centrifugaladj.n.

Brit.

/ˌsɛntrᵻˈfjuːɡl/,

/sɛnˈtrɪfjᵿɡl/,

/s(ə)nˈtrɪfjᵿɡl/, U.S.

/sɛnˈtrɪf(j)əɡəl/

Origin: A borrowing from Latin, combined with an English element. Etymons: Latin centrifugus , -al suffix¹.

Etymology: < post-classical Latin and scientific Latin centrifugus (1669 in a letter by Christiaan Huygens: see below; < classical Latin centrum centre n.¹ + -fugus : see -fugous comb. form) + -al suffix¹. Compare French centrifuge (1700; < Latin). Compare earlier centripetal adj. and later centrifuge adj.Earliest use of the Latin adjective. Huygens first used post-classical Latin vis centrifuga ‘centrifugal force’ in a letter to Henry Oldenburg, then Secretary of the Royal Society of London, dated 4 September 1669, and subsequently in his Horologium oscillatorium (1673) v. 157, to which Newton referred in his Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica. See also M. C. Hobart ‘The History of the Introduction of the Idea of Centrifugal Force’, in School Science & Mathematics (1911) 11 685–92. Compare further discussion at centripetal adj. Specific senses. With use in sense A. 3a compare scientific Latin centrifugus (1770 or earlier as a specific epithet in botany). In sense A. 3b after scientific Latin centrifugus (1791 or earlier in this sense). In sense A. 4b after scientific Latin centrifugus (1826 or earlier in this sense). In sense A. 5 after centrifuge n. Pronunciation history. Like centripetal adj., this word was probably originally stressed on the penultimate syllable, a pronunciation still prevailing in British usage. N.E.D. (1889) only gives a pronunciation with stress on the antepenultimate syllable.

A. adj.

1. Directed away from the centre, esp. of a circle. Contrasted with centripetal adj. 1.

a. centrifugal force n. the (apparent) force that acts on objects located in a rotating frame of reference (such as the interior of a rotating body) by drawing them outward and away from the centre of rotation.Effects attributed to the action of a centrifugal force are in fact the consequence of inertia, by which the object in question tends to travel along a path that is at a tangent to the motion of the reference frame, rather than being the result of a force acting upon the object.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > mechanics > force > [noun] > centrifugal

centrifugal force1698

axifugal force1744

1698 J. Keill Exam. Burnet's Theory Earth vi. 111 Without doubt all Bodies having this centrifugal force..would fly off from the Earth if they were not kept in their orbit, by their gravity.

1759 London Chron. 25 Sept. 300/1 A geometrician proposed one day, that to remove the blood from a part where it abounded too much, or to make it flow into others, the centrifugal force should be employed.

1791 Monthly Rev. Apr. 489 Gyratory motion in a vertical plane, in which, beside the centrifugal force of the body and the retractive power of the thread, that of gravity also..must be taken into the account.

1841 R. W. Emerson Hist. in Ess. 1st Ser. (London ed.) 4 As the poise of my body depends on the equilibrium of centrifugal and centripetal forces.

1899 H. G. Wells Star in Peterson Mag. Dec. 1194/2 Stop a planet in its flight, rob it of its centrifugal force, what then? Centripetal has it, and down it falls into the sun!

1942 R. Chandler High Window xxxiii. 221 A hollow mold..is clamped against a crucible on a centrifuge and molten gold is shot into it by centrifugal force from the crucible.

2008 M. Denny How Ocean Works vii. 181 Because of this centrifugal force, the water congregates in the bottom of the pail, and, if you spin the pail fast enough, the water does not spill.

b. That is directed away from the centre, esp. as a perceived result of the action of a centrifugal force; associated with or attributed to a centrifugal force; as centrifugal tendency, centrifugal motion, etc.

ΚΠ

1709 R. Stewart Ess. Machine Perpetual Motion 18 The Orbs of the Universe..movable about their Centers..but in no degree of actual Motion, except the Centripetal and Centrifugal.

1764 R. Long Astron. II. iv. iii. 613 In a globe which has a rotation round its axis, the several parts of the surface thereof are carried with different degrees of velocity, and consequently with different degrees of centrifugal motion.

1848 J. Brocklesby Elements Meteorol. ii. iii. 66 By the centrifugal action of the whirl, the air is driven outward, as in the case of hurricanes.

1866 G. B. Airy Pop. Astron. (ed. 5) 241 The centrifugal tendency is powerfully in operation at the equator, but not at all at the poles.

1928 Science 7 Dec. 550/2 At various stages of the contraction, the centrifugal acceleration at the equator of the rotating mass equaled the gravitational acceleration toward its center.

1983 I. Asimov Roving Mind vi. xlix. 277 The settlements will turn so as to produce a centrifugal effect that will mimic normal gravity on their inner surfaces.

c. figurative and in extended use.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > going away > [adjective] > moving away from a centre

radiating1665

centrifugous1702

centrifuge1719

centrifugal1771

1771 A. M. Toplady Free Thoughts Projected Applic. Parl. 32 Experience proves, that some of us are not a little centrifugal.

1794 J. Stewart Good Sense 53 [George] Washington..is the only centre of light, heat, and attraction, to this centrifugal heterogeneous mass of population.

1856 R. A. Vaughan Hours with Mystics I. iv. ii. 122 A process of evolution, a centrifugal movement in the Divine Nature.

1868 M. E. Grant Duff Polit. Surv. 21 So strong are the centrifugal forces in Spain.

1916 K. Francke Personality in German Lit. Before Luther vi. 185 Perhaps the centrifugal development of Germany during the preceding centuries had made a radical reconstruction of the imperial power impossible.

1966 G. DeVos & H. Wagatsuma Japan's Invisible Race (1967) 110 Some of the centripetal and centrifugal forces operating on community organization.

2009 D. V. Ruffolo Post-Queer Politics i. 5 I will explore post-queer..potentialities of contemporary politics by moving beyond..the centrifugal dynamics of queer.

a. Applied to various machines, devices, facilities, etc., which operate by means of or make use of centrifugation. See also Compounds.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > gas > air > fresh air > [adjective] > of or relating to ventilation > relating to (a) fan(s)

centrifugal1736

ventilabral1882

1736 J. T. Desaguliers in Philos. Trans. 1735–6 (Royal Soc.) 39 44 (title) A Calculation of the Velocity of the Air moved by the new-invented Centrifugal Bellows of 7 Feet in Diameter, and 1 Foot thick within.

1765 Gazetteer & New Daily Advertiser 31 May 3/5 The many invectives thrown out..against the new invented centrifugal machine for extracting water out of ships.

?1800 F. Hardie Syllabus Course Lect. vi. 8 Several working models, pump, engines, centrifugal mill, rope pump.., &c.

1822 J. White New Cent. of Inventions 225 Some..might then consider the conical pendulum as an ordinary centrifugal governor.

1835 Mechanics' Mag. 17 Jan. 306/2 Nothing remained, but to attain a command of fire to keep up that intensity..; and with this view, the centrifugal fan was first used.

1848 Repertory Patent Inventions 12 247 The steam which shall enter the centrifugal separator..may be comparatively dry.

1851 Mechanics' Mag. 15 Feb. 136/7 In again employing the centrifugal filter to operate on the filtered cane-juice.

1878 Engineer 16 Aug. 105/3 A centrifugal dressing machine..intended to replace the long and cumbersome flour cylinders.

1881 Subject-matter Index Patents 1879 29/1 Combined centrifugal dresser, bran separator, and cleaner, and middlings purifier.

1920 Science 19 Mar. 287 An airplane..with a supercharger, i.e. , a gas turbine centrifugal compresser to offset the loss at the carbureter.

c1943 Everyday Things & their Story 109/1 This mixture is too wet..so the excess acid is removed by centrifugal machines called hydro-extractors.

1971 N. Brown Antarctic Housewife v. 40 Centrifugal separators and purifiers, gleaming pieces of equipment designed to extract every possible drop of oil.

1974 R. E. Lee in Instrumentation for monitoring Air Quality 152 Rotating centrifugal devices..to collect particles smaller than those collected by cyclones.

2013 C. Jolicoeur New Cider Maker's Handbk. vi. 98/1 Centrifugal mills require more powerful motors than grater mills of the same capacity.

b. Similarly applied to processes involving centrifugation, esp. to those performed by such machines.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > mechanics > force > [adjective] > centrifugal

centrifugal1858

the world > matter > physics > mechanics > force > [adjective] > centrifugal > employing

centrifugal1858

1858 Trans. Amer. Inst. N.-Y. 1857 646 in Docs. Assembly State N.-Y. (81st Session, Doc. No. 164) VI Mr. Butler called to notice the centrifugal casting of pipes.

1865 in Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Dublin 4 154 The further growth consists in the development of a delicate common membrane..and in the centrifugal separation of the new primordial cells.

1881 Official Gaz. (U.S. Patent Office) 5 Apr. 807/2 An apparatus for the centrifugal separation of materials of different densities.

1914 Indianapolis Star 19 Apr. 32 (advt.) Polk's Milk is clarified by a special centrifugal filtration process.

1927 Bull. Nat. Res. Council (U.S.) No. 60. 96 Centrifugal extraction of liquids from solids.

1988 BioFactors 1 161/1 Centrifugal elutriation has been utilized in order to separate cultures of L-929 fibroblasts into subpopulations containing cells at different stages of the cell cycle.

2014 Poultry World (Nexis) 3 Oct. The faecal matter collected from the birds is processed using specific techniques involving centrifugal separation and super-fine sieving.

a. Biology. Proceeding from the interior or centre of a body, organ, cell, etc., to the exterior or periphery; extending or growing in an outward direction; characterized by direction or movement outward from a centre.

ΚΠ

1770 J. Berkenhout Outl. Nat. Hist. Great Brit. & Ireland II. 312 [Lichen] Centrifugus. Spreading Liverwort. Foliola multifid, smooth, centrifugal.

1826 J. Bell & R. La Roche tr. F. J. V. Broussais Treat. Physiol. appl. Pathol. ii. ii. 242 If..we reflect that the veins and lymphatic vessels, in a word, the entire centripetal vascular apparatus , does not receive any cords from the great sympathetic, we must admit, that the arterial or centrifugal vessels [Fr. vaisseaux artériels ou centrifuges] have a vital action somewhat different.

1832 Transylvania Jrnl. Med. 5 418 Is it not a leading object of the warm bath to produce this centrifugal movement of the blood?

1868 Med. Times & Gaz. 7 July 5/1 The subsequent or later reproduction of new cell-growing material has almost entirely taken place in a centrifugal direction from the lung.

1884 F. O. Bower & D. H. Scott tr. H. A. de Bary Compar. Anat. Phanerogams & Ferns 545 In the course of the tangential divisions in an initial cell and the radial row derived from it, two extreme forms may in the first instance be distinguished..termed the centripetal and centrifugal forms.

1896 T. C. Allbutt & W. S. Playfair Syst. Gynæcol. 607 The centre is composed of well-formed fibers, while towards the periphery..the fibres are more and more embryonic: thus the centrifugal development of the neoplasm is demonstrated.

1911 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 25 Feb. 433/2 The natural history of a cancer is one of centrifugal growth followed by centrifugal death.

1954 Biol. Rev. 29 63 The now well-known centripetal and centrifugal patterns of differentiation, the exarch, endarch, and mesarch types of xylem.

1960 E. D. P. De Robertis Gen. Cytol. 184 A class of particles with centrifugal properties intermediate between the mitochondria and the microsomes was isolated from liver cells.

2012 Hydrobiologia 387 6/2 Centrifugal migration of cells from the center to the periphery of the morula.

b. Physiology. Transmitting nerve impulses away from the brain or spinal cord, or from a specific part of one of these; transmitted in such a direction; designating such transmission; = efferent adj. See also centrifugal current n. at Compounds.In quot. 1828, the use of the word ‘vibrations’ reflects an early theory of neural transmission.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > nervous system > nerve > types of nerves > [adjective]

motive?a1425

recurrent1578

motory1683

refluent1741

abducent1752

motorial1768

internuncial1821

motor1823

centrifugal1828

unfilamentous1828

masticatory1834

aesthesodic1859

incito-motor1865

vaso-motor1865

kinesodic1874

centripetal1877

vaso-motorial1877

incito-motory1884

augmentor1885

pilomotor1891

postfixed1892

postganglionic1892

precellular1892

prefixed1892

preganglionic1892

plurisegmental1898

nocifensor1936

1828 S. D. Gross tr. A. L. J. Bayle & H. Hollard Man. Gen. Anat. vii. 153 According to the first [hypothesis].., the nerves perform their functions by the centripetal and centrifugal [Fr. centrifuge] transmission of vibrations.

1870 H. Spencer Princ. Psychol. (ed. 2) I. v. vi. 568 The centre..from which issue through centrifugal nerves motor impulses.

1902 Encycl. Brit. XXXI. 733/2 The centrifugal cardiac nerves influence the frequency, the force of contraction, and the conductivity of the excitatory wave.

1974 V. B. Mountcastle et al. Med. Physiol. (ed. 13) I. xvii. 546/1 Centrifugal fibers may also enter the olfactory tract.

2006 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) B. 361 2068/1 The unconditioned stimulus of tactile stimulation increases noradrenaline (NA) release in the MOB [= main olfactory bulb] of neonatal rats by centrifugal fibres from the locus ceruleus.

4. Botany.

a. Of the radicle of a plant embryo: directed towards the periphery of the fruit. Contrasted with centripetal adj. 2a.

ΚΠ

1800 J. Hull Elements Bot. I. 188/1 Radicle centrifugal. Tacca. Serapias. Epidendrum. Stratiotes.

1875 Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci. 1874–5 10 61 The radicle [of Pectocarya] is certainly not centrifugal, as stated by Alph. De Candolle.., but centripetal, as declared by Torrey.

1915 Jrnl. Washington Acad. Sci. 5 58 Seed [of Zuckia] horizontal, the testa membranaceous; embryo annular, surrounding the copious endosperm; radicle centrifugal.

1993 K. Kubitski et al. Families & Genera Flowering Plants II. 269/2 Embryo horseshoe-shaped; radicle centrifugal.

b. Designating an inflorescence in which the flower terminating the main axis opens first; designating this pattern of anthesis; = determinate adj. 2d. Contrasted with centripetal adj. 2b.

ΚΠ

1828 J. S. Henslow Syllabus Course Bot. Lect. 9 Inflorescence... 2. Terminal, or centrifugal. Cyme.

1830 J. Lindley Introd. Nat. Syst. Bot. 134 Flowers often with a centrifugal inflorescence.

1870 J. D. Hooker Student's Flora Brit. Islands 277 Labiatæ..Flowers solitary or in axillary opposite centrifugal cymes.

1973 Kew Bull. 28 465 In K[niphofia] pumila..the inflorescence starts opening from the top, i.e. is centrifugal.

2011 Edinb. Jrnl. Bot. 68 124 Pedicularis elephantoides also shares with the members of P. sect. Phanerantha the character of centrifugal inflorescence.

5. Esp. of sugar: produced or extracted by centrifugation.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation for table or cooking > general preparation processes > [adjective] > prepared by centrifuge

centrifugal1861

1861 Civilian & Gaz. Weekly (Galveston, Texas) 19 Feb. (advt.) 25 HHDS Centrifugal Sugar, of a superior quality.

1880 Army & Navy Co-op. Soc. Price List 34 Sugars..Centrifugal, or White Crystals.

1901 Yearbk. U.S. Dept. Agric. 1900 613 Fresh butter, made from sweet centrifugal cream.

1947 Billboard 19 Apr. 134/2 Output is expected to be several times greater than that in 1946, reaching about 100,000 tons of centrifugal sugar.

2011 M. M. Fraginals & H. Cateau in K. O. Lawrence Gen. Hist. Caribbean IV. iii. 79 The new mills produced centrifugal sugar of exceptional quality.

B. n.

Any of various machines or devices which operate primarily by means of centrifugation.Typically reflecting elliptical uses of fuller expressions. Cf. sense A. 2a.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > equipment for altering consistency > [noun] > separating apparatus

separatory1706

centrifugal1813

centrifuge1866

separator1881

cyclone1898

elutriator1904

microcentrifuge1937

hydro-cyclone1952

sedimenter1962

hydroclone1965

1813 Morning Post 2 Apr. The valves being opened, the water in an instant was forced into three different centrifugals.

1866 ‘M. Twain’ Lett. from Hawaii (1967) 266 Close to the grinder are six centrifugals—small metallic tubs, whose sides are pierced with a few thousand pinholes to the square inch.

1881 Sugar Cane 1 Mar. 150 False grain..not only spoils the sugar but prevents the molasses from leaving it in the centrifugals.

1904 W. T. Brannt tr. J. Bersch Cellulose & Artific. Rubber ix. 221 The bleached skeins of silk are..dehydrated in a centrifugal.

1950 Pop. Mech. Aug. 78/1 Forty feet below decks in his pump room, the pumpman starts his big centrifugals whirling at 1750 revolutions per minute.

2014 E. Helms & A. Greeven Juice Generation 56 If every second counts in your morning, you may want to look for one of the good quality, speedy centrifugals.

Compounds

centrifugal clutch n. a clutch in which the rotation of the driving element at a certain speed causes weighted arms that are attached to it to move outward until they engage the enclosing driven element.Centrifugal clutches engage and disengage automatically at certain speeds of rotation.

ΚΠ

1857 Jrnl. Franklin Inst. Apr. Index 434 Centrifugal Clutch.

1947 Times 8 Jan. 2/4 The car has many advanced features of design, including..a centrifugal clutch which eliminates the need to touch the clutch pedal for gear changing when the car is moving.

2001 J. Webster Repairing your Outdoor Equipm. xxiv. 306/2 If the chain still rotates, the problem is most likely a worn or damaged centrifugal clutch.

† centrifugal current n. Physiology Obsolete a naturally occurring or artificially administered electrical current flowing away from the brain or spinal cord.

ΚΠ

1845 Brit. & Foreign Med. Rev. 19 575 In the former case the contractions ensue only at the closure of the circle with a centripetal current, and the opening of one with a centrifugal current.

1853 J. Locke in Ohio Med. & Surg. Jrnl. 5 11 I prefer the terms centrifugal and centripetal currents—centrifugal, when it flows from the brain or spine towards the extremities, and centripetal, when the course is reversed.

1907 tr. A. Binet Mind & Brain iii. v. 249 No sensation is awakened by the centrifugal current.

centrifugal gun n. now historical a gun or cannon which operates by accelerating projectiles in a rotating mechanism.

ΚΠ

1841 N.Y. Daily Express 26 Oct. Among the articles exhibited at the Fair of the American Institute the Centrifugal Gun is well deserving of attention.

1913 Pop. Mech. Oct. 512/2 The greatest difficulty in connection with the operation of a centrifugal gun..has apparently been overcome by an invention recently patented in England.

1989 R. V. Bruce Lincoln & Tools of War x. 139 How long Dickinson worked at developing his centrifugal gun does not appear; but when the Civil War broke out, McCarty had spent some ten years on his device.

centrifugal pump n. a pump which operates by spinning a body of fluid, typically forcing the fluid outwards and away from a central inlet.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > pump > [noun] > other types of pump

bottom lift1778

rose pump1778

centrifugal pump1789

jack-heada1792

jet pump1850

sand-pump1865

Union pump1867

shell-pump1875

eductor1877

brake-pump1881

bull-pump1881

cam-pumpa1884

sand-reel1883

grasshopper1884

knapsack pump1894

knapsack sprayer1897

turbo-pump1903

Sylphon1906

slush pump1913

displacement pump1924

power pack1937

proportioner1945

solids pump1957

peristaltic pump1958

powerhead1981

Cornish pump-

1789 J. Banks Epitome Course Lect. Nat. & Exper. Philos. (new ed.) v. 59 Erskine's centrifugal pump consists of an upright tube, which has a valve at the bottom.

1915 Pop. Mech. June 863/2 The pumping is done by a submerged centrifugal pump run by gasoline power, which forces the water through a pipe and discharges it into the irrigation flume.

2006 Boating June 138 If water does get below, your only hope is the bilge pump. The centrifugal pumps found in most boats often have high, 2,000 or more gallons per hour (gph) ratings.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2016; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	centrifugal
释义	centrifugaladj.n. Brit. /ˌsɛntrᵻˈfjuːɡl/, /sɛnˈtrɪfjᵿɡl/, /s(ə)nˈtrɪfjᵿɡl/, U.S. /sɛnˈtrɪf(j)əɡəl/ Origin: A borrowing from Latin, combined with an English element. Etymons: Latin centrifugus , -al suffix¹. Etymology: < post-classical Latin and scientific Latin centrifugus (1669 in a letter by Christiaan Huygens: see below; < classical Latin centrum centre n.¹ + -fugus : see -fugous comb. form) + -al suffix¹. Compare French centrifuge (1700; < Latin). Compare earlier centripetal adj. and later centrifuge adj.Earliest use of the Latin adjective. Huygens first used post-classical Latin vis centrifuga ‘centrifugal force’ in a letter to Henry Oldenburg, then Secretary of the Royal Society of London, dated 4 September 1669, and subsequently in his Horologium oscillatorium (1673) v. 157, to which Newton referred in his Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica. See also M. C. Hobart ‘The History of the Introduction of the Idea of Centrifugal Force’, in School Science & Mathematics (1911) 11 685–92. Compare further discussion at centripetal adj. Specific senses. With use in sense A. 3a compare scientific Latin centrifugus (1770 or earlier as a specific epithet in botany). In sense A. 3b after scientific Latin centrifugus (1791 or earlier in this sense). In sense A. 4b after scientific Latin centrifugus (1826 or earlier in this sense). In sense A. 5 after centrifuge n. Pronunciation history. Like centripetal adj., this word was probably originally stressed on the penultimate syllable, a pronunciation still prevailing in British usage. N.E.D. (1889) only gives a pronunciation with stress on the antepenultimate syllable. A. adj. 1. Directed away from the centre, esp. of a circle. Contrasted with centripetal adj. 1. a. centrifugal force n. the (apparent) force that acts on objects located in a rotating frame of reference (such as the interior of a rotating body) by drawing them outward and away from the centre of rotation.Effects attributed to the action of a centrifugal force are in fact the consequence of inertia, by which the object in question tends to travel along a path that is at a tangent to the motion of the reference frame, rather than being the result of a force acting upon the object. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > mechanics > force > [noun] > centrifugal centrifugal force1698 axifugal force1744 1698 J. Keill Exam. Burnet's Theory Earth vi. 111 Without doubt all Bodies having this centrifugal force..would fly off from the Earth if they were not kept in their orbit, by their gravity. 1759 London Chron. 25 Sept. 300/1 A geometrician proposed one day, that to remove the blood from a part where it abounded too much, or to make it flow into others, the centrifugal force should be employed. 1791 Monthly Rev. Apr. 489 Gyratory motion in a vertical plane, in which, beside the centrifugal force of the body and the retractive power of the thread, that of gravity also..must be taken into the account. 1841 R. W. Emerson Hist. in Ess. 1st Ser. (London ed.) 4 As the poise of my body depends on the equilibrium of centrifugal and centripetal forces. 1899 H. G. Wells Star in Peterson Mag. Dec. 1194/2 Stop a planet in its flight, rob it of its centrifugal force, what then? Centripetal has it, and down it falls into the sun! 1942 R. Chandler High Window xxxiii. 221 A hollow mold..is clamped against a crucible on a centrifuge and molten gold is shot into it by centrifugal force from the crucible. 2008 M. Denny How Ocean Works vii. 181 Because of this centrifugal force, the water congregates in the bottom of the pail, and, if you spin the pail fast enough, the water does not spill. b. That is directed away from the centre, esp. as a perceived result of the action of a centrifugal force; associated with or attributed to a centrifugal force; as centrifugal tendency, centrifugal motion, etc. ΚΠ 1709 R. Stewart Ess. Machine Perpetual Motion 18 The Orbs of the Universe..movable about their Centers..but in no degree of actual Motion, except the Centripetal and Centrifugal. 1764 R. Long Astron. II. iv. iii. 613 In a globe which has a rotation round its axis, the several parts of the surface thereof are carried with different degrees of velocity, and consequently with different degrees of centrifugal motion. 1848 J. Brocklesby Elements Meteorol. ii. iii. 66 By the centrifugal action of the whirl, the air is driven outward, as in the case of hurricanes. 1866 G. B. Airy Pop. Astron. (ed. 5) 241 The centrifugal tendency is powerfully in operation at the equator, but not at all at the poles. 1928 Science 7 Dec. 550/2 At various stages of the contraction, the centrifugal acceleration at the equator of the rotating mass equaled the gravitational acceleration toward its center. 1983 I. Asimov Roving Mind vi. xlix. 277 The settlements will turn so as to produce a centrifugal effect that will mimic normal gravity on their inner surfaces. c. figurative and in extended use. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > going away > [adjective] > moving away from a centre radiating1665 centrifugous1702 centrifuge1719 centrifugal1771 1771 A. M. Toplady Free Thoughts Projected Applic. Parl. 32 Experience proves, that some of us are not a little centrifugal. 1794 J. Stewart Good Sense 53 [George] Washington..is the only centre of light, heat, and attraction, to this centrifugal heterogeneous mass of population. 1856 R. A. Vaughan Hours with Mystics I. iv. ii. 122 A process of evolution, a centrifugal movement in the Divine Nature. 1868 M. E. Grant Duff Polit. Surv. 21 So strong are the centrifugal forces in Spain. 1916 K. Francke Personality in German Lit. Before Luther vi. 185 Perhaps the centrifugal development of Germany during the preceding centuries had made a radical reconstruction of the imperial power impossible. 1966 G. DeVos & H. Wagatsuma Japan's Invisible Race (1967) 110 Some of the centripetal and centrifugal forces operating on community organization. 2009 D. V. Ruffolo Post-Queer Politics i. 5 I will explore post-queer..potentialities of contemporary politics by moving beyond..the centrifugal dynamics of queer. 2. a. Applied to various machines, devices, facilities, etc., which operate by means of or make use of centrifugation. See also Compounds. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > gas > air > fresh air > [adjective] > of or relating to ventilation > relating to (a) fan(s) centrifugal1736 ventilabral1882 1736 J. T. Desaguliers in Philos. Trans. 1735–6 (Royal Soc.) 39 44 (title) A Calculation of the Velocity of the Air moved by the new-invented Centrifugal Bellows of 7 Feet in Diameter, and 1 Foot thick within. 1765 Gazetteer & New Daily Advertiser 31 May 3/5 The many invectives thrown out..against the new invented centrifugal machine for extracting water out of ships. ?1800 F. Hardie Syllabus Course Lect. vi. 8 Several working models, pump, engines, centrifugal mill, rope pump.., &c. 1822 J. White New Cent. of Inventions 225 Some..might then consider the conical pendulum as an ordinary centrifugal governor. 1835 Mechanics' Mag. 17 Jan. 306/2 Nothing remained, but to attain a command of fire to keep up that intensity..; and with this view, the centrifugal fan was first used. 1848 Repertory Patent Inventions 12 247 The steam which shall enter the centrifugal separator..may be comparatively dry. 1851 Mechanics' Mag. 15 Feb. 136/7 In again employing the centrifugal filter to operate on the filtered cane-juice. 1878 Engineer 16 Aug. 105/3 A centrifugal dressing machine..intended to replace the long and cumbersome flour cylinders. 1881 Subject-matter Index Patents 1879 29/1 Combined centrifugal dresser, bran separator, and cleaner, and middlings purifier. 1920 Science 19 Mar. 287 An airplane..with a supercharger, i.e. , a gas turbine centrifugal compresser to offset the loss at the carbureter. c1943 Everyday Things & their Story 109/1 This mixture is too wet..so the excess acid is removed by centrifugal machines called hydro-extractors. 1971 N. Brown Antarctic Housewife v. 40 Centrifugal separators and purifiers, gleaming pieces of equipment designed to extract every possible drop of oil. 1974 R. E. Lee in Instrumentation for monitoring Air Quality 152 Rotating centrifugal devices..to collect particles smaller than those collected by cyclones. 2013 C. Jolicoeur New Cider Maker's Handbk. vi. 98/1 Centrifugal mills require more powerful motors than grater mills of the same capacity. b. Similarly applied to processes involving centrifugation, esp. to those performed by such machines. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > mechanics > force > [adjective] > centrifugal centrifugal1858 the world > matter > physics > mechanics > force > [adjective] > centrifugal > employing centrifugal1858 1858 Trans. Amer. Inst. N.-Y. 1857 646 in Docs. Assembly State N.-Y. (81st Session, Doc. No. 164) VI Mr. Butler called to notice the centrifugal casting of pipes. 1865 in Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Dublin 4 154 The further growth consists in the development of a delicate common membrane..and in the centrifugal separation of the new primordial cells. 1881 Official Gaz. (U.S. Patent Office) 5 Apr. 807/2 An apparatus for the centrifugal separation of materials of different densities. 1914 Indianapolis Star 19 Apr. 32 (advt.) Polk's Milk is clarified by a special centrifugal filtration process. 1927 Bull. Nat. Res. Council (U.S.) No. 60. 96 Centrifugal extraction of liquids from solids. 1988 BioFactors 1 161/1 Centrifugal elutriation has been utilized in order to separate cultures of L-929 fibroblasts into subpopulations containing cells at different stages of the cell cycle. 2014 Poultry World (Nexis) 3 Oct. The faecal matter collected from the birds is processed using specific techniques involving centrifugal separation and super-fine sieving. 3. a. Biology. Proceeding from the interior or centre of a body, organ, cell, etc., to the exterior or periphery; extending or growing in an outward direction; characterized by direction or movement outward from a centre. ΚΠ 1770 J. Berkenhout Outl. Nat. Hist. Great Brit. & Ireland II. 312 [Lichen] Centrifugus. Spreading Liverwort. Foliola multifid, smooth, centrifugal. 1826 J. Bell & R. La Roche tr. F. J. V. Broussais Treat. Physiol. appl. Pathol. ii. ii. 242 If..we reflect that the veins and lymphatic vessels, in a word, the entire centripetal vascular apparatus , does not receive any cords from the great sympathetic, we must admit, that the arterial or centrifugal vessels [Fr. vaisseaux artériels ou centrifuges] have a vital action somewhat different. 1832 Transylvania Jrnl. Med. 5 418 Is it not a leading object of the warm bath to produce this centrifugal movement of the blood? 1868 Med. Times & Gaz. 7 July 5/1 The subsequent or later reproduction of new cell-growing material has almost entirely taken place in a centrifugal direction from the lung. 1884 F. O. Bower & D. H. Scott tr. H. A. de Bary Compar. Anat. Phanerogams & Ferns 545 In the course of the tangential divisions in an initial cell and the radial row derived from it, two extreme forms may in the first instance be distinguished..termed the centripetal and centrifugal forms. 1896 T. C. Allbutt & W. S. Playfair Syst. Gynæcol. 607 The centre is composed of well-formed fibers, while towards the periphery..the fibres are more and more embryonic: thus the centrifugal development of the neoplasm is demonstrated. 1911 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 25 Feb. 433/2 The natural history of a cancer is one of centrifugal growth followed by centrifugal death. 1954 Biol. Rev. 29 63 The now well-known centripetal and centrifugal patterns of differentiation, the exarch, endarch, and mesarch types of xylem. 1960 E. D. P. De Robertis Gen. Cytol. 184 A class of particles with centrifugal properties intermediate between the mitochondria and the microsomes was isolated from liver cells. 2012 Hydrobiologia 387 6/2 Centrifugal migration of cells from the center to the periphery of the morula. b. Physiology. Transmitting nerve impulses away from the brain or spinal cord, or from a specific part of one of these; transmitted in such a direction; designating such transmission; = efferent adj. See also centrifugal current n. at Compounds.In quot. 1828, the use of the word ‘vibrations’ reflects an early theory of neural transmission. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > nervous system > nerve > types of nerves > [adjective] motive?a1425 recurrent1578 motory1683 refluent1741 abducent1752 motorial1768 internuncial1821 motor1823 centrifugal1828 unfilamentous1828 masticatory1834 aesthesodic1859 incito-motor1865 vaso-motor1865 kinesodic1874 centripetal1877 vaso-motorial1877 incito-motory1884 augmentor1885 pilomotor1891 postfixed1892 postganglionic1892 precellular1892 prefixed1892 preganglionic1892 plurisegmental1898 nocifensor1936 1828 S. D. Gross tr. A. L. J. Bayle & H. Hollard Man. Gen. Anat. vii. 153 According to the first [hypothesis].., the nerves perform their functions by the centripetal and centrifugal [Fr. centrifuge] transmission of vibrations. 1870 H. Spencer Princ. Psychol. (ed. 2) I. v. vi. 568 The centre..from which issue through centrifugal nerves motor impulses. 1902 Encycl. Brit. XXXI. 733/2 The centrifugal cardiac nerves influence the frequency, the force of contraction, and the conductivity of the excitatory wave. 1974 V. B. Mountcastle et al. Med. Physiol. (ed. 13) I. xvii. 546/1 Centrifugal fibers may also enter the olfactory tract. 2006 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) B. 361 2068/1 The unconditioned stimulus of tactile stimulation increases noradrenaline (NA) release in the MOB [= main olfactory bulb] of neonatal rats by centrifugal fibres from the locus ceruleus. 4. Botany. a. Of the radicle of a plant embryo: directed towards the periphery of the fruit. Contrasted with centripetal adj. 2a. ΚΠ 1800 J. Hull Elements Bot. I. 188/1 Radicle centrifugal. Tacca. Serapias. Epidendrum. Stratiotes. 1875 Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci. 1874–5 10 61 The radicle [of Pectocarya] is certainly not centrifugal, as stated by Alph. De Candolle.., but centripetal, as declared by Torrey. 1915 Jrnl. Washington Acad. Sci. 5 58 Seed [of Zuckia] horizontal, the testa membranaceous; embryo annular, surrounding the copious endosperm; radicle centrifugal. 1993 K. Kubitski et al. Families & Genera Flowering Plants II. 269/2 Embryo horseshoe-shaped; radicle centrifugal. b. Designating an inflorescence in which the flower terminating the main axis opens first; designating this pattern of anthesis; = determinate adj. 2d. Contrasted with centripetal adj. 2b. ΚΠ 1828 J. S. Henslow Syllabus Course Bot. Lect. 9 Inflorescence... 2. Terminal, or centrifugal. Cyme. 1830 J. Lindley Introd. Nat. Syst. Bot. 134 Flowers often with a centrifugal inflorescence. 1870 J. D. Hooker Student's Flora Brit. Islands 277 Labiatæ..Flowers solitary or in axillary opposite centrifugal cymes. 1973 Kew Bull. 28 465 In K[niphofia] pumila..the inflorescence starts opening from the top, i.e. is centrifugal. 2011 Edinb. Jrnl. Bot. 68 124 Pedicularis elephantoides also shares with the members of P. sect. Phanerantha the character of centrifugal inflorescence. 5. Esp. of sugar: produced or extracted by centrifugation. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation for table or cooking > general preparation processes > [adjective] > prepared by centrifuge centrifugal1861 1861 Civilian & Gaz. Weekly (Galveston, Texas) 19 Feb. (advt.) 25 HHDS Centrifugal Sugar, of a superior quality. 1880 Army & Navy Co-op. Soc. Price List 34 Sugars..Centrifugal, or White Crystals. 1901 Yearbk. U.S. Dept. Agric. 1900 613 Fresh butter, made from sweet centrifugal cream. 1947 Billboard 19 Apr. 134/2 Output is expected to be several times greater than that in 1946, reaching about 100,000 tons of centrifugal sugar. 2011 M. M. Fraginals & H. Cateau in K. O. Lawrence Gen. Hist. Caribbean IV. iii. 79 The new mills produced centrifugal sugar of exceptional quality. B. n. Any of various machines or devices which operate primarily by means of centrifugation.Typically reflecting elliptical uses of fuller expressions. Cf. sense A. 2a. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > equipment for altering consistency > [noun] > separating apparatus separatory1706 centrifugal1813 centrifuge1866 separator1881 cyclone1898 elutriator1904 microcentrifuge1937 hydro-cyclone1952 sedimenter1962 hydroclone1965 1813 Morning Post 2 Apr. The valves being opened, the water in an instant was forced into three different centrifugals. 1866 ‘M. Twain’ Lett. from Hawaii (1967) 266 Close to the grinder are six centrifugals—small metallic tubs, whose sides are pierced with a few thousand pinholes to the square inch. 1881 Sugar Cane 1 Mar. 150 False grain..not only spoils the sugar but prevents the molasses from leaving it in the centrifugals. 1904 W. T. Brannt tr. J. Bersch Cellulose & Artific. Rubber ix. 221 The bleached skeins of silk are..dehydrated in a centrifugal. 1950 Pop. Mech. Aug. 78/1 Forty feet below decks in his pump room, the pumpman starts his big centrifugals whirling at 1750 revolutions per minute. 2014 E. Helms & A. Greeven Juice Generation 56 If every second counts in your morning, you may want to look for one of the good quality, speedy centrifugals. Compounds centrifugal clutch n. a clutch in which the rotation of the driving element at a certain speed causes weighted arms that are attached to it to move outward until they engage the enclosing driven element.Centrifugal clutches engage and disengage automatically at certain speeds of rotation. ΚΠ 1857 Jrnl. Franklin Inst. Apr. Index 434 Centrifugal Clutch. 1947 Times 8 Jan. 2/4 The car has many advanced features of design, including..a centrifugal clutch which eliminates the need to touch the clutch pedal for gear changing when the car is moving. 2001 J. Webster Repairing your Outdoor Equipm. xxiv. 306/2 If the chain still rotates, the problem is most likely a worn or damaged centrifugal clutch. † centrifugal current n. Physiology Obsolete a naturally occurring or artificially administered electrical current flowing away from the brain or spinal cord. ΚΠ 1845 Brit. & Foreign Med. Rev. 19 575 In the former case the contractions ensue only at the closure of the circle with a centripetal current, and the opening of one with a centrifugal current. 1853 J. Locke in Ohio Med. & Surg. Jrnl. 5 11 I prefer the terms centrifugal and centripetal currents—centrifugal, when it flows from the brain or spine towards the extremities, and centripetal, when the course is reversed. 1907 tr. A. Binet Mind & Brain iii. v. 249 No sensation is awakened by the centrifugal current. centrifugal gun n. now historical a gun or cannon which operates by accelerating projectiles in a rotating mechanism. ΚΠ 1841 N.Y. Daily Express 26 Oct. Among the articles exhibited at the Fair of the American Institute the Centrifugal Gun is well deserving of attention. 1913 Pop. Mech. Oct. 512/2 The greatest difficulty in connection with the operation of a centrifugal gun..has apparently been overcome by an invention recently patented in England. 1989 R. V. Bruce Lincoln & Tools of War x. 139 How long Dickinson worked at developing his centrifugal gun does not appear; but when the Civil War broke out, McCarty had spent some ten years on his device. centrifugal pump n. a pump which operates by spinning a body of fluid, typically forcing the fluid outwards and away from a central inlet. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > pump > [noun] > other types of pump bottom lift1778 rose pump1778 centrifugal pump1789 jack-heada1792 jet pump1850 sand-pump1865 Union pump1867 shell-pump1875 eductor1877 brake-pump1881 bull-pump1881 cam-pumpa1884 sand-reel1883 grasshopper1884 knapsack pump1894 knapsack sprayer1897 turbo-pump1903 Sylphon1906 slush pump1913 displacement pump1924 power pack1937 proportioner1945 solids pump1957 peristaltic pump1958 powerhead1981 Cornish pump- 1789 J. Banks Epitome Course Lect. Nat. & Exper. Philos. (new ed.) v. 59 Erskine's centrifugal pump consists of an upright tube, which has a valve at the bottom. 1915 Pop. Mech. June 863/2 The pumping is done by a submerged centrifugal pump run by gasoline power, which forces the water through a pipe and discharges it into the irrigation flume. 2006 Boating June 138 If water does get below, your only hope is the bilge pump. The centrifugal pumps found in most boats often have high, 2,000 or more gallons per hour (gph) ratings. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2016; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < adj.n.1698
随便看	orifacial orifacial angle orifacture orifex orifice orifices orificial oriflamme oriflammes origami origamis origan origane origanized origans origanum origanums origany origenian origenic origenical origenism origenist origenistic origenizing