He served for 51 years as a liberal rightist parliamentary deputy, and as a senator from 1921.

A more significant protest against the revocation of the 1833 constitution was the refusal of a number of towns to appoint parliamentary deputies.

Some political scientists have argued an imperative mandate would limit the freedom of parliamentary deputies.

The ineffectiveness of the government and the decreasing popularity of the regime led to the defection of numerous parliamentary deputies from the ruling party in 2000.