royal Soc. London B. 223 49 Channel ion binding sites.

2007 N.Y. Times 14 Aug. (Washington Final ed.) d4/4 This channel protein lets positive ions stream into cells when exposed to blue light.

C2.

channel bar n. a beam or bar having upturned sides that form a channel along its length.channel bar iron in quot. 1855 probably refers to bar-iron having this form.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > metal > iron > [noun] > bar of iron > channel bar

channel1844

channel iron1856

channel bar1862

channel section1866

1855 W. Clay Brit. Patent 1366 2 Single or double grooved or channel bar iron.]

1862 Illus. London News 9 Aug. 166/2 The compression-bars are formed of two angle irons riveted to the inner sides of the trough, and cross-braced by light channel bars.

1904 G. P. Neele Railway Reminisc. 219 Some channel bars of iron on a down goods train..had gradually shifted.

2002 B. Ashabranner Washington Monument v. 49 I-beams and channel bars were strongly fastened into the columns of the framework.

channel bass n. U.S. the red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > fish > superorder Acanthopterygii (spiny fins) > order Perciformes (perches) > family Sciaenidae (drums) > [noun] > genus Sciaena > sciaena ocellata (red drum)

bass1530

drummer1615

drum1649

red drum1709

drummer fish1725

red fish1763

red sciaena1803

red bass1837

spot1864

school bass1869

channel bass1873

spotfish1875

masooka1884

red horse1884

red1958

1873 Columbus Bartholomew (Indiana) Democrat 25 Apr. 3/6 Channel bass throng the inlets like buffaloes on the prairie.

1955 F. G. Ashbrook Butchering xii.265 The roe of haddock, cod, hake, ‘Florida’ or jumping mullet, and channel bass makes an excellent canned product.

2013 T. Earnhardt Crossroads Nat. World 7 North Carolina's Official State Saltwater Fish is the Channel Bass.

channelbill n. now rare (more fully channel-bill cuckoo) = channel-billed cuckoo n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > birds > perching birds > order Cuculiformes (cuckoos, etc.) > [noun] > family Cuculidae > other members or allies of

malkoha1769

whetsaw1778

railbird1793

channelbill1801

guira1866

ground-cuckoo1883

channel-billed cuckoo1887

1801 J. Latham Gen. Synopsis Birds Suppl. II. 96 N. Holland Channel-Bill..is not very common, and first appears about Port Jackson in October.

1914 Bulletin (Sydney) 15 Jan. 24/2 The so-called storm-bird—who can't predict storms worth a cuss—is a cuckoo, the channel-bill cuckoo.

1941 Rotarian Dec. 60/3 Studies were made of the channelbill, a large cuckoo whose habits include the laying of eggs in the nests of other birds.

2006 Townsville (Queensland) Bull. (Nexis) 27 May 30 The couple had long been wildlife carers to all kinds of unusual feathered creatures, including jabirus, magpies, hawks, owls and channelbill cuckoos.

channel-billed cuckoo n. a large species of cuckoo native to Australia, Papua New Guinea, and Indonesia, Scythrops novaehollandiae, having predominantly grey plumage and a large downwardly curving bill.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > birds > perching birds > order Cuculiformes (cuckoos, etc.) > [noun] > family Cuculidae > other members or allies of

malkoha1769

whetsaw1778

railbird1793

channelbill1801

guira1866

ground-cuckoo1883

channel-billed cuckoo1887

1887 C. C. Abbott Cycl. Natural Hist. xxiii. 382 In Australia occurs one of the very largest [cuckoos], the channel-billed cuckoo.

1951 Beaudesert (Queensland) Times 20 Apr. 7/2 He had found defendant..carrying a pea rifle and a dead channel billed cuckoo, which is a protected bird throughout the State.

2016 B. Thomson & M. Robinson Australian Wildlife After Dark iv. 74 Channel-billed Cuckoos are mainly fruit and berry eaters as adults.

channel capacity n. (a) the maximum rate at which water can flow through a waterway; (b) the maximum rate at which a signal can be transmitted reliably over a communications channel without a loss of information.

ΚΠ

1869 Galveston (Texas) Daily News 15 July The channel capacity would be equal to 4 additional feet of depth.

1935 Bell Telephone Q. 14 175 The discovery of wire transmission by which intelligence could be conveyed from point to point, secretly.., would have appeared an even greater marvel, when contrasted to a system of limited channel capacity and no privacy.

2005 A. Goldsmith Wireless Communications xiv. 469 When multiple users share the same channel, the channel capacity can no longer be characterized by a single number.

2010 Plant Ecol. 211 221/1 Due to a restricted channel capacity upstream of Barmah Forest (10,400 Ml day^-1), water already released results in overbank flooding.

channel cat n. U.S. any of several North American catfish, esp. of the genus Ictalurus; spec. a medium-sized catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, native to eastern North America and widely introduced elsewhere as a food and game fish.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > fish > class Osteichthyes or Teleostomi > order Siluriformes (catfish) > [noun] > unspecified and miscellaneous member of

sea-cat1601

gaff-topsail1794

mudpout1804

mudcat1819

blue cat1826

channel cat-fish1838

channel cat1847

sea-catfish1882

goujon1883

scorpion fish1883

bashaw1888

ground spearing1896

the world > animals > fish > class Osteichthyes or Teleostomi > order Siluriformes (catfish) > [noun] > member of family Ictaluridae

bullhead1674

horn-pout1798

horned pout1837

minister1839

channel cat1847

flannel-mouth1882

stone-cat1882

madtom1896

1847 Boston Jrnl. Nat. Hist. 5 333 In the Cincinnati market, at this age, it is known under the name of ‘channel-cat’.

1913 W. Cather O Pioneers! i. ii. 29 Twice every summer she sent the boys to the river..to fish for channel cat.

2014 S. Griffin Llanas Catfish 24 Channel cats like dead baits.

channel cat-fish n. = channel cat n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > fish > class Osteichthyes or Teleostomi > order Siluriformes (catfish) > [noun] > unspecified and miscellaneous member of

sea-cat1601

gaff-topsail1794

mudpout1804

mudcat1819

blue cat1826

channel cat-fish1838

channel cat1847

sea-catfish1882

goujon1883

scorpion fish1883

bashaw1888

ground spearing1896

1838 J. P. Kirtland in 2nd Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Ohio 169 Pimelobus pallidus,..Channel cat-fish.

1914 L. L. Lindsay Ponds, Pond Fish, & Pond Fish Culture 186 While the Channel catfish were being handled, in the transfer tanks, they would spit up fish that they had swallowed.

2015 Philadelphia Inquirer (Nexis) 2 Aug. (City-D ed.) a2 They left without catching any common carp, but they did nab a channel catfish just before noon.

channel changer n. originally U.S. a remote control for a television.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > broadcasting > television > transmitting or receiving apparatus > [noun] > television set > remote control device

channel changer1955

zapper1984

channel zapper1985

1955 Pop. Mech. Mag. Feb. 70/2 (advt.) Build mechanical remote control TV channel changer.]

1955 Silsbee (Texas) Bee 21 July 2/2 Channel changer... The gadget..shoots a beam of light at slots on the front of the TV set.

1988 J. McInerney Story of my Life v. 78 I grab the channel-changer by the bed and flip on ‘All My Children’.

2004 D. F. Wallace Oblivion 33 He..sat with his satellite TV's channel changer in his left hand switching rapidly from channel to channel to channel.

Channel Country n. (also with lower-case initials) an area of south-west Queensland and adjoining parts of South Australia, Northern Territory, and New South Wales, forming part of the Lake Eyre drainage basin, which is crossed by many seasonal rivulets, with summer rains producing rich grasslands and grazing for livestock.

ΚΠ

1892 Queenslander 16 Apr. 742/4 How this is to be carried out, under present arrangements, on the vast f[l]ooded channel country on the Cooper and other rivers I have yet to learn.

1947 Proc. Royal Soc. Queensland 59 158 Panicum Whitei..is..sometimes..a prominent part of the pasture of the ‘channel country’.

2016 ABC Premium News (Austral.) (Nexis) 24 Oct. The wet weather and cooler temperatures meant the tourist season had run longer, with people making the trip out to see the Channel Country in flood.

channel fever n. Nautical †(a) (in a sailor) an unwillingness to engage in duties on leaving shore, sometimes accompanied by feigned illness (obsolete); (b) a feeling of restlessness or excitement attributed to or experienced by sailors as their vessel nears home port; (hence, more generally) homesickness.Originally used in reference to British sailors crossing the English Channel upon departure or return.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > suffering > dejection > melancholy > [noun] > nostalgia > homesickness

country disease1562

Heimweha1721

maladie du pays1749

homesickness1756

nostalgia1756

mal du pays1777

nostalgy1846

channel fever1850

1850 Edinb. Med. & Surg. Jrnl. 73 46 In a merchant ship in bad weather, as in the British Channel, the duty of the seamen becomes almost uninterrupted, and some are apt to feign indisposition; this is called by the sailors the ‘Channel Fever’.

1872 Bangor (Maine) Daily Whig & Courier 23 Sept. 4/1 An alarming sickness has broken out among the yachtmen of England. Symptoms—an entire loss of pluck, a desire to keep still, and an utter aversion to cross the channel... The illness is known as the ‘channel fever’.

1900 Goshen (Indiana) Daily Democrat 30 July 6/5 Mighty few of the stiffs are workers... Before they have crossed Sandy Hook they are generally sick—channel fever, we call it.

1946 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 51 382 Look at Jones, will you, getting his blues out already. Boy oh boy, he's got channel-fever bad.

1992 J. Hamilton-Paterson Seven-tenths i. i. 25 The echo is of the ‘Channel Fever’ which returning British sailors used to contract on first glimpsing the south coast.

2011 J. Crowder Hillbilly in Coast Guard 68 I'm glad he's getting out of here. He's had channel fever for the past six months.

Channel Fleet n. (also with lower-case initial in the second element) now historical a fleet of the Royal Navy detailed for service in the English Channel; cf. Home Fleet n. at home n.¹ and adj. Compounds 2.In 1909 the Channel Fleet became the 2nd Division of the Home Fleet.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > hostilities at sea > navy > a naval force or fleet > [noun] > specific fleet

armada1588

flote1673

flota1690

Home Fleet1705

home guard1712

Channel Fleet1741

Grand Fleet1914

1741 London Daily Post 5 Mar. 1/3 The Press for Seamen is carry'd on with the greatest Vigour, in order to Mann the Channel fleet.

1831 J. Watkins William the Fourth i. ii. 36 The encounter of the channel-fleet with the combined French and Spanish squadrons.

1909 Times 1 Mar. 8/5 The Channel Fleet will proceed to sea the next day, returning to Portland on March 20. This will be the final cruise of the Channel Fleet.

2002 M. Estensen Life Matthew Flinders iii. 38 Twelve days later the Channel Fleet and its prizes, six captured ships, anchored triumphantly at Spithead.

Channel 4 n. (also Channel Four) a (proposed) fourth national television channel in the United Kingdom, put into operation in 1982 by the Independent Broadcasting Authority to broadcast programmes, esp. those of minority interest, from independent contractors.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > broadcasting > television > [noun] > organization or service

television station1926

television network1930

TV station1945

TV network1947

channel1952

Independent Television (Authority)1954

I.T.A.1955

I.T.V.1958

side1961

Channel 41964

MTV1981

1964 Spectator 23 Oct. 544/2 Local radio should pay for itself (and indeed other services, such as Channel Four) by advertising.

1980 Times 30 Jan. 16 (heading) Channel 4: can the big money be found?

1982 Times 3 Nov. 1/8 Thames Television, relaying the Channel Four programmes in London, said that all the advertising breaks had been filled.

2016 Redditch Advertiser (Nexis) 5 Apr. Ahead of the 400th anniversary of William Shakespeare's death, Channel 4 recently broadcast the results of the first ever archaeological investigation of his grave in Stratford.

channel iron n. (a) (as a mass noun) metal (esp. iron or steel) in the form of channel bars; †(b) a support for the guttering of a building (obsolete rare).

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > wall of building > [noun] > structures for throwing off rainwater > parts of

channel iron1856

society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > metal > iron > [noun] > bar of iron > channel bar

channel1844

channel iron1856

channel bar1862

channel section1866

1856 Morning Post 21 Nov. 3/5 The bars are of channel iron, and cross each other diagonally.

a1877 E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. I. 526/2 Channel-iron, a brace or hook to support the guttering.

1936 E. A. Atkins & A. G. Walker Electr. Arc & Oxy-acetylene Welding (ed. 3) iii. 27 It will be an advantage to have a Vee block of the above type welded to a piece of channel iron which can then be fitted over the top of a trestle.

2011 E. Kultermann & W. P. Spence Constr. Materials, Methods & Techniques xv. 253/1 Hot-rolling is used for most structural shapes such as I-beams, wide-flange beams, channel iron and angle iron.

channel-leaved adj. Botany (now rare) having inwardly curved leaves; cf. channelled adj. 1b.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > part of plant > leaf > plant defined by leaves > [adjective] > having leaves of particular shape or size

broad-leaved1552

long-leaved1562

narrow-leaved1578

round-leaved1597

small-leaved1597

long-leafed1629

rosemary-leaved1633

rue-leaved1633

teretifolious1657

cut-leaved1731

longleaf1733

channel-leaved1758

halberd-shaped1770

alder-leaved1772

oak-leaved1776

holly-leaved1777

ivy-leaved1789

halberd-headed1795

daisy-leaved1796

narrow-leaf1804

oblique-leaved1807

sword-leaved1807

wing-leaved1822

flaggy1842

curly1845

macrophyllous1857

parvifolious1857

shield-leaved1860

curled1861

symphyllous1877

beak-leaved188.

stenophyllous1880

thread-leaved1884

megaphyllous1901

little leaf1908

ivy-leaf1909

1758 Philos. Trans. 1757 (Royal Soc.) 50 679 The very species, which was most frequently used for this purpose, was the channel-leaved lichenoides.

1836 J. C. Loudon Encycl. Plants (rev. ed.) Gloss. 1096/2 Channel-leaved, folded together so as to resemble a channel for conducting water.

1997 New Zealand Jrnl. Bot. 35 423/1 This green- and channel-leaved sedge with three stigmas is known only from dolomite rock outcrops.

† channel raker n. Obsolete a person employed to clean out street gutters, a scavenger (scavenger n. 2a); (hence derogatory) a lower-class or contemptible person; cf. canel raker n. at cannel n.² Compounds 2, kennel-raker n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > cleaning > cleaning streets > [noun] > one who

mucker1229

raker1327

canel raker?1518

masser-scourer?1518

scavenger1530

sweep-street1553

channel raker1575

broom-man1592

broom-boy1593

gutter-master1607

rake-kennel1707

fulyie man1826

road sweeper1832

crossing-sweeper1841

street orderly1848

orderly1851

scavager1851

scaffy1853

broomer1857

sweep1858

roader1883

society > society and the community > social class > the common people > low rank or condition > the lowest class > [noun] > person of the lowest class

ribalda1250

kitchen knave1440

scullion1483

scudler1488

canel raker?1518

channel raker1575

proletary1576

muckworm1649

proletariana1657

infimate1733

proletaire1796

coolie1803

gutterling1846

mudsill1858

prole1887

gutter-sparrow1890

gutter-bird1896

underworldling1928

delta1932

lumpenproletarian1936

proly1959

1575 G. Gascoigne Fruites of Warre cxxvij, in Posies sig. h.viii The Chanell raker liueth by his fee, Yet compt I him more worthie prayse than thee.

1607 R. West Court of Conscience sig. C3^v Maker of songs by euery channell raker.

1647 I. H. Virtue & Valour Vindicated 3 Nor sprung from the loynes of some channell raker.

channel seam n. Fashion a type of decorative seam made by joining two parts of the same fabric with another strip of (contrasting) fabric underneath to form a channel.

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > sewn or ornamented textile fabric > [noun] > sewing or work sewn > seam > specific

seamc1394

round seam1626

fell1852

run and fell1852

French seam1882

dart1884

overseam1891

French seam1903

slot seam1918

jetting1923

channel seam1931

flat-fell seam1939

channel seaming1948

1931 Times 12 Oct. 15 (advt.) Channel seams at back and front give a semi-fitting effect.

2005 Observer (Nexis) 10 Apr. (Review section) 4 He talks about French vents and channel seams and pleats and flaps and side-adjusters as other men might discuss inverse-valve sprocket widgets.

channel seaming n. [after channel seam n.] (the use of) channel seams.

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > sewn or ornamented textile fabric > [noun] > sewing or work sewn > seam > specific

seamc1394

round seam1626

fell1852

run and fell1852

French seam1882

dart1884

overseam1891

French seam1903

slot seam1918

jetting1923

channel seam1931

flat-fell seam1939

channel seaming1948

1948 J. Austin Royal Wedding in Great Brit. & East Jan. (between pp. 46 and 47) Equally simple was the blue crepe dress, adorned only by channel seaming in three double rows to form a cross-over bodice.

2013 B. English Cultural Hist. Fashion 20th & 21st Cent. (ed. 2) 97 Distinctive finishing features such as banded hemlines, false pocket flaps and channel seaming.

channel section n. and adj. (a) n. = channel bar n. (b) adj. constructed from channel bars.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > metal > iron > [noun] > bar of iron > channel bar

channel1844

channel iron1856

channel bar1862

channel section1866

1866 Railway Times 17 Mar. 1/3 The channel section, when viewed properly—that is, with the channel or trough in elevation—is a very handsome shape.

1884 Iron 16 May 441/2 The rolls for producing four-cornered channel section wire or bars are four in number... The edges of the rolls are convex rounded and form the channels in the four sides.

1910 Westm. Gaz. 22 Mar. 5/2 The motor..is mounted..on a channel-section underframe suspended at three points.

1930 Engineering 2 May 564/1 The bracket..was formed of two channel sections.

1998 J. R. Vinson & Z. Chen in G. M. Newaz & R. F. Gibson Proc. 8th Japan–U.S. Conf. Composite Materials 219 Plate components wherein one long edge is unsupported or free, e.g. channel sections and T-sections.

2001 Automobile June 30/3 The channel section chassis..was of a sound if conservative design.

channel selector n. a switch or button which changes the channel on a radio or television set, esp. one that is integral to the set, as opposed to a remote control.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > telecommunication > radio communications > radio equipment > [noun] > radio set > controls

automatic frequency control1921

automatic volume control1924

automatic gain control1925

channel selector1931

fine tuner1965

1931 Sunday Gaz. (Cedar Rapids, Iowa) 15 Feb. 1/7 There is..a channel selector which picks out one program from the three on the set.

1987 M. Gratton in J. McLeod Oxf. Bk. Canad. Polit. Anecd. (1988) 259 He was forever fiddling with a TV channel selector to make sure he didn't miss anything.

2000 J. Deaver Speaking in Tongues (2003) iv. 40 Konnie clicked the TV's channel selector. He seemed fascinated to find a TV that had no remote control.

channel-shaped adj. shaped like or resembling a channel, esp. in having upturned sides.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > metal > iron > [adjective] > iron in specific form

faggotedc1670

puddled1838

channel-shaped1855

shingled1884

1855 Philos. Mag. 10 409 He was necessitated to reduce the case to that of linear currents, which necessarily demand channel-shaped bounds, if every possibility of a lateral outspreading is to be avoided.

1906 J. W. M. Sothern Marine Steam Turbine (ed. 2) II. 54 At the outer ends..the blades fit..into a channel-shaped brass ring, or ‘shroud’, as it is called.

1990 W. Weaver & J. M. Gere Matrix Anal. of Framed Structures (ed. 3) vi. 425 Figure 6-23a shows a beam member with a channel-shaped cross section.

† channel shoe n. Obsolete a shoe having a groove cut around the edge of the sole, into which the seam joining the sole and upper is sunk; frequently in English channel shoe.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > parts of machines > other parts > [noun] > other specific parts

armOE

button?1561

running gear1663

relax1676

collar1678

drumhead1698

long arm1717

drum1744

press cloth1745

head1785

absorber1789

bearing plate1794

crown1796

rhodings1805

press box1825

alternator1829

cushion1832

saw tooth1835

shoe1837

keyboard1839

returner1839

cross-head1844

channel shoe1845

baster1846

water port1864

shifter1869

magazine1873

entry port1874

upsetter1875

mechanism1876

tapper1876

tension bar1879

buttonholer1882

take-up1884

auger1886

instrument panel1897

balancer1904

torsion bar1937

powerhead1960

1763 Lloyd's Evening Post 27 Apr. (advt.) Double and Single Channel Shoes.]

1845 Dundee Courier 25 Mar. (advt.) Ladies enamelled patent walking and channel shoes.

1874 Harper's Mag. Sept. 802 She wore English channel shoes.

1908 Boot & Shoe Recorder 22 July 121/1 The Joseph Caunt Company..produces an English channel shoe, on a modified English last.

Channel Tunnel n. (also with lower-case initial in the second element or in both elements) a (proposed) tunnel under the English Channel linking the coasts of England and France; also figurative.The tunnel, 50.5 km (31.4 miles) in length, was opened on 6 May 1994, and is used by passenger and freight rail services; cf. Eurostar n., Le Shuttle n., Chunnel n.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > means of travel > route or way > other means of passage or access > [noun] > underground passage or tunnel > under the English Channel

Channel Tunnel1869

Chunnel1907

1869 Times 25 June 5/5 The Channel Tunnel... Project for a submarine tunnel between Dover and a point near Cape Blanc-nez, on the French coast.

1889 G. M. Hopkins Let. 29 Apr. (1935) 304 Rot about babies, a blethery bathos into which Hugo and he [sc. Swinburne] from opposite coasts have long driven Channel-tunnels.

1957 Encycl. Brit. V. 232/2 The Channel tunnel scheme was shelved again [in 1924] but the idea did not die.

1997 Transportation Statistics Ann. Rep. 1997 (U.S. Dept. of Transportation) x. 242 In 1994, France and the United Kingdom initiated London to Paris HSR service using the privately constructed and operated channel tunnel, or chunnel.

2010 Grocer Feb. 11/4 Fresh produce from Spain is being rail-freighted from Valencia to the UK using the Channel Tunnel.

Derivatives

ˈchannelward adv. = channelwards adv.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > water > sea or ocean > channel > [adverb] > in direction of English Channel

channelward1847

channelwards1848

1847 Sporting Rev. Jan. 41 The strength of the fish being resolved at times into thrusts and probings channelward.

1920 Chambers's Jrnl. 67/2 I waved my hand Channelward.

2013 Capital (Annapolis, Maryland) 2 Oct. a5 The project is redesigned to extend farther channelward.

ˈchannelwards adv. in the direction of a channel; spec. the English Channel.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > water > sea or ocean > channel > [adverb] > in direction of English Channel

channelward1847

channelwards1848

1848 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Feb. 194/2 I turned my eyes channelwards, and my thoughts to passports and posthorses.

1948 Daily Independent (Murphysboro, Illinois) 5 June 4/3 The only question in the Hitlerites' mind was where the Allies would strike and when. Their feints channelwards were meant to confuse.

2001 P. W. French Coastal Defences 282 There is insufficient mudflat width for marshes to be sustainable..due to the..tendency for marshes to slump channelwards under gravity.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2017; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	channel
释义	channeln.¹ Brit. /ˈtʃanl/, U.S. /ˈtʃæn(ə)l/ Forms: Middle English chanayle, Middle English–1500s chanelle, Middle English–1600s chanell, Middle English–1700s chanel, 1500s channelle, 1500s–1600s chenell, 1500s–1600s chennell, 1500s–1700s channell, 1500s– channel, 1600s–1700s chanall, 1600s–1700s channal, 1600s (1800s English regional (northern and midlands)) chennel; English regional (northern) 1800s chanil, 1800s chinnel; also Scottish pre-1700 channale, 1900s chennel. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French chanel. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman chanell, chanelle, chanele, Anglo-Norman and Middle French chanel, chanal (compare Old French (northern) chanel , Old French, Middle French chenal ; French chenal ) hollow bed of a river or stream (beginning of the 12th cent. in Old French), gutter (13th cent.), (in anatomy) passage, tube (13th cent.), any of various kinds of artificial watercourse (14th cent.), navigable passage in an otherwise unsafe stretch of water, giving access to a port (late 14th cent.) < classical Latin canālis canal n. Compare later canal n. and cannel n.², and (with sense 3a) also kennel n.²Compare post-classical Latin chenella , chanellum , chanellus (natural or artificial) watercourse (from 13th cent. in British sources; < French). The later semantic development is influenced by classical Latin canālis canal n. Sense 9 may in origin show a different word; compare earlier cannel n.² 3 and see discussion at that entry. In sense 10a(a) after Italian canaletto (1542 in the passage translated in quot. 1611, in a German context), lit. ‘small channel’. In sense 10b after the corresponding specific use of French canal canal n. (1611 in Cotgrave). I. A watercourse, and related senses. 1. The hollow bed of a river, stream, or other body of running water; the course through which a river or stream flows. Formerly also: †the seabed (obsolete). Cf. cannel n.² 1a.overflow channel, rill channel, river channel, etc.: see the first element. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > rivers and streams > stream > [noun] > bed of rakeeOE channela1387 cannela1400 watercourse1566 alveus1686 waterstead1775 fiumara1820 stream-way1822 wash1894 the world > the earth > water > sea or ocean > region of sea or ocean > [noun] > sea bed groundOE sea-groundOE channela1387 sea-bottoma1400 ocean bed1638 ocean floor1820 sea bed1838 ocean basin1848 ocean bottom1855 sea-floor1855 a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1869) II. 29 Þat ryuer..leueþ ofte þe chanel [L. alveo relicto]. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. xiii. iii. 654 Sometyme by grete reyne..the water ariseþ and passeþ þe chanayle and brymmes. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 22563 Of hir chanel þe see sal rise. 1563 W. Baldwin et al. Myrrour for Magistrates (new ed.) Hastings xlii Flye from thy chanell Thames. 1692 R. Bentley Boyle Lect. iv. 24 The Chanels of Rivers [will be] corroded by the Streams. 1698 J. Keill Exam. Theory Earth (1734) 129 They would fill the great Channel of the Ocean if it were empty. a1701 H. Maundrell Journey Aleppo to Jerusalem (1703) 19 A River or rather a Channel of a River, for it was now almost dry. 1790 R. Burns in J. Johnson Scots Musical Museum III. 288 As streams their channels deeper wear. 1847 C. Lyell Princ. Geol. (ed. 7) xix. 263 During other seasons of the year, the ocean makes reprisals, scouring out the channels. 1858 Mining & Statistic Mag. June 468 In this way only a small part of any gold which was in the channel could have been obtained. 1932 W. C. Alden Physiogr. & Glacial Geol. E. Montana p. vii/2 The Keewatin ice sheet covered most of the area north of the present channel of the Missouri River. 2005 W. H. Doleman in B. J. Vierra Late Archaic across Borderlands v. 117 Streams went from occupying incised channels to meandering across fertile, aggrading floodplains. 2. a. A length of water wider than a strait, joining two larger areas of water, esp. two seas. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > body of water > channel of water > [noun] channel1427 gullet1515 traversea1645 the world > the earth > water > sea or ocean > channel > [noun] meatusc1425 channel1427 canal1542 tide-gate1589 euripe1600 Euripus1601 interflow1610 sleeve1614 tides-way1627 gat1723 tideway1798 lane1835 seaway1866 1427 Petition (P.R.O.: SC 8/25/1232) Vesselx and men..be lost and perisshid..for defaute of a bekyn þ^t shud teche þe poeple to holde þe right chanell. ?c1475 in J. Gairdner Sailing Direct. (1889) 22 (MED) Yif it be stremy grounde, it is betwene Huschaunt and cille in the entry in the Chanell of Flaundres. 1553 R. Eden tr. S. Münster Treat. Newe India sig. Eiij^v The sea in certaine chanels is of such heigth and depth, that no anker may come to the bottome. 1617 F. Moryson Itinerary i. iii. iv. 258 This channell running from the blacke sea, called Euxinus, into Propontis, and so..to these said two Castles, and from hence into the Aegean sea. a1678 A. Marvell Last Instr. to Painter in Coll. Poems Affairs of State (1689) III. sig. D Those Oaken Gyants of the ancient Race,That rul'd all Seas, and did our Channel grace. 1723 D. Defoe Hist. Col. Jack (ed. 2) 225 We had tollerable Weather..till we came into the Soundings, so they call the Mouth of the British Channel. a1781 R. Watson Hist. Reign Philip III (1783) ii. 151 The island [in the Rhine]..is separated by a narrow channel from the town. 1839 C. Darwin in R. Fitzroy & C. Darwin Narr. Surv. Voy. H.M.S. Adventure & Beagle III. xi. 237 This [Beagle] channel which was discovered by Captain FitzRoy during the last voyage. 1876 F. Martin Hist. Lloyd's xi. 183 Ever since that time the channels connecting the ocean and the former inland lake have been multiplying and shifting. 1902 H. J. Mackinder Brit. & Brit. Seas ii. 23 Outside, beyond the relatively broad channel of the Minch, is a mountain ridge striking north-north-eastward. 1938 Geogr. Rev. 28 209 The channel between Oahu and Kauai, seventy miles in width, is the only one between inhabited islands the shores of which are not intervisible. 2010 Western Mail (Nexis) 26 Mar. 15 The ship was sailing up the channel between Ireland and Wales. b. the Channel: spec. the English Channel.English Channel first occurs at around the same time: cf. quot. 1589. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > sea or ocean > channel > [noun] > English Channel South SeaOE mid-channel1518 sleeve1574 the Channel1588 silver streak1879 1588 Packe of Spanish Lyes 9 Hee came to the Channell, sixe leagues from Plimmouth: where vnderstanding the enemies were, hee gathered together and set in order all the fleete. 1589 Declar. Causes Arrest of Shippes 11 They couenanted in plaine words, with the shipmasters, that they should not passe into Spaine & Portingall through the English Chanel & vsuall way.] 1633 Earl of Strafford Let. 7 Sept. (1739) I. 109 We may no more admit this Course of Prize taking, to the disquieting the Trades of His Majesty's Subjects here in the Channel, than in the River of Thames. 1694 London Gaz. No. 2961/1 The Weymouth..left the rest of the homeward bound..Fleet..off the Lizard, making up the Channel. 1711 Atlas Geographus II. 1071/1 The Port [sc. Brest] is much frequented by French Privateers, who infest the Channel in Time of War. 1762 New & Gen. Biogr. Dict. VII. 265 They passed through Lorrain into France, from thence crossed the channel into England, and made Holland the last stage of their travels. 1837 T. Carlyle French Revol. I. ii. vi. 70 Swindlery and Blackguardism have stretched hands across the Channel, and saluted mutually. 1877 Judy 26 Dec. 112/1 I have not yet swam across the Channel, or bicycled from Paris to Vienna. 1933 Radio Times 14 Apr. 75/1 The war was newly over... There was a tremendous fuss of coming and going across the Channel. 2004 Daily Tel. 13 Aug. 36/1 ‘The Froggies’ were discouraging Britons from taking booze'n'fags cruises across the Channel. 3. a. An artificial watercourse running at the side or (less commonly) along the middle of a street or road, to carry away the surface water; a gutter. Cf. cannel n.² 1b, kennel n.²In later use Scottish, English regional, or simply a contextual use of sense 3b. ΘΚΠ society > travel > means of travel > route or way > way, path, or track > street > [noun] > gutter in a street gutter1408 cannel1422 channel1440 kennel1582 ginnel1613 water table1664 channelling1834 Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 69 Chanelle of a strete, canalis, aquagium. a1500 (?a1390) J. Mirk Festial (Gough) (1905) 195 (MED) Goo downe ynto þe strete, and se þer a pylgrym lyyng yn þe chanell. 1578 J. Lyly Euphues f. 3^v Dronken sottes wallowinge.., in euery channell. 1617 Bp. J. Hall Quo Vadis? (new ed.) xx. 74 Euery obscure Holy-day takes the wall of it, and thrusts it into the channell. ?1689 Articles Charge of Wardmote Inquest (first sheet) If any person...sweep any Dung, Ordure, Rubbish, Rushes, Seacoal-Dust, or any other thing noyant, down into the Channel of any Street or Lane. a1726 J. Vanbrugh Journey to London (1728) iii. i. 40 Overturn'd in the Channel, as we were going to the Play-house. ?1746 ‘T. Bobbin’ View Lancs. Dial. (Gloss.) sig. D5^v Riggot, Channel or Gutter. 1843 ‘T. Treddlehoyle’ Bairnsla Foaks' Ann. (E.D.D.) 12 Swept him reight aght a doors intat chanil. 1882 J. O. Halliwell Outl. Life Shakespeare (ed. 2) 18 House slops were recklessly thrown into ill-kept channels that lined the sides of unmetalled roads. 1911 Munic. Engin. 41 47/1 If such open channels in the street can not be used, closed channels or culverts may be used. 1995 J. M. Sims-Kimbrey Wodds & Doggerybaw: Lincs. Dial. Dict. 55/1 Channels, roadside gutters. 2002 Church Times 1 Nov. 32/3 As I thought, the grigs, i.e. those little channels cut in the sides of roads to let the water run away, are blocked. b. gen. Any artificial watercourse, esp. one constructed for irrigation. Cf. canal n. 4. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > rivers and streams > stream > [noun] > channel for conveyance of water water leatOE water lade1224 leat1279 watergang1293 sow1316 trough1398 wissinga1400 lanec1420 waterway1431 water leasow1440 watercoursea1450 fleam1523 lead1541 cut1548 aqueducta1552 lake1559 strand1565 race1570 channel1581 watergauge1597 gout1598 server1610 carriage1669 runnel1669 aquage1706 shoot1707 tewel1725 run1761 penstock1763 hulve1764 way-gang1766 culvert1774 flume1784 shute1790 pentrough1793 raceway1793 water carriage1793 carrier1794 conductor1796 water carrier1827 penchute1875 chute1878 by-cut1883 1581 L. Mascall Husbandlye Ordring & Gouernmente Poultrie xli. f.viiv Yee must make a channell for to conuay the running water. 1593 T. Danett tr. L. Guicciardini Descr. Low Countreys sig. N3^v Neerer to Terouenne..is a great chanell called the new Fosse or dike, made as some hold opinion by mens hands,..to stop the courses of the Enimies. 1600 J. Taverner Certaine Exper. conc. Fish & Fruite 3 Hauing a place conuenient..and some small brooke or rill running through the same, you are to dig a channell or pond as it were from the one hill to the other. 1660 F. Brooke tr. V. Le Blanc World Surveyed 377 From this Lake they draw a Channell that sets certain Leather-Engines at worke. 1721 New Gen. Atlas 119 The Dykegrave and his Assistants meet to take care of the Dykes, Sluices, Banks, and Channels..in the Rhineland. 1781 M. Flinders Diary 2 May in Gratefull to Providence (2007) I. 110 I..have also had the Causway and Channell widened & repaired. 1875 L. D'A. Jackson Hydraul. Man. (ed. 3) 136 Hydraulic engineers not having yet arrived at a perfect module for measuring the amount of water drawn off in an open channel for irrigation. 1937 S. W. Wooldridge & R. S. Morgan Physical Basis Geogr. xiv. 189 The..surface will be resolved into slopes leading down to drainage channels. 1987 Stock & Land (Melbourne) 12 Mar. 39/2 Farmland east of Lake Tyrrell would be the first to benefit from piping of the stock and domestic supply, now in open channels. 2012 New Scientist 25 Aug. 30/3 A few species [of algae] are cultivated commercially on a small scale, in shallow channels called raceways or in enclosures called photobioreactors. c. A trough or conduit used in smelting to conduct molten metal to several moulds. Also: any of the moulds themselves; = pig n.¹ 11d. Now historical. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > metalworking equipment > [noun] > channel for conveying molten metal channel1679 runner1799 launder1900 1679 Philos. Trans. 1677 (Royal Soc.) 12 1049 A small Channel in that end..is most remote from the blast, for the running off of the baser Metals. 1730 Philos. Trans. 1729–30 (Royal Soc.) 36 32 When the Ore is melted, it runs out at an Opening in the Bottom Part of the Front of the Furnace, through a small Channel made for that Purpose. 1806 R. Forsyth Beauties Scotl. III. 104 The lateral moulds or channels are called pigs. 1901 Shop & Foundry Pract. (Colliery Engineer Co.) IV. xxxv. 20 The metal will run into the vent channels..and fill them with iron. ?1949 Simple Guide Basic Processes Iron & Steel Industry 17 The iron was run out of the furnace along channels in the ground to a series of open sand moulds. 1992 A. Fisher Day Trips in Delmarva xiv. 199 The main pouring channel and the row of similar molds were noted to resemble a sow with suckling pigs; hence the term pig iron. †4. A small river; a stream, a brook. Also in extended use. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > rivers and streams > stream > [noun] > rivulet or runnel rindleeOE runningc1350 stripec1440 ruissel1477 channel1478 veina1500 rivel1542 rivereta1552 rivulet1577 rundle1577 runnel1577 runner1578 runnet1601 rival1602 riverling1605 run1605 riveling1615 creek1622 drill1641 vein riveret1652 riverlet1654 rigolet1771 runlet1801 1478 in W. Fraser Chiefs of Colquhoun (1869) II. 296 Fra the crag..to the channale at the end of the said Schir Johnnis land. 1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende f. ccccxxii/1 They came to a ruysel or chanel. ?1533 G. Du Wes Introductorie for to lerne Frenche sig. Dii^v The broke or chenell, le ruisseau. 1587 R. Scot in A. Fleming et al. Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) III. Contin. 1546/1 When the flood came, the chanell did so suddenlie swell. 1630 Bp. J. Hall Occas. Medit. §xix Many drops fill the Channels, and many channels swell up the brookes. a1649 S. Crook Τα Διαϕεροντα (1658) ii. xi. 594 If he restraine some brook of anger, It breaks out by lust, or some such like channel or rivulet. a1727 W. Pattison Cupid's Metamorph. (1728) 206 At thy Command do roaring Channels rise, Sweep away Plains, and thunder thro' the Woods? 1773 J. Robertson Poems (rev. ed.) 147 United now in one pure stream, The crimson channels flow. 5. a. A navigable passage in a stretch of water otherwise unsafe for vessels; esp. one between shallows in an estuary.navigation channel, reef channel, ship-channel, etc.: see the first element. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > sea or ocean > channel > [noun] > navigable channel through shoals, etc. channel1536 thoroughfare1598 swatch1626 traversea1645 pilot water1653 swash1694 pass1698 waterway1759 water lane1779 swatchway1798 fairwater1802 swash-way1839 water gate1850 stoach-way1853 seaway1866 swash channel1885 1536 R. Copland tr. P. Garcie Rutter of See (new ed.) sig. b.iiii Yf ye wyll entre with in the nedles of the yle of wyght, go harde aborde y^e nedles ryght in, & beware of the rocke in the myddes of the chanell. ?1574 W. Bourne Regiment for Sea xxii. f.60v Firste (if you knowe how the channell doth lie right betweene any .2. sandes) you must view the land to take some markes for it. 1600 E. Blount tr. G. F. di Conestaggio Hist. Uniting Portugall to Castill v. 140 The nauigation or entrie thereof..lying betwixt the Iland and the left shoare (hauing but a shallow chanell) is not nauigable but at a full sea. 1695 tr. M. Misson New Voy. Italy I. xvi. 149 The Doge's Ships steer'd their Course through the navigable Chanels, without meeting with any Misfortunes. 1716 Eng. Pilot IV. i. 3/1 The South Channel is navigable for Boats or small vessels to go in at. 1798 T. Pennant View of Hindoostan I. 148 The isles..attended with reefs, and the channels between them..very deep. 1833 Dublin Penny Jrnl. 27 July 32/2 Directions were given to mariners how to steer up this channel so as to clear some rocks which lay in the middle of it. 1895 H. N. Burden Manitoulin xi. 82 For many years a portage path has existed for the convenience of Indians and others navigating the inner channel with their canoes. 1940 Sun (Baltimore) 23 Apr. 15/6 The army district engineer..is prepared to make a survey of the channel through the ‘muds’ at the mouth of the Pocomoke river. 2016 Liverpool Echo (Nexis) 8 Feb. 27 They rescued him from a 32ft yacht between Askew Spit and Taylors Bank, in the main channel of the River Mersey. †b. An artificial waterway constructed to allow the passage of boats or ships inland; = canal n. 5a. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > body of water > channel of water > [noun] > navigable waterway > canal channel1579 canal1597 cut river1677 navigation1720 shipway1840 canalette1869 klong1898 1579 T. North tr. Plutarch Liues 573 So did Xerxes..cause..a channell to be digged there to passe his shippes through. 1622 M. Drayton 2nd Pt. Poly-olbion xxvi. 117 And her [sc. the Soare] a Channell call, because she is so slow. a1684 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1645 (1955) II. 432 The Channells [at Venice], which are as our Streetes. 1703 Universal, Hist., Geogr., Chronol. & Poet. Dict. II. at Toulouse The present K. of France had taken up a Design to make a Channel for Boats from this C. to the Lake of Maqueton. †6. Scottish and English regional (northern). Gravel. Cf. channelly adj. Obsolete.Probably with reference to its being commonly found in the bed of a stream or river; cf. sense 1. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > stone > stony material > [noun] > gravel or shingle > gravel gravel?a1366 glair1481 preble1541 rab1581 grail1590 channel1592 1592 in J. Stuart Extracts Council Reg. Aberdeen (1848) II. 76 That na channell, stanes, sand..be cassin in the trink of the watter. 1743 Sel. Trans. Soc. Improvers Knowl. Agric. Scotl. xii. 109 Having only sand and channel below it. 1770 J. Cook Voy. & Trav. Russ. Empire I. xvii. 68 The bottom is of channel, interspersed with a very great number of small pipes, imperceptible to the unwary stranger. 1878 Borings & Sinkings (N. Eng. Inst. Mining & Mech. Engineers) I. 45 Channel and coarse sand with water. 1893 ‘G. Setoun’ Barncraig vii That would be i' March..for Tammy was drivin' channel to the gardens o' the big house. 7. figurative. The course in which something proceeds; a direction, a line. Frequently with verbs of turning.In quot. 1631 with reference to a person's way of life. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > continuing > progress, advance, or further continuance > [noun] > continuous progress or advance of anything > course in which anything progresses channel1631 railroada1838 1631 T. Heywood Londons Ius Honorarium sig. B^v Keepe the even Channell, and be neither swayde, To the right hand nor left. c1680 W. Beveridge Serm. (1729) II. 518 Their affections so turned into their proper chanels. 1732 True & Faithful Narr. in J. Swift Misc. III. ii. 276 The World went on in the old Channel. 1779 J. Moore View Society & Manners France I. xxix. 268 The conversation happening to turn into this channel. 1857 D. Livingstone Missionary Trav. S. Afr. ii. 34 Turning [his] abilities..into that channel in which he was most likely to excel. 1889 Official Rep. Ann. Convent. National Assoc. Builders U.S.A. 40 It is said that great minds run in the same channel. 1963 M. McCarthy Group iii. 62 She managed to steer the conversation into safer channels by getting him to talk to Dottie about recipes and cooking. 2006 Intelligencer Jrnl. (Lancaster, Pa.) (Nexis) 9 Dec. a4 This statement completely altered my channel of thought. II. A pipe, tube, or groove. 8. a. A pipe, duct, tube, or tubular cavity, natural or artificial, often used for conveying liquid; spec. a tubular cavity in the body of an animal or in the tissues of a plant. Cf. canal n. 1a, 2a.In anatomical use, now usually less technical than canal. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > physical aspects or shapes > shape > [noun] > tube or canal conduit1340 pipec1385 channela1387 porea1398 canal?a1425 cannel?1553 strait1558 canaliculus1661 tube1661 duct1667 tubule1677 ductus1699 funnel1712 cannule1719 infundibulum1799 meatus1800 tubulet1826 tubulus1826 canalicule1839 canalization1840 ductule1883 the world > space > shape > curvature > curved three-dimensional shape or body > cylinder > [noun] > quality of being hollow cylinder > hollow cylinder or tube pipeOE channela1387 cannela1400 canal?a1425 trump?1440 tunnel1545 clyster1578 cannon1588 bugle1615 tube1658 the world > plants > part of plant > part defined by form or function > ridge channel > [noun] wrinkle1545 crest1597 ruga1683 tubea1704 furrow1725 flute1728 stria1731 rib1740 carina1774 striolet1826 vallecula1856 channel1875 carination1880 rumination1889 striola1903 riblet1949 a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1874) V. 389 A greet pestilence of evel in þe chanelles of men at þe neþer ende [L. pestis inguinaria]. ?1541 R. Copland Guy de Chauliac's Questyonary Cyrurgyens ii. sig. E. iv By the whiche chanels is drawen the fumous vaporacyon to the said places. 1578 T. Tymme tr. J. Calvin Comm. Genesis 199 Certain chanels or veins of the earth. ?1608 W. B. tr. A. Ortelius Theatrum Orbis Terrarum f. xj^v When they drinke, the drinke will run down as it were through a pipe or channel. 1664 H. Power Exper. Philos. i. 4 The Stings in all Bees are hollow..so that when they prick the flesh, they do also, through that channel, transfuse the poyson into it. 1704 J. Harris Lexicon Technicum I Ductus Pancreaticus, is a little Channel, which arises from the Pancreas or sweet-bread, running all along the middle of it. 1767 Sel. Ess. Husb. 49 The plants do not solely subsist on the juices extracted from the earth, by the channels and veins of the roots, the wood, and the bark. 1839 C. Darwin in R. Fitzroy & C. Darwin Narr. Surv. Voy. H.M.S. Adventure & Beagle III. v. 114 The poison channel in its [sc. a snake] fangs. 1854 E. Ronalds & T. Richardson Knapp's Chem. Technol. I. 266 E, a door for the introduction of coke through the channel F. 1875 A. W. Bennett & W. T. T. Dyer tr. J. von Sachs Text-bk. Bot. ii. v. 498 The style..may be penetrated by a channel consisting of a narrow elongation of the cavity of the ovary. 1958 Appl. Mech. Reviews 11 518/1 If the channel walls are built removable then the separated aerosol can be collected. 2008 Best Life Oct. 96/1 Cholesterol-based plaques develop between the inner and middle layers of an artery's three-layered wall, forcing the interior layer inward and shrinking the channel through which blood flows. b. Mining. A shaft serving as an airway in a mine. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > workplace > places where raw materials are extracted > mine > [noun] > shaft > other types stulm1693 whim-shaft1759 sump shaft1778 channel1816 staple1818 incline shaft1842 raise1877 stair-pit1883 subshaft1889 1816 Ann. Philos. 7 119 Wherever the workings of the mine..should render it impossible to form these channels of connexion with established air shafts, a new air shaft should be formed. 1886 J. Barrowman Gloss. Sc. Mining Terms 53 Raggling, a channel cut in the side of a mine and covered with boarding to serve as an airway. 1919 Trans. Amer. Soc. Heating & Ventilating Engineers 24 308 At the foot of the air shaft two or more separate channels or airways branch off in different directions. 2015 R. Steinzor Why Not Jail? 130 These channels are fed by gigantic fans drawing air from the surface. †9. The neck; the throat. Cf. cannel n.² 3, cannel-bone n., channel-bone n. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > external parts of body > neck > [noun] swirec888 neckeOE halseOE hattrelc1330 cannelc1400 channelc1425 crag1488 kennel?1533 pile1584 neck-piece1605 neck parta1627 nub1673 cervix1741 squeeze1819 scrag1829 the world > life > the body > digestive or excretive organs > digestive organs > throat or gullet > [noun] rakeeOE cudeOE weasanda1000 chelc1000 throatOE garget13.. gorgec1390 oesophagusa1398 meria1400 oesophagea1400 swallowa1400 cannelc1400 gull1412 channelc1425 halsec1440 gully1538 encla?1541 stomach?1541 lane1542 weasand-pipe1544 throttlea1547 meat-pipe1553 gargil1558 guttur1562 cropc1580 gurgulio1630 gule1659 gutter lane1684 red lane1701 swallow-pipe1786 neck1818 gullet-pipe1837 foodway1904 c1425 (c1400) Laud Troy-bk. l. 5538 (MED) Here armes vayled not an hoppe, He smot In-two bothe chanel and choppe. 1590 C. Marlowe Tamburlaine: 2nd Pt. sig. G I will strike, And cleaue him to the channell with my sword. 10. A groove, furrow, or track. a. A (long) groove, furrow, or recess in any surface; spec. (a) Architecture a flute (flute n.¹ 4), a glyph; (b) (in quarrying and stonework) a groove or furrow cut in the line along which a stone or rock is to be split. ΘΚΠ the world > space > shape > unevenness > condition or fact of receding > [noun] > making grooves > a groove, channel, or furrow furrowc1374 groopc1440 regal1458 rat1513 slot?1523 gutter1555 chamfer1601 channel1611 fluting1611 furrowing1611 rita1657 denervation1657 rigol1658 groove1659 riggota1661 rake1672 stria1673 champer1713 cannelure1755 gully1803 channelure1823 flute1842 rill1855 droke1880 society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > building or constructing with stone > [noun] > stonework or masonry > types of ashlar-work1398 rough wall1398 keying1483 corbelling1548 rustic1610 channel1611 rustic work1615 ledge1624 coffer-work1668 rubble work1675 canal1723 rockwork1755 ashlaring1758 rubble1815 ragwork1840 striped work1842 1611 R. Peake tr. S. Serlio 4th Bk. Archit. v. f. 4^v In the Corona you may cut channels or hollowings [Ger. Canaleti]. 1682 G. Wheler Journey into Greece i. 48 [Pillars with] their Fusts cut into Angles, about the breadth of an usual Channel. 1765 T. H. Croker et al. Compl. Dict. Arts & Sci. II. at Groove Groove, among joiners, implies the channel made by their plough in the edge of a moulding, &c. 1795 J. C. Murphy Trav. Portugal 307 The number of channels in each column is but sixteen. 1861 A. Pratt Flowering Plants & Ferns Great Brit. III. 2 Each carpel is marked by five vertical ridges..these ridges..are separated by channels. 1884 F. W. Sperr in Rep. Building Stones U.S. 1880 37 in S. F. Peckham Rep. Production Petroleum (U.S. Dept. Interior, Census Office) In the softer sandstones channels about 18 inches in width..are dug around the sides of the quarry with sharp steel picks. 1907 Canad. Patent Office Rec. Aug. 1928/1 A thumb clearance groove and a channel in the bed thereof, an ink pad in said channel. 1963 E. H. Edwards Saddlery xv. 107 Normally the width of the channel in a well-made saddle is sufficient, but if it is too narrow.., pressure will occur on the sides of the vertebrae. 1990 Pract. Householder Apr. 14/2 Steel profiles attached to the side walls, which have channels into which the blocks are set. 2014 N. Y. Times (Nexis) 9 Feb. (Real Estate section) 8 The fluting on the columns is unlike anything seen in antiquity,..its concave channels in a luxurious mosaic of vinelike styling. †b. In a horse: the concave space between the two bones of the lower jaw. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > family Equidae (general equines) > body or parts of horse > [noun] > mouth or type of > lower jaw beard?1561 channel1696 underbeard1753 1696 W. Hope tr. J. de Solleysel Parfait Mareschal i. i. 3 The Channel [Fr. canal]..is the hollow betwixt the two Barrs or nether jaw-bones, in which the Tongue is lodged. 1753 Chambers's Cycl. Suppl. Channel, in the manege, is used for that concavity in the middle of the lower jaw of a horse, where the tongue lies. 1835 Dublin Penny Jrnl. 25 Apr. 338/2 The space between the branches of the lower jaw, called the channel, should be wide. 1911 Country Life in Amer. 1 May 59/3 The ‘channel’ or cavity in which the tongue reposes between the branches of the lower jaw is wide in the young horse. c. A groove in the wheel of a pulley along which a rope, cable, etc., runs; (also) the area of the frame of a pulley in which the wheel sits. ΚΠ 1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Pulley A little Wheel, or Rundle, having a Channel around it, and turning on an Axis. 1784 W. Falconer Universal Dict. Marine (new ed.) Canal, or Creux autour d'une poulie, the channel of a block through which the rope passes, over the sheave or wheel. 1808 Repertory Arts, Manuf., & Agric. Mar. 246 The frames carrying the pullies x and y may have..small wheels on any proper part of the sliding frame, to pass up and down in a channel, so as to prevent friction. 1967 Hesperia 36 390 The concave channels on the edges of the sheaves (‘gorges’), where the rope would slide, are at their maximum depth 0.007 m. 2000 Austral. Financial Rev. (Nexis) 2 Dec. 10 The belt, called the variator, sits inside the tapered channel of each pulley wheel. d. Shoemaking. A groove cut around the edge of the sole of a shoe or boot, into which the seam joining the sole and upper is sunk.Recorded earliest with modifying word, in attributive use. ΚΠ 1763 Lloyd's Evening Post 27 Apr. (advt.) Double and Single Channel Shoes. 1834 J. O'Sullivan Art & Myst. Gentle Craft 50 Cut the channel as near to the edge of the top piece as you think the point of the heel awl will come out with ease. 1922 Shoemaking (Retail Shoemen's Inst., Boston) (Sci. Shoe Retailing: Text Material Vol. IV) vi. 115 While the shoe is being made the edge of the channel is turned back and the stitches buried in the channel. 1989 R. Thompson Path to Mechanized Shoe Production in U.S. iii. xiii. 204 Channeling required great accuracy; the channel had to be deep enough to cover the stitches yet not so deep that the stitch could pull through the sole. 2013 J. A. Bingham et al. Basic Shoemaking 241/2 Either a simple incision can be made and the stitching laid in the incision (channel) or, in addition, a groove can be cut at the base of the channel to accommodate the thread. e. A bar or beam shaped to form a channel on one side (= channel bar n. at Compounds 2); also as a mass noun. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > metal > iron > [noun] > bar of iron > channel bar channel1844 channel iron1856 channel bar1862 channel section1866 1844 G. B. Airy Acct. Northumberland Equatoreal & Dome 9 Figure 3..is a plan of the top of the walls, shewing the wall-curb, the iron channel [etc.]... The arrangement of the channel and balls will be seen in section in Figure 6. 1885 Catal. Work Executed (Wilson Brothers & Co., Philadelphia) 36/2 The stress in the outer fibres of..beams, channels, etc.,..shall not exceed the tensile working stress..for rolled shape iron. 1904 Westm. Gaz. 22 Aug. 5/1 Structural material, such as joists, channels, and other sectional bars. 1970 Financial Times 13 Apr. 21/3 Small orders for special rollings—for, perhaps, 100 tons of 6-inch by 3-inch channel. 2016 South China Morning Post (Hong Kong) (Nexis) 10 Jan. He made sure there was sufficient space at the side to mount the structural steel channel accommodating the glass. 11. Cell Biology. A specialized pore in a membrane, allowing and controlling the passage of a specific inorganic ion; the protein structures forming a pore of this kind.Frequently with distinguishing word, as potassium channel, calcium channel, etc. ΚΠ 1958 A. L. Hodgkin in Proc. Royal Soc. B. 148 32 In parallel with this [secretory] system are the special channels which allow sodium and potassium ions to move at varying rates down their concentration gradients. 1964 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 52 1178 The channels (or paths) by which cations may pass through a membrane are of two types, those suitable for well-hydrated ions such as Na⁺ and Ca⁺⁺, and those suitable for moderately hydrated ions such as K⁺. 1974 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 71 2858/2 Pharmacological data are indicative of a spatial separation of both sodium and potassium channels. 1983 B. Alberts et al. Molecular Biol. Cell xviii. 1025 (caption) Recording of the current through individual voltage-gated Na⁺ channels in a patch of membrane. 2002 Guardian 16 May (Online section) 10/4 The batrachotoxins..are powerful activators of proteins found in the cell wall known as sodium ion channels. III. Figurative and extended (technical) uses. 12. a. figurative. A medium of communication, transmission, or distribution; that through which information, news, trade, etc., is conveyed.See also usual channels at usual adj. 3a(b). With quot. 2004 cf. sense 12b. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > supply > [noun] > means of supply channel1537 conduit1818 pipeline1916 1537 tr. H. Latimer Serm. to Clergie sig. B.vii^v A foule filthy chanell of al myscheues [sc. the devil]. 1549 T. Chaloner tr. Erasmus Praise of Folie sig. Liv^v By what chanels sinne was deriued into Adams posteritee. 1639 G. Digby in G. Digby & K. Digby Lett. conc. Relig. (1651) 86 There cannot be admitted..unto the avowed channell of the Church, any corrupt Rivolet of erroneous Doctrine. 1690 T. Burnet Theory of Earth iv. 174 Another chanel wherein this doctrine is traditionally deriv'd from St. John. 1718 W. Wood Surv. Trade Ded. p. xi The Preservation of the great Channels of Trade. 1785 T. Reid Ess. Intellect. Powers 277 Knowledge..comes by another channel. 1848 J. S. Mill Princ. Polit. Econ. II. 194 No new..channel for investment has been opened. 1890 H. Adams Hist. U.S.A. during 1st Admin. J. Madison xx. 437 The President decided upon the conflicting claims of politicians to act as channels for dispensing his power. 1934 C. D. Bohannan Cooperatives as Factor in Distribution Agric. Commodities i. 1 Data..on the channels of distribution for sales channels used by manufacturers. 1958 M. L. King Stride toward Freedom xi. 208 The church..must seek to keep channels of communication open between the Negro and white community. 2004 San Diego July 46/2 The school received word the event was cancelled by the student..who initially went through proper channels to get permission. b. through channels: (originally U.S. Military) in accordance with official or established procedures, esp. that of a bureaucracy or chain of command. Esp. in to go through channels: (of a person) to follow such procedures, typically in contrast to more direct (informal or unauthorized) means of action or communication (cf. back channel n. 2). ΚΠ 1935 Boston Daily Globe 19 Apr. 17/4 The ruling of the department which compels officers to go through channels and obtain permission from their superior in order to take any matter to the commissioner. 1972 Atlanta Constit. 29 Dec. 1 b/1 He was ordered to ‘go through channels’ and lodge any protest with the admiral who ordered his demotion. 1984 Guardian (Nexis) 19 July The staff of the Assessment Office will begin what is described as a ‘process of consultations through channels..to establish the range and quality of opinions.’ 1994 S. K. Sarker Rise & Fall of Communism 147 Strong tried to plead not guilty for Stalin..she said, Stalin acted ‘through channels’ (through the Central Committee of the Party). 2010 L. L. Adams Spectacular State iv. 157 We couldn't get a hall for the concert because we didn't ‘go through channels’, so the director of the hall..refused. c. A person believed to be in contact with the spirits of the dead or other supernatural entities and to communicate between the dead and the living; a medium. Cf. channeller n.² 2. ΚΠ 1970 J. Roberts Seth Material xx. 268 Seth is my channel to revelational knowledge.] 1976 U. Geller in Corpus Christi (Texas) Times 19 Feb. 8 c/3 The Arthur Ford Academy defines the word [sc. medium] in this way: ‘A highly ethical person who causes himself to become a conscious, spiritual and psychic channel.’ 1978 M. Prophet & E. C. Prophet Prayer & Medit. xxvi. 246 Not a channel, not a medium, the messenger of the Great White Brotherhood has perceived the Christ as the inner Light. 1988 Times 30 May 18/2 The best known American channel is a Mrs J. Z. Knight who says she is taken over by the spirit of Ramtha, a 35,000-year-old warrior. 2015 Blackpool Gaz. (Nexis) 17 June Helen Chadwick acts as a channel for spirit guides, angels and loved ones. 13. Electronics. In a field-effect transistor: the semiconductor region forming a path through which current passes from the source terminal to the drain terminal. More fully conducting channel.Frequently with a prefixed letter distinguishing positive from negative channels, see p-channel at P n. 8, n-channel at N n. 15h. ΚΠ 1952 Proc. IRE 40 1365/2 The current flows in a channel of p-type material bounded by the space-charge regions. 1986 Science 24 Jan. 347/2 As the current and field are increased, a voltage drop builds up along the conducting channel. 2014 E. L. Wolf Applic. Graphene iv. 51 Graphene has good conduction properties suitable for the channel of such devices. 14. Nuclear Physics. Any of the possible outcomes of a particular nuclear reaction or instance of decay of a particle or nucleus. ΚΠ 1955 F. L. Friedman & V. F. Weisskopf in W. Pauli Niels Bohr & Devel. Physics 137 The decay through a given channel is the inverse of the formation of a compound nucleus through the same channel. 1971 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 323 105 Three real structure parameters and three real amplitude paraters for each channel..describe the totality of all neutral kaon decays. 2007 C. Iliadis Nuclear Physics Stars ii. 141 Recall that α denotes a pair of particles (including their state of excitation) in a particular channel. 15. Association Football. In plural. The areas between opposing players, exploited as a route to goal; spec. (frequently with the) the spaces between opposing fullbacks and central defenders, exploited as a means of getting the ball wide and behind the opposing defence. ΚΠ 1990 Times 14 Feb. 47/1 McCall..in particular caught the eye as he stroked some passes into channels so accurately one half expected Alan Brazil, former Ipswich player, to materialize on the end of them. 1995 Daily Mirror 6 Nov. 2 I don't ask the players to pass the ball during the week in training and then play through the channels on match days. 2000 Evening Standard (Electronic ed.) 6 Mar. He runs into the channels and gets balls that most of the time, he's got no right to get. IV. Senses relating to the transmission or exchange of electrical signals, data, etc. 16. Telecommunications. A signal path in an electronic circuit, used for transmitting communications; esp. (in later use) one occupying a particular frequency band or time block in a multiplexing telecommunications system. ΘΚΠ society > communication > telecommunication > telegraphy or telephony > telegraphy > [noun] > channel or route line1847 channel1848 1848 H. Highton & E. Highton Brit. Patent 12,039 (1857) 17 Each of the three circuits..is then split as it were into three different channels. 1922 Telegr. & Teleph. Jrnl. Oct. 8/1 The whole telegraph position in this country is changed by the fact that eight channels..can be equipped on one wire. 1959 Wire & Radio Communication 12 7/2 The 36 message channels in the deep sea cable. 2005 R. L. Freeman Fund. Telecommunications (ed. 2) iv. 78 The number of channels that can be multiplexed on a particular circuit depends on the bandwidth of the transmission medium involved. 17. a. A band of frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum, used for the transmission of a radio or television signal. ΘΚΠ society > communication > broadcasting > equipment > [noun] > band of frequencies channel1923 society > communication > telecommunication > [noun] > signal > frequency or band of frequencies > channel subchannel1825 channel1923 voice channel1924 1923 Proc. IRE 11 40 The number of independent channels is at best very limited. 1928 Television 1 No. ii. 20/2 A very short wavelength was chosen for broadcasting these ‘pictures’ because a channel 40 kilocycles wide is needed. 1935 Discovery Aug. 240/2 Automatic transmitting and high-speed recording is provided for one transmitting and one receiving channel. 1960 in Rep. Comm. Broadcasting (1962) 334 We feel that the 625-line standard with a total channel width of 8 Mc/s represents the best compromise. 2013 E. E. Johnson et al. Third-generation & Wideband HF Radio Communications vii. 231 An integrated adaptive control process..might manage all of the preceding options, as well as determine the optimal bandwidth and frequency offset within an allocated channel. b. A television broadcast transmitted over a particular frequency band or (in later use also) internet stream. Also: an organization or group providing a transmission of this kind.In early use sometimes difficult to distinguish from sense 17a. ΘΚΠ society > communication > broadcasting > television > [noun] > organization or service television station1926 television network1930 TV station1945 TV network1947 channel1952 Independent Television (Authority)1954 I.T.A.1955 I.T.V.1958 side1961 Channel 41964 MTV1981 1952 Billboard 12 July 51/2 Parely Baer..had special slide pictures on all seven television channels. 1977 Times 25 Mar. 4/3 There should be an open broadcasting authority to take responsibility for the fourth television channel. 2005 Denver Post (Nexis) 25 Feb. ff2 Massey says ManiaTV is the only live 24-hour channel on the Internet but it's just the beginning. 2011 Daily Tel. 21 July 6/1 Rupert Murdoch's Fox News television channel had a ‘black ops’ department that may have illegally hacked private telephone records. c. An account on a video sharing or streaming website, used to host content from a particular user, group, or organization. ΚΠ 2006 NBC, YouTube announce partnership in rec.arts.tv (Usenet newsgroup) 27 June NBC will create an official NBC Channel on YouTube to house its Fall Preview area with exclusive clips to promote NBC's ‘The Office’. 2010 Hutchinson (Kansas) News 30 Jan. b4/5 Last year it [sc. the Vatican] opened a YouTube channel as well as a portal dedicated to the pope. 2016 N. Kardaras Glow Kids xiii. 232 Some gamers with channels on Twitch struggle to make enough change to buy their weekly supply of Mountain Dew. 18. A signal path in an electronic device; esp. one which is used for providing input or output, or for allowing one of several signals to be processed individually.Frequently with distinguishing word. ΚΠ 1931 U.S. Patent 1,833,373 1/1 The system is carried out typically by providing a double amplifying system of the push-pull circuit, both channels being connected to a single three-wire microphone at the input end, and each being connected to a separate sound wave recording means at the output end. 1933 Proc. IRE 21 7 A cut-off of the audio channel was based on a specific degree of detuning from the carrier. 1946 Pop. Mech. Jan. 143/1 Volume controls R8 and R9 control each input channel separately. 1968 Brit. Med. Bull. 24 255/1 In the digital averager we have designed and built, only 1,024 bits are available for each of four channels. 1985 Yuma (Arizona) Daily Sun 4 Aug. (Family Weekly Suppl.) 9/1 The salesperson may say that a deck puts out a certain number of ‘watts per side.’ That's the amount of power fed to each of the two output channels. 2015 V. J. Manzo & W. Kuhn Interactive Composition ii. 32 You would probably want to connect a microphone to one channel to record voice and use another channel to record your guitar. 19. Computing. A path along which data can be transmitted between a central processing unit and one or more hardware components or peripheral devices; (also) a specialized processor used to control this transmission. ΚΠ 1946 H. H. Goldstine & A. Goldstine in Math. Tables & Other Aids Computation 2 106 The five separate digit input channels on an accumulator make it possible for an accumulator to receive from any one of 5 different digit trunks. 1977 Computerworld 31 Oct. 6/4 The basic I/O configuration includes six channels (one byte multiplexer, one block multiplexer and four word channels). 2008 B. Jacob et al. Memory Syst. 44/1 A narrow, high-speed channel connects the master memory controller to the DIMM-level memory controllers. 20. Computing. An internet chat room, esp. one hosted on an Internet Relay Chat server. ΚΠ 1992 Computer Shopper (Nexis) Feb. 697 Talk Channel is a multiuser chatting system serving users in both Dallas and Forth Worth.] 1993 E. S. Raymond New Hacker's Dict. (ed. 2) 103 Channel op, someone who is endowed with privileges on a particular IRC channel. 1995 .net Feb. 50/3 Also 6,000 channels of simultaneous conversation can sometimes cause serious lag, and be horribly confusing to the uninitiated. 2014 Age (Melbourne) (Nexis) 15 Feb. 14 Spaces for file-sharing, some blogs, and lively IRC channels. Compounds C1. General attributive. a. In sense 1, as channel-bed, channel-bottom, channel-way, etc. ΚΠ 1604 E. Grimeston tr. J. de Acosta Nat. & Morall Hist. Indies vii. xix. 552 Others sacrificed quailes, and with the bloud of them sprinckled the channell bankes. 1796 Star 27 Sept. The necessary preparations are making to weigh the wreck, at it lies quite in the Channel way. 1819 Descr. of Coasts of Northumberland & Durham 12 Here spring-tides run very strongly in the channel-way, but quite true. 1889 Science 15 Feb. 131/1 The only springs now flowing are small oozes of water issuing from the base of these slopes, or from the channel-bed. 1934 R. W. Bailey et al. Floods & Accelerated Erosion in N. Utah 7 Both the channel bottom and the sides were covered with a dense growth of trees and shrubs. 1950 H. A. Einstein Bed-load Function for Sedim. Transportation in Open Channel Flows U.S. Dept. Agric. Technical Bull. No. 1026. 2 The clear water released will tend to erode the channel bed downstream from the dam. 2015 H. Depeweg et al. Sedim. Transport in Irrigation Canals 282 Building of silt layers on channel sides is referred to as silting. b. In sense 2, as channel crossing, channel ferry, channel trip, etc.Chiefly (often with capital initial) with reference to the English Channel. ΚΠ ?1698 R. Colepepyr Proposal to prevent Decay Harbours 2 A strong Efflux doth carry out Sand from a Channel Barr, and Deepen, and Cleanse Channels and Harbours. a1702 A. Grey Deb. House of Commons 1667–94 anno 1677 (1763) V. 167 Can you spare your Coast and Channel trade? 1787 Inq. Justice & Policy Union Great Brit. & Ireland 77 Our ports lying more convenient for trade, and the dangers of a coast or channel voyage removed, would lessen the rate of insurance. 1836 Bristol Mercury 6 Aug. At present, the small Channel steamers land their passengers at the steps. 1888 Standard 14 Aug. 3 The prospects of a Channel trip were brighter for the rest [of the passengers]. 1914 Pop. Mech. Feb. 200/2 A channel ferry between England and Ireland for the conveyance of cargo to Blacksod. 1967 Economist 16 Sept. p. ix/1 The North Sea and Channel ports form the biggest frontiers in world trade. 2016 Gloucestershire Echo (Nexis) 5 July 29 (advt.) Our price includes..Return Channel crossings by ferry/Eurotunnel. †c. In sense 3a, as channel-dirt, channel mud, channel-water, etc. Obsolete.With quot. 1598 cf. gutter n.¹ Compounds 3. ΚΠ 1570 J. Foxe Actes & Monumentes (rev. ed.) I. 131/2 For dead falling to the ground, [he] sprauleth in the chanel durt. a1593 C. Marlowe Edward II (1594) sig. K4 Here's channell water. 1598 J. Marston Scourge of Villanie i. iii. sig. D^v Shall I..taske bitterly Romes filth? scraping base channell rogarie? 1688 T. Shadwell Squire of Alsatia v. i. 71 A Lather made of Channel-dirt. ?1746 ‘T. Bobbin’ View Lancs. Dial. Gloss. Sinkdurt, channel-mud. 1785 Particulars Life & Experiences of Nicholas Manners 37 They collected great quantities of channel dirt and water to throw upon me. 1817 Act 57 George III c. 29 §73 in Statutes U.K. 639 Whosoever..fills any vehicle so as to turn over or cast any night-soil, ammoniacal liquor, slop, mire, or channel dirt, or filth, in or upon, or near to, any street or public place, shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding five pounds. 1851 T. H. Turner Some Acct. Domest. Archit. I. p. xxviii Among the varieties of tile mentioned [in the accounts of the works at St George's chapel in the time of Edward III], are channel-tiles, paving-tiles, and rug-tiles. d. In sense 11, as channel ion, channel opening, channel protein, etc. ΚΠ 1964 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 52 1178 The locking of an ion as ‘cameo’ into a channel site as ‘intaglio’ does not..totally exhaust the locking power of that site. 1971 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 68 1711/2 The subunit conformation change..necessary for channel opening. 1984 Proc. Royal Soc. London B. 223 49 Channel ion binding sites. 2007 N.Y. Times 14 Aug. (Washington Final ed.) d4/4 This channel protein lets positive ions stream into cells when exposed to blue light. C2. channel bar n. a beam or bar having upturned sides that form a channel along its length.channel bar iron in quot. 1855 probably refers to bar-iron having this form. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > metal > iron > [noun] > bar of iron > channel bar channel1844 channel iron1856 channel bar1862 channel section1866 1855 W. Clay Brit. Patent 1366 2 Single or double grooved or channel bar iron.] 1862 Illus. London News 9 Aug. 166/2 The compression-bars are formed of two angle irons riveted to the inner sides of the trough, and cross-braced by light channel bars. 1904 G. P. Neele Railway Reminisc. 219 Some channel bars of iron on a down goods train..had gradually shifted. 2002 B. Ashabranner Washington Monument v. 49 I-beams and channel bars were strongly fastened into the columns of the framework. channel bass n. U.S. the red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > fish > superorder Acanthopterygii (spiny fins) > order Perciformes (perches) > family Sciaenidae (drums) > [noun] > genus Sciaena > sciaena ocellata (red drum) bass1530 drummer1615 drum1649 red drum1709 drummer fish1725 red fish1763 red sciaena1803 red bass1837 spot1864 school bass1869 channel bass1873 spotfish1875 masooka1884 red horse1884 red1958 1873 Columbus Bartholomew (Indiana) Democrat 25 Apr. 3/6 Channel bass throng the inlets like buffaloes on the prairie. 1955 F. G. Ashbrook Butchering xii.265 The roe of haddock, cod, hake, ‘Florida’ or jumping mullet, and channel bass makes an excellent canned product. 2013 T. Earnhardt Crossroads Nat. World 7 North Carolina's Official State Saltwater Fish is the Channel Bass. channelbill n. now rare (more fully channel-bill cuckoo) = channel-billed cuckoo n. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > birds > perching birds > order Cuculiformes (cuckoos, etc.) > [noun] > family Cuculidae > other members or allies of malkoha1769 whetsaw1778 railbird1793 channelbill1801 guira1866 ground-cuckoo1883 channel-billed cuckoo1887 1801 J. Latham Gen. Synopsis Birds Suppl. II. 96 N. Holland Channel-Bill..is not very common, and first appears about Port Jackson in October. 1914 Bulletin (Sydney) 15 Jan. 24/2 The so-called storm-bird—who can't predict storms worth a cuss—is a cuckoo, the channel-bill cuckoo. 1941 Rotarian Dec. 60/3 Studies were made of the channelbill, a large cuckoo whose habits include the laying of eggs in the nests of other birds. 2006 Townsville (Queensland) Bull. (Nexis) 27 May 30 The couple had long been wildlife carers to all kinds of unusual feathered creatures, including jabirus, magpies, hawks, owls and channelbill cuckoos. channel-billed cuckoo n. a large species of cuckoo native to Australia, Papua New Guinea, and Indonesia, Scythrops novaehollandiae, having predominantly grey plumage and a large downwardly curving bill. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > birds > perching birds > order Cuculiformes (cuckoos, etc.) > [noun] > family Cuculidae > other members or allies of malkoha1769 whetsaw1778 railbird1793 channelbill1801 guira1866 ground-cuckoo1883 channel-billed cuckoo1887 1887 C. C. Abbott Cycl. Natural Hist. xxiii. 382 In Australia occurs one of the very largest [cuckoos], the channel-billed cuckoo. 1951 Beaudesert (Queensland) Times 20 Apr. 7/2 He had found defendant..carrying a pea rifle and a dead channel billed cuckoo, which is a protected bird throughout the State. 2016 B. Thomson & M. Robinson Australian Wildlife After Dark iv. 74 Channel-billed Cuckoos are mainly fruit and berry eaters as adults. channel capacity n. (a) the maximum rate at which water can flow through a waterway; (b) the maximum rate at which a signal can be transmitted reliably over a communications channel without a loss of information. ΚΠ 1869 Galveston (Texas) Daily News 15 July The channel capacity would be equal to 4 additional feet of depth. 1935 Bell Telephone Q. 14 175 The discovery of wire transmission by which intelligence could be conveyed from point to point, secretly.., would have appeared an even greater marvel, when contrasted to a system of limited channel capacity and no privacy. 2005 A. Goldsmith Wireless Communications xiv. 469 When multiple users share the same channel, the channel capacity can no longer be characterized by a single number. 2010 Plant Ecol. 211 221/1 Due to a restricted channel capacity upstream of Barmah Forest (10,400 Ml day^-1), water already released results in overbank flooding. channel cat n. U.S. any of several North American catfish, esp. of the genus Ictalurus; spec. a medium-sized catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, native to eastern North America and widely introduced elsewhere as a food and game fish. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > fish > class Osteichthyes or Teleostomi > order Siluriformes (catfish) > [noun] > unspecified and miscellaneous member of sea-cat1601 gaff-topsail1794 mudpout1804 mudcat1819 blue cat1826 channel cat-fish1838 channel cat1847 sea-catfish1882 goujon1883 scorpion fish1883 bashaw1888 ground spearing1896 the world > animals > fish > class Osteichthyes or Teleostomi > order Siluriformes (catfish) > [noun] > member of family Ictaluridae bullhead1674 horn-pout1798 horned pout1837 minister1839 channel cat1847 flannel-mouth1882 stone-cat1882 madtom1896 1847 Boston Jrnl. Nat. Hist. 5 333 In the Cincinnati market, at this age, it is known under the name of ‘channel-cat’. 1913 W. Cather O Pioneers! i. ii. 29 Twice every summer she sent the boys to the river..to fish for channel cat. 2014 S. Griffin Llanas Catfish 24 Channel cats like dead baits. channel cat-fish n. = channel cat n. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > fish > class Osteichthyes or Teleostomi > order Siluriformes (catfish) > [noun] > unspecified and miscellaneous member of sea-cat1601 gaff-topsail1794 mudpout1804 mudcat1819 blue cat1826 channel cat-fish1838 channel cat1847 sea-catfish1882 goujon1883 scorpion fish1883 bashaw1888 ground spearing1896 1838 J. P. Kirtland in 2nd Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Ohio 169 Pimelobus pallidus,..Channel cat-fish. 1914 L. L. Lindsay Ponds, Pond Fish, & Pond Fish Culture 186 While the Channel catfish were being handled, in the transfer tanks, they would spit up fish that they had swallowed. 2015 Philadelphia Inquirer (Nexis) 2 Aug. (City-D ed.) a2 They left without catching any common carp, but they did nab a channel catfish just before noon. channel changer n. originally U.S. a remote control for a television. ΘΚΠ society > communication > broadcasting > television > transmitting or receiving apparatus > [noun] > television set > remote control device channel changer1955 zapper1984 channel zapper1985 1955 Pop. Mech. Mag. Feb. 70/2 (advt.) Build mechanical remote control TV channel changer.] 1955 Silsbee (Texas) Bee 21 July 2/2 Channel changer... The gadget..shoots a beam of light at slots on the front of the TV set. 1988 J. McInerney Story of my Life v. 78 I grab the channel-changer by the bed and flip on ‘All My Children’. 2004 D. F. Wallace Oblivion 33 He..sat with his satellite TV's channel changer in his left hand switching rapidly from channel to channel to channel. Channel Country n. (also with lower-case initials) an area of south-west Queensland and adjoining parts of South Australia, Northern Territory, and New South Wales, forming part of the Lake Eyre drainage basin, which is crossed by many seasonal rivulets, with summer rains producing rich grasslands and grazing for livestock. ΚΠ 1892 Queenslander 16 Apr. 742/4 How this is to be carried out, under present arrangements, on the vast f[l]ooded channel country on the Cooper and other rivers I have yet to learn. 1947 Proc. Royal Soc. Queensland 59 158 Panicum Whitei..is..sometimes..a prominent part of the pasture of the ‘channel country’. 2016 ABC Premium News (Austral.) (Nexis) 24 Oct. The wet weather and cooler temperatures meant the tourist season had run longer, with people making the trip out to see the Channel Country in flood. channel fever n. Nautical †(a) (in a sailor) an unwillingness to engage in duties on leaving shore, sometimes accompanied by feigned illness (obsolete); (b) a feeling of restlessness or excitement attributed to or experienced by sailors as their vessel nears home port; (hence, more generally) homesickness.Originally used in reference to British sailors crossing the English Channel upon departure or return. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > dejection > melancholy > [noun] > nostalgia > homesickness country disease1562 Heimweha1721 maladie du pays1749 homesickness1756 nostalgia1756 mal du pays1777 nostalgy1846 channel fever1850 1850 Edinb. Med. & Surg. Jrnl. 73 46 In a merchant ship in bad weather, as in the British Channel, the duty of the seamen becomes almost uninterrupted, and some are apt to feign indisposition; this is called by the sailors the ‘Channel Fever’. 1872 Bangor (Maine) Daily Whig & Courier 23 Sept. 4/1 An alarming sickness has broken out among the yachtmen of England. Symptoms—an entire loss of pluck, a desire to keep still, and an utter aversion to cross the channel... The illness is known as the ‘channel fever’. 1900 Goshen (Indiana) Daily Democrat 30 July 6/5 Mighty few of the stiffs are workers... Before they have crossed Sandy Hook they are generally sick—channel fever, we call it. 1946 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 51 382 Look at Jones, will you, getting his blues out already. Boy oh boy, he's got channel-fever bad. 1992 J. Hamilton-Paterson Seven-tenths i. i. 25 The echo is of the ‘Channel Fever’ which returning British sailors used to contract on first glimpsing the south coast. 2011 J. Crowder Hillbilly in Coast Guard 68 I'm glad he's getting out of here. He's had channel fever for the past six months. Channel Fleet n. (also with lower-case initial in the second element) now historical a fleet of the Royal Navy detailed for service in the English Channel; cf. Home Fleet n. at home n.¹ and adj. Compounds 2.In 1909 the Channel Fleet became the 2nd Division of the Home Fleet. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > hostilities at sea > navy > a naval force or fleet > [noun] > specific fleet armada1588 flote1673 flota1690 Home Fleet1705 home guard1712 Channel Fleet1741 Grand Fleet1914 1741 London Daily Post 5 Mar. 1/3 The Press for Seamen is carry'd on with the greatest Vigour, in order to Mann the Channel fleet. 1831 J. Watkins William the Fourth i. ii. 36 The encounter of the channel-fleet with the combined French and Spanish squadrons. 1909 Times 1 Mar. 8/5 The Channel Fleet will proceed to sea the next day, returning to Portland on March 20. This will be the final cruise of the Channel Fleet. 2002 M. Estensen Life Matthew Flinders iii. 38 Twelve days later the Channel Fleet and its prizes, six captured ships, anchored triumphantly at Spithead. Channel 4 n. (also Channel Four) a (proposed) fourth national television channel in the United Kingdom, put into operation in 1982 by the Independent Broadcasting Authority to broadcast programmes, esp. those of minority interest, from independent contractors. ΘΚΠ society > communication > broadcasting > television > [noun] > organization or service television station1926 television network1930 TV station1945 TV network1947 channel1952 Independent Television (Authority)1954 I.T.A.1955 I.T.V.1958 side1961 Channel 41964 MTV1981 1964 Spectator 23 Oct. 544/2 Local radio should pay for itself (and indeed other services, such as Channel Four) by advertising. 1980 Times 30 Jan. 16 (heading) Channel 4: can the big money be found? 1982 Times 3 Nov. 1/8 Thames Television, relaying the Channel Four programmes in London, said that all the advertising breaks had been filled. 2016 Redditch Advertiser (Nexis) 5 Apr. Ahead of the 400th anniversary of William Shakespeare's death, Channel 4 recently broadcast the results of the first ever archaeological investigation of his grave in Stratford. channel iron n. (a) (as a mass noun) metal (esp. iron or steel) in the form of channel bars; †(b) a support for the guttering of a building (obsolete rare). ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > wall of building > [noun] > structures for throwing off rainwater > parts of channel iron1856 society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > metal > iron > [noun] > bar of iron > channel bar channel1844 channel iron1856 channel bar1862 channel section1866 1856 Morning Post 21 Nov. 3/5 The bars are of channel iron, and cross each other diagonally. a1877 E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. I. 526/2 Channel-iron, a brace or hook to support the guttering. 1936 E. A. Atkins & A. G. Walker Electr. Arc & Oxy-acetylene Welding (ed. 3) iii. 27 It will be an advantage to have a Vee block of the above type welded to a piece of channel iron which can then be fitted over the top of a trestle. 2011 E. Kultermann & W. P. Spence Constr. Materials, Methods & Techniques xv. 253/1 Hot-rolling is used for most structural shapes such as I-beams, wide-flange beams, channel iron and angle iron. channel-leaved adj. Botany (now rare) having inwardly curved leaves; cf. channelled adj. 1b. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > part of plant > leaf > plant defined by leaves > [adjective] > having leaves of particular shape or size broad-leaved1552 long-leaved1562 narrow-leaved1578 round-leaved1597 small-leaved1597 long-leafed1629 rosemary-leaved1633 rue-leaved1633 teretifolious1657 cut-leaved1731 longleaf1733 channel-leaved1758 halberd-shaped1770 alder-leaved1772 oak-leaved1776 holly-leaved1777 ivy-leaved1789 halberd-headed1795 daisy-leaved1796 narrow-leaf1804 oblique-leaved1807 sword-leaved1807 wing-leaved1822 flaggy1842 curly1845 macrophyllous1857 parvifolious1857 shield-leaved1860 curled1861 symphyllous1877 beak-leaved188. stenophyllous1880 thread-leaved1884 megaphyllous1901 little leaf1908 ivy-leaf1909 1758 Philos. Trans. 1757 (Royal Soc.) 50 679 The very species, which was most frequently used for this purpose, was the channel-leaved lichenoides. 1836 J. C. Loudon Encycl. Plants (rev. ed.) Gloss. 1096/2 Channel-leaved, folded together so as to resemble a channel for conducting water. 1997 New Zealand Jrnl. Bot. 35 423/1 This green- and channel-leaved sedge with three stigmas is known only from dolomite rock outcrops. † channel raker n. Obsolete a person employed to clean out street gutters, a scavenger (scavenger n. 2a); (hence derogatory) a lower-class or contemptible person; cf. canel raker n. at cannel n.² Compounds 2, kennel-raker n. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > cleaning > cleaning streets > [noun] > one who mucker1229 raker1327 canel raker?1518 masser-scourer?1518 scavenger1530 sweep-street1553 channel raker1575 broom-man1592 broom-boy1593 gutter-master1607 rake-kennel1707 fulyie man1826 road sweeper1832 crossing-sweeper1841 street orderly1848 orderly1851 scavager1851 scaffy1853 broomer1857 sweep1858 roader1883 society > society and the community > social class > the common people > low rank or condition > the lowest class > [noun] > person of the lowest class ribalda1250 kitchen knave1440 scullion1483 scudler1488 canel raker?1518 channel raker1575 proletary1576 muckworm1649 proletariana1657 infimate1733 proletaire1796 coolie1803 gutterling1846 mudsill1858 prole1887 gutter-sparrow1890 gutter-bird1896 underworldling1928 delta1932 lumpenproletarian1936 proly1959 1575 G. Gascoigne Fruites of Warre cxxvij, in Posies sig. h.viii The Chanell raker liueth by his fee, Yet compt I him more worthie prayse than thee. 1607 R. West Court of Conscience sig. C3^v Maker of songs by euery channell raker. 1647 I. H. Virtue & Valour Vindicated 3 Nor sprung from the loynes of some channell raker. channel seam n. Fashion a type of decorative seam made by joining two parts of the same fabric with another strip of (contrasting) fabric underneath to form a channel. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > sewn or ornamented textile fabric > [noun] > sewing or work sewn > seam > specific seamc1394 round seam1626 fell1852 run and fell1852 French seam1882 dart1884 overseam1891 French seam1903 slot seam1918 jetting1923 channel seam1931 flat-fell seam1939 channel seaming1948 1931 Times 12 Oct. 15 (advt.) Channel seams at back and front give a semi-fitting effect. 2005 Observer (Nexis) 10 Apr. (Review section) 4 He talks about French vents and channel seams and pleats and flaps and side-adjusters as other men might discuss inverse-valve sprocket widgets. channel seaming n. [after channel seam n.] (the use of) channel seams. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > sewn or ornamented textile fabric > [noun] > sewing or work sewn > seam > specific seamc1394 round seam1626 fell1852 run and fell1852 French seam1882 dart1884 overseam1891 French seam1903 slot seam1918 jetting1923 channel seam1931 flat-fell seam1939 channel seaming1948 1948 J. Austin Royal Wedding in Great Brit. & East Jan. (between pp. 46 and 47) Equally simple was the blue crepe dress, adorned only by channel seaming in three double rows to form a cross-over bodice. 2013 B. English Cultural Hist. Fashion 20th & 21st Cent. (ed. 2) 97 Distinctive finishing features such as banded hemlines, false pocket flaps and channel seaming. channel section n. and adj. (a) n. = channel bar n. (b) adj. constructed from channel bars. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > metal > iron > [noun] > bar of iron > channel bar channel1844 channel iron1856 channel bar1862 channel section1866 1866 Railway Times 17 Mar. 1/3 The channel section, when viewed properly—that is, with the channel or trough in elevation—is a very handsome shape. 1884 Iron 16 May 441/2 The rolls for producing four-cornered channel section wire or bars are four in number... The edges of the rolls are convex rounded and form the channels in the four sides. 1910 Westm. Gaz. 22 Mar. 5/2 The motor..is mounted..on a channel-section underframe suspended at three points. 1930 Engineering 2 May 564/1 The bracket..was formed of two channel sections. 1998 J. R. Vinson & Z. Chen in G. M. Newaz & R. F. Gibson Proc. 8th Japan–U.S. Conf. Composite Materials 219 Plate components wherein one long edge is unsupported or free, e.g. channel sections and T-sections. 2001 Automobile June 30/3 The channel section chassis..was of a sound if conservative design. channel selector n. a switch or button which changes the channel on a radio or television set, esp. one that is integral to the set, as opposed to a remote control. ΘΚΠ society > communication > telecommunication > radio communications > radio equipment > [noun] > radio set > controls automatic frequency control1921 automatic volume control1924 automatic gain control1925 channel selector1931 fine tuner1965 1931 Sunday Gaz. (Cedar Rapids, Iowa) 15 Feb. 1/7 There is..a channel selector which picks out one program from the three on the set. 1987 M. Gratton in J. McLeod Oxf. Bk. Canad. Polit. Anecd. (1988) 259 He was forever fiddling with a TV channel selector to make sure he didn't miss anything. 2000 J. Deaver Speaking in Tongues (2003) iv. 40 Konnie clicked the TV's channel selector. He seemed fascinated to find a TV that had no remote control. channel-shaped adj. shaped like or resembling a channel, esp. in having upturned sides. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > metal > iron > [adjective] > iron in specific form faggotedc1670 puddled1838 channel-shaped1855 shingled1884 1855 Philos. Mag. 10 409 He was necessitated to reduce the case to that of linear currents, which necessarily demand channel-shaped bounds, if every possibility of a lateral outspreading is to be avoided. 1906 J. W. M. Sothern Marine Steam Turbine (ed. 2) II. 54 At the outer ends..the blades fit..into a channel-shaped brass ring, or ‘shroud’, as it is called. 1990 W. Weaver & J. M. Gere Matrix Anal. of Framed Structures (ed. 3) vi. 425 Figure 6-23a shows a beam member with a channel-shaped cross section. † channel shoe n. Obsolete a shoe having a groove cut around the edge of the sole, into which the seam joining the sole and upper is sunk; frequently in English channel shoe. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > parts of machines > other parts > [noun] > other specific parts armOE button?1561 running gear1663 relax1676 collar1678 drumhead1698 long arm1717 drum1744 press cloth1745 head1785 absorber1789 bearing plate1794 crown1796 rhodings1805 press box1825 alternator1829 cushion1832 saw tooth1835 shoe1837 keyboard1839 returner1839 cross-head1844 channel shoe1845 baster1846 water port1864 shifter1869 magazine1873 entry port1874 upsetter1875 mechanism1876 tapper1876 tension bar1879 buttonholer1882 take-up1884 auger1886 instrument panel1897 balancer1904 torsion bar1937 powerhead1960 1763 Lloyd's Evening Post 27 Apr. (advt.) Double and Single Channel Shoes.] 1845 Dundee Courier 25 Mar. (advt.) Ladies enamelled patent walking and channel shoes. 1874 Harper's Mag. Sept. 802 She wore English channel shoes. 1908 Boot & Shoe Recorder 22 July 121/1 The Joseph Caunt Company..produces an English channel shoe, on a modified English last. Channel Tunnel n. (also with lower-case initial in the second element or in both elements) a (proposed) tunnel under the English Channel linking the coasts of England and France; also figurative.The tunnel, 50.5 km (31.4 miles) in length, was opened on 6 May 1994, and is used by passenger and freight rail services; cf. Eurostar n., Le Shuttle n., Chunnel n. ΘΚΠ society > travel > means of travel > route or way > other means of passage or access > [noun] > underground passage or tunnel > under the English Channel Channel Tunnel1869 Chunnel1907 1869 Times 25 June 5/5 The Channel Tunnel... Project for a submarine tunnel between Dover and a point near Cape Blanc-nez, on the French coast. 1889 G. M. Hopkins Let. 29 Apr. (1935) 304 Rot about babies, a blethery bathos into which Hugo and he [sc. Swinburne] from opposite coasts have long driven Channel-tunnels. 1957 Encycl. Brit. V. 232/2 The Channel tunnel scheme was shelved again [in 1924] but the idea did not die. 1997 Transportation Statistics Ann. Rep. 1997 (U.S. Dept. of Transportation) x. 242 In 1994, France and the United Kingdom initiated London to Paris HSR service using the privately constructed and operated channel tunnel, or chunnel. 2010 Grocer Feb. 11/4 Fresh produce from Spain is being rail-freighted from Valencia to the UK using the Channel Tunnel. Derivatives ˈchannelward adv. = channelwards adv. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > sea or ocean > channel > [adverb] > in direction of English Channel channelward1847 channelwards1848 1847 Sporting Rev. Jan. 41 The strength of the fish being resolved at times into thrusts and probings channelward. 1920 Chambers's Jrnl. 67/2 I waved my hand Channelward. 2013 Capital (Annapolis, Maryland) 2 Oct. a5 The project is redesigned to extend farther channelward. ˈchannelwards adv. in the direction of a channel; spec. the English Channel. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > sea or ocean > channel > [adverb] > in direction of English Channel channelward1847 channelwards1848 1848 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Feb. 194/2 I turned my eyes channelwards, and my thoughts to passports and posthorses. 1948 Daily Independent (Murphysboro, Illinois) 5 June 4/3 The only question in the Hitlerites' mind was where the Allies would strike and when. Their feints channelwards were meant to confuse. 2001 P. W. French Coastal Defences 282 There is insufficient mudflat width for marshes to be sustainable..due to the..tendency for marshes to slump channelwards under gravity. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2017; most recently modified version published online March 2022). channeln.² Brit. /ˈtʃanl/, U.S. /ˈtʃæn(ə)l/ Forms: 1600s– channel, 1700s channell. Origin: A variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: chain-wale n. Etymology: Reduced form of chain-wale n. (compare β. forms at gunwale n.). Compare channel wale n.For similar reduced forms in nautical language compare e.g. earlier bosun n. and the β. forms at rowlock n.¹ The tautological addition of wale n.¹ in channel wale n. (compare quot. 1672) suggests that the origin of channel was already obscure at the time of our earliest evidence, and hence may imply that the word had earlier currency. Nautical. Now chiefly historical. A broad thick plank projecting horizontally from the side of a sailing ship slightly behind the mast (or each mast), serving to widen the basis of support for the shrouds. Cf. chain-wale n.On a ship with more than one mast, also with distinguishing word indicating the position, as fore channel, main channel, mizzen channel.Recorded earliest in channel wale n. Quot. 1672 may refer to the channel itself, or it may refer to the timber to which it is attached (cf. channel wale n.). ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > masts, rigging, or sails > rigging > [noun] > fixed rigging > rigging supporting mast laterally > chain-wale chain-wale1611 channel1672 channel board1858 1672 J. Narbrough Jrnl. 2 May in R. C. Anderson Jrnls. & Narr. Third Dutch War (1946) (modernized text) 81 The Victory came running up on our larboard side and gave us a rub on our fore channel-wale. 1702 G. Sergison Let. 6 July in Mariner's Mirror (1920) 6 217 The Master Shipwright..carefully considered the conveniencyes and inconveniencyes of lifting the Channells above the middle Tyre of Ports. 1759 News-readers Pocket-bk. 67 Channels, are Fore, Main, and Mizzen. They are..broad enough to prevent the Shrouds touching the Rails. 1840 R. H. Dana Two Years before Mast xxix. 105 Our unusually large cargo..brought the ship channels down into the water. 1883 Rep. Cases Maritime Law 4 319/1 The steamer struck the ship on her starboard side a little abaft the fore-channel. 1911 H. de V. Stacpoole Ship Coral xi. 61 The little boat came up grinding against the great washing wall of the vessel,..right beneath the broad channel of the foremast. 1949 Bull. Museum of Fine Arts 47 60/1 This model follows an earlier practice of placing the mizzen channels a deck higher than those of the fore and main masts. 2015 D. McElvogue Tudor Warship Mary Rose iii. 25/2 The main and mizzen masts' standing rigging is spread by a timber shelf called a ‘channel’ running along the side of the summercastle. Compounds channel board n. now historical = main sense. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > masts, rigging, or sails > rigging > [noun] > fixed rigging > rigging supporting mast laterally > chain-wale chain-wale1611 channel1672 channel board1858 1858 J. Grantham Iron Ship-building 233 Channel Boards of hard wood. 1905 M. Robertson Down to Sea 212 He..swung his right leg over the lower channel board. 2002 P. Goodwin Nelson's Ships xxv. 235/2 (caption) Besides having better lines, her channel boards were originally set level with the upper gun deck. † channel bolt n. Obsolete a long bolt connecting a channel to the side of a ship. ΚΠ 1820 Asiatic Jrnl. & Monthly Reg. Nov. 504/1 The mainmast in falling..tore away the planks in the wake of the channel bolts. 1894 Rep. Chairman Board Steamboat Inspection 211 in Sessional Papers Canada (7th Parl., 4th Sess.) IX. No. 11 a I found that a portion of the cargo on the port side, abreast of main channel bolts and between deck, had been wet by salt water. channel plate n. now historical and rare an iron link or plate fastened under a channel, to which the shroud of a mast is secured; = chain-plate n. 1. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > masts, rigging, or sails > rigging > [noun] > fixed rigging > rigging supporting mast laterally > chains or chain-plates chain1627 chain-plate1692 stopper-bolt1711 chain1720 channel plate1833 1818 Lancaster Gaz. 24 Oct. The Calcutta, Stroyan, for Calcutta..was run foul of by the Susan, Taylor, for Trieste..which carried away her bowsprit, head, fore-channel plates, boat and bower anchor, and sprung her foremast.] 1833 Freeman's Jrnl. (Dublin) 9 Dec. The starboard channel plates were completely wrenched off. 1911 H. de V. Stacpoole Ship Coral xi. 61 Reaching up, he caught hold of a channelplate and..swung himself on to the channel. 1961 A. G. Course Painted Ports xiv. 197 She had channel plates outside her hull to which were secured her dead-eyes and lanyard rigging. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2017; most recently modified version published online March 2022). channelv. Brit. /ˈtʃanl/, U.S. /ˈtʃæn(ə)l/ Inflections: Present participle channelling, (chiefly U.S.) channeling; past tense and past participle channelled, (chiefly U.S.) channeled; Forms: see channel n.¹ Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: channel n.¹ Etymology: < channel n.¹ Compare slightly earlier channelled adj. 1. a. transitive. To form channels in; to wear or cut into channels; to furrow, groove, flute. Also: to run through, down, etc., in or as though in channels. Frequently in passive with by, with. ΘΚΠ the world > space > shape > unevenness > condition or fact of receding > form a recess in [verb (transitive)] > form (a groove) > make grooves in gutter1387 groop1412 channel?1440 chamfer1565 flute1578 plough1594 seam1596 entrench1607 furrow1609 trench1624 groove1686 striate1709 quirk1797 stripe1842 engroove1880 tr. Palladius De re Rustica (Duke Humfrey) (1896) ii. l. 364 (MED) And chanel their tronke vnto the too [L. canalis longus a summo trunco ad imum debet excudi]. 1598 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 1 i. i. 7 No more shall trenching war channel her fields. View more context for this quotation 1644 J. Evelyn Mem. (1857) I. 127 Four wreathed columns, partly channelled. 1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. 99/1 Channelling the sole is making a riggett in the outer sole for the Wax thread to ly in. 1736 Neve's City & Country Purchaser's & Builder's Dict. (ed. 3) Chamfering,..channelling or hollowing a Piece of Work. 1781 W. Cowper Truth 174 The streaming tears Channel her cheeks. 1839 G. P. R. James Huguenot I. iv. 133 Both to the right and left led away a small road, deeply channelled by the wheels of sand carts. 1869 P. Gillmore tr. G. L. Figuier Reptiles & Birds Introd. 190 The sides of the mandible deeply channelled with nostrils. 1908 Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 24 197 The outer surfaces of all plates are channelled by deep vascular grooves. 1986 P. Leigh Fermor Between Woods & Water (1988) vii. 176 Freshets channelled the penumbra, falling from rocky overhangs into pools. 2001 Sci. Amer. Jan. 93/3 The simpler plows other oxen pull to furrow and channel the grainfields. †b. transitive. spec. To provide (a street) with a channel or gutter to carry away surface water. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > travel > means of travel > route or way > way, path, or track > street > lay out as a street [verb (transitive)] > provide (a street) with a channel or gutter water-table1797 channel1848 1848 Act 11 & 12 Victoria c. 63 §68 Said Local Board shall from Time to Time cause all such Streets to be levelled, paved, flagged, channelled, altered, and repaired. 1852 Hull Packet & E. Riding Times 12 Nov. 6/6 The lords have been making many and great improvements..especially in paving, channelling, and flagging the streets. 1900 Northern Echo 15 Aug. The above Council desire to receive Tenders for Flagging and Channelling about 400 Yards of the Footpaths in the Village of Norton. 2. a. transitive. To convey or guide through, or as though through, a channel; to cause to pass along or through a particular route or medium. rare between 17th and late 20th centuries. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > transference > [verb (transitive)] > convey or transport > convey by a channel or medium conductc1420 derive1483 channel1560 carry1565 convey1601 conduit1628 transmit1664 1560 T. Churchyard Contention betwyxte Churchyeard & Camell sig. F.ii/2 Ere they will channell well theire craire [= crayer], that shulde them safely beare. 1648 H. Power Let. 15 Sept. in Sir T. Browne Wks. (1964) IV. 260 The urine is channelld all along with the blood, through almost all the Parenchymata of the Body. 1657 R. Carpenter Astrol. Proved Harmless 1 We know not the mysterious..Things of God, but as they have been channel'd to us by God himself in divine Revelation. 1845 N. P. Willis Dashes at Life with Free Pencil iv. 55 I only lament that the distinct pleasure I feel in every pore and fibre will not be channelled into the nib of my pen and flow to you in rhetoric. 1975 J. K. Crum Art Inner Listening iii. 21 Man has learned to channel electricity for his use through switches and generators. 1987 New Sci. 17 Sept. 28/3 They channel them through customs controls at provincial airports, where it is easier for them to fiddle explanations about the technology they wish to export. 2008 Runner's World Dec. 107/2 (advt.) A small soft rubber seal on the inside of the headband..channeling the sweat back and out of your eyes and face. b. transitive. To direct towards a particular end or goal; to focus (one's energy, emotions, etc.) for a particular purpose. ΚΠ 1919 Advocate of Peace June 118/1 Many of the Missionaries..take it upon themselves to channel their efforts towards getting members from the Greek Church. 1958 Times 31 Jan. 9/7 It [sc. investment] must be channelled in the most remunerative directions. 1974 A. Davis Autobiogr. (1975) iv. 178 The eagerness to fight back..had to be channeled into a political direction. 2013 C. Tsiolkas Barracuda (2014) 434 Clyde's fury, all his regret and disappointment had been channelled in snide, bitter attacks on Australia. c. transitive. To convey (a message or other communication) from (a spirit, extraterrestrial being, etc.). Hence: to serve as a medium for (a spirit, extraterrestrial being, etc.). Also intransitive. ΚΠ 1977 Washington Post 24 Jan. c2/2 He's a concert harpist who..channels healing music from the spirits. 1983 S. MacLaine Out on Limb xiii. 180 I just knew that I must be channeling spiritual guides. 1994 Sydney Morning Herald (Nexis) 28 Oct. 13 Mormons channelling messages from other parts of the cosmos. 1995 J. F. Garner Once upon more Enlightened Time 25 Oh, you sillies—I'm channeling! 2016 Express (Nexis) 12 Mar. 37 In a séance in 1924 Margery channelled a spirit named Walter. d. transitive. To emulate or imitate (a person); to (appear to) be inspired by. Also occasionally with a style or other source of influence as object. ΚΠ 1995 Sight & Sound June 8/1 If Cage was channelling the young Brando in some of his earlier films, by the time he got to Lynch's movie there were other influences to consider. 2004 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 14 Apr. a20/1 Senator John Kerry was doing his best to channel John F. Kennedy again, denouncing apathy and trying to get young people excited about politics and public service. 2009 Guardian 20 Jan. 17/1 Leaving aside high street labels copying high end collections, designers have a great fondness for ‘paying homage’, or ‘channelling’, to use the common lingo, one another's styles. 2013 L. Miller Parallel vii. 203 Since Metamorphoses is a series of eleven vignettes from Greek mythology, my plan was to channel Aphrodite in understated Greek-chic. 3. intransitive. To pass through, or as though through, a channel. Frequently with through, up. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > movement over, across, through, or past > [verb (intransitive)] > through or over obstacles > by or as by a channel channel1625 1625 D. Primrose Scotlands Complaint sig. B2^v And [the River] Forth in such a rage, as was not seene before, His wonted Limits far ou'r-reach'd, and channel'd vp the Shore. 1648 Mercurius Aulicus 10–17 Feb. sig. C2v The untainted Christian blood that channels through the loyall veines of Europe. 1664 H. Power Exper. Philos. i. 38 If you observe her [sc. the great Black Snail]..you shall see a little stream of clouds, channel up her belly from her tail to her head. 1691 Probl. conc. Gout 8 If..the Malignity be removed from the Vitals, and the Venom precluded from channelling in the Arteries. 1840 C. F. Hoffman Greyslaer II. 190 Such a love becomes as much a part of a man's nature, mingles as intimately with his being, as the very life-blood that channels through his veins. 1880 A. P. Graves Irish Songs & Ballads 151 Make for me my bed Among the mouldering dead, Where the winding worms may crawl and channel through me. 1920 E. Blunden Waggoner 9 Her chiming channelled through his brain. 2000 Canoeist Apr. 14/2 The water channelled through two picturesque gorges. 4. transitive. To excavate or cut out (a course or conduit) as a channel. Also figurative. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > rivers and streams > stream > [verb (transitive)] > lead or extend a watercourse or channel > cut out a channel cut1590 channel1816 the world > the earth > structure of the earth > formation of features > erosion or weathering > erode [verb (transitive)] > cut channels or holes gull1577 rout1726 wash1766 scour1773 gully1775 erode1830 gorge1849 ravine1858 ream1859 channel1862 canyon1878 to plough out1886 cañon1889 incise1893 runnel1920 1816 Monthly Rev. Nov. 246 That vast aqueduct..was then channeled by Sir Hugh Middleton. 1862 D. Wilson Prehistoric Man I. iv. 110 The Ashley River has channeled for itself a course through the eocene and post-pliocene formations of South Carolina. 1871 S. Smiles Character i. 16 ‘The strong man and the waterfall’ says the proverb ‘channel their own path’. 1902 F. Leverett Glacial Formations Erie & Ohio Basins 217 The west fork..takes a course east of north, channeling a passage much of the way through the rock. 1998 Birmingham Post (Nexis) 4 Feb. 4 There was also the possibility of exploring a cheaper engineering solution to the problem of channelling the canals under the BNRR [= Birmingham Northern Relief Road]. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2017; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.¹a1387n.²1672v.?1440
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channeln.1

Compounds

Derivatives

channeln.2

Compounds

channelv.

channeln.¹

channeln.²