| 单词 | assumption |
| 释义 | assumption (əsʌmpʃən ) Word forms: assumptions 1. countable noun [oft NOUN that, adjective NOUN, on N] If you make an assumption that something is true or will happen, you accept that it is true or will happen, often without any real proof. They have taken a wrong turning in their assumption that all men and women think alike. ...the scientific assumption on which the global warming theory is based. Economists are working on the assumption of an interest rate cut. Synonyms: presumption, theory, opinion, belief 2. uncountable noun Someone's assumption of power or responsibility is their taking of it. The government have retained the support which greeted their assumption of power last March. [+ of] Collocations: assumptions based on The agency has replaced prices for items that are unavailable in the lockdown with assumptions based on the headline rate of inflation and other available prices. Times,Sunday Times Are you making interpretations and assumptions based on the truth or on your version of the truth? Globe and Mail When given two choices, a person recalls the information on both topics and makes assumptions based on how reasonable they find the information. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 The actual gaming, however, appeared to disprove some assumptions based on simple force ratios. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Traditional cost accounting methods attempt to make these assumptions based on past experience and management judgment as to factual relationships. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 There are unjustified implicit assumptions underlying much of the research. The Scientist The assumptions underlying the president's deficit-reduction programme are, to put it mildly, questionable. Times, Sunday Times Axioms and postulates are the basic assumptions underlying a given body of deductive knowledge. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Assumptions underlying this growth include a rapidly improving price/performance ratio and evolving green energy applications, such as energy recovery in electric vehicles. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 It involves challenging the assumptions underlying the organization's strategy and value proposition. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 The basic assumption had been that all infinite sets contained the same innumerable quantity of objects. Christianity Today They are challenging the basic assumption that, when one team has the ball, they have the advantage. Times,Sunday Times The results destroyed a basic assumption of atmospheric science - that urban pollutants such as ozone and carbon monoxide do not travel far. Times, Sunday Times Recent research, particularly over the first two decades of the 21st century, has called this basic assumption into question. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Basic assumption that collisions are binary results in severe problems when trying to take multiple interactions into account. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 I made certain assumptions, he had his tough swagger on. Times, Sunday Times Certain assumptions about the world and its creator seem to arise intuitively at an early age. Christianity Today But she would question certain assumptions. Times, Sunday Times The author teases the reader into making certain assumptions but, as soon as the narrator changes, we realise how wrong we have been. Times, Sunday Times These methods have their drawbacks, primarily that they must all make certain assumptions which rarely hold true in nature. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 The common assumption was that the action would be quick, decisive, and final. Christianity Today It was glorious stuff, if you weren't having to face it, and challenged the common assumption that there are no fast bowlers in the game today. Times, Sunday Times Despite the common assumption that agency staff were temporary, half worked on a permanent basis while three quarters were full-time. Times, Sunday Times Its creation would be based on the common assumption that debates between potential prime ministers should take place during any general election campaign. Times, Sunday Times For the purpose of discussion here, they can be considered a single heterogeneous paradigm, linked but not united by this common assumption. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 The fund will then own a library of saleable rights, worth three-and-ahalf times the purchase price, based on 'very conservative assumptions'. Times, Sunday Times Using 'extremely conservative assumptions', they found that extinctions had occurred 114 times faster than the background rate over the last century. Times, Sunday Times Our calculations are based on conservative assumptions. Times, Sunday Times The trustees used it to announce a shift in investment strategy to protect contributors and existing pensioners, as well as a revaluation of the fund's assets using more conservative assumptions. Times, Sunday Times The funding or actuarial deficit used by scheme trustees and their advisers, who by law have to make 'prudent' or conservative assumptions about returns, life expectancy and inflation. Times, Sunday Times Along with this goes attempted marginalisation of any opposition which appears to contradict that assumption. Times, Sunday Times The historical evidence contradicts this assumption. The Times Literary Supplement Applying the construction to this sequence produces a real number not in the sequence, which contradicts the assumption that this sequence contains all real numbers. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 The exclusion was unreasonable because it contradicted the assumption that manufacture and supply would exclude introduction of foreign elements. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 But the two lines have the same length, so the wheels must have the same circumference, contradicting the assumption that they have different sizes: a paradox. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 The conventional assumption has been that stock markets behave according to a random log-normal distribution. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 In the fields of theology, geology, science and natural philosophy the conventional assumptions were about to be overturned for ever. Times, Sunday Times But his excoriating confessions, both in television studios and his recently published memoir, provide a powerful counterpoint to conventional assumptions. Times, Sunday Times In any exigency, the decision to be taken by the followers must conform to gurmat in its ideological and/or conventional assumptions. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Her intelligent conceptual strategies engage the viewer in an absorbing aesthetic and intellectual experience that turns conventional assumptions of power, secrecy, control and social space inside out. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 He looks at the migratory impulse, identity, history and cultural assumptions through the medium of memory's accompanying song. Times, Sunday Times Social, legal and cultural assumptions were baked into the brickwork. Times, Sunday Times It's easier than the difficult, frustrating work of examining our own cultural assumptions or explaining them to those outside. Christianity Today This was a picture to test all their cultural assumptions. Times, Sunday Times One solution has been to relativise the marriage: to argue that it reflected the cultural assumptions of the time. Times, Sunday Times Yet forecasters typically base their inflation projections on dubious assumptions. Times, Sunday Times Such contributions clearly reveal the dubious assumptions and shaky reasoning behind much of the current quest. Christianity Today The word buys into too many dubious assumptions about what it means to read, let alone what's involved in writing something about the experience of reading. The Times Literary Supplement But he also noted that such estimates depend on many dubious assumptions. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Just as seriously, it makes the entirely erroneous assumption that historians always and only ever write the history of their own country. The Times Literary Supplement The patent, furthermore, allowed the title to pass to heirs-general, based on the erroneous assumption that the barony was created by writ. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Opponents of the plain meaning rule claim that the rule rests on the erroneous assumption that words have a fixed meaning. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Scholars classify the erroneous assumptions as the fundamental attribution error. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 In addition, erroneous assumptions may cause inconsistency with a bias over the frontier. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Too often, though, investors forget to examine the assumptions behind the symbols. Times, Sunday Times I, no professional philosopher, no cleric, and no scholar, nevertheless can see the urgency of examining the assumptions before taking any stance at all with regard to the technique. Christianity Today In fact, though, these figures themselves dissolve into mere assertions when, digging deeper, you examine the assumptions that have to be made before a number can be posited. Times, Sunday Times This allows the relevancy of observations to a hypothesis to be determined by examining the assumptions made. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 It particularly examines the assumption that womens participation in community organisation or development projects at the community level serves to empower them as individuals and as a group. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 The biggest was the result of a false assumption about flooding history. Times,Sunday Times Then there's a second false assumption - that any changes in fortune of an organisation are down to its leader. Times, Sunday Times All people want to live in safe neighborhoods with neither the fear of crime by criminals nor false assumption of criminality by law enforcement. Christianity Today It's not so much the false assumption that bothered him as the dodgy grammar. Times, Sunday Times The reports weren't untrue, just predicated on a false assumption. Times, Sunday Times This model became very high risk as it was based on the faulty assumption that housing values would increase. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Easy credit combined with the faulty assumption that home values would continue to rise led to excesses and bad decisions. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 What ends up causing stress and burnout for many of us begins with faulty assumptions and mistakes in our organization. Christianity Today Rather, 'untranslatability', with all its plurality and contingency, becomes the fundamental assumption with which to approach comparative literary criticism. The Times Literary Supplement To overturn an order there must be new events that invalidate the basis or fundamental assumption on which the order was made. Times,Sunday Times The fundamental assumption of air power doctrine was that the air war was just as important as the ground war. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 The fundamental assumption in voice risk analysis holds that individuals engaged in lying experience added stress. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Fundamental assumptions about business success are changing. Times, Sunday Times However, lumping together these three conditions lets the air out of the balloon: it reinforces the general assumption that depressives should just 'get a grip'. Times, Sunday Times There was also a 'general assumption' by police and prosecutors that older people did not make good witnesses, he claimed, when academic research showed the opposite. Times, Sunday Times The general assumption was that the most scientific branches of philosophy were those that were more theoretical and therefore more widely applicable. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 The general assumption was that the club would be unable to field a team. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 The general assumption was that she struck a mine. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Each life makes entertaining reading, but the implicit assumption that, taken together, they provide an overview of the 19th-century navy seems a shaky one. Times, Sunday Times They would have been right in their calculations but wrong in their implicit assumption that they knew everything that will ever be known. The Scientist I did not accept the implicit assumption that the police were already operating at maximum efficiency. Times, Sunday Times The implicit assumption was that after a short (10-20 year) period, bourgeois nationalism would be abandoned and support for a worker-state would follow. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 The implicit assumption was that the ocean's bounty was so vast that restrictions were unnecessary. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 If an observer did not know the dates in which the paintings were completed, placing the works in the 1800s would not be an inaccurate assumption. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Behavioural scientists have found that both senders and recipients tend to make inaccurate assumptions about emails, especially when it comes to sarcasm. Times, Sunday Times The two authors aim to make technical biblical scholarship available to anyone willing to reconsider widespread but often inaccurate assumptions about what the biblical message consists in. The Times Literary Supplement It went on the incorrect assumption that price-fixing when carried out in circumstances of secretive and deceptive behaviour was dishonest in itself and a sufficient basis for conspiracy to defraud. Times, Sunday Times Dean and his colleagues assumed that fluoride's protection against cavities was also pre-eruptive, and this incorrect assumption was accepted for years. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 The policies included close cropping, whereby seeds were sown far more densely than normal on the incorrect assumption that seeds of the same class would not compete with each other. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Stereotyping often leads to managers making incorrect assumptions that can alienate large parts of a company's employee base, he added. Times, Sunday Times Perhaps someone's made incorrect assumptions about you or your objectives, or events are forcing you to reveal more than you care to. Times, Sunday Times They operated using the logical assumption that coding perceptions of expressions comes before the discrimination of expressions which then precedes production. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 He objected to any monism which sought the unity of the world, not in the unity of truth, but in the oneness of a logical assumption of ideas. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 The new generation of organizational theories no longer relied upon logical assumptions and generalizations about human nature like classical and enlightened theorists. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 These logical assumptions lost popularity as more fantastic theories were developed. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 At that stage the material was characterized mainly by surface color of the object, and the production mode was reconstructed by logical assumptions based upon the shape of the object. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 At a stroke it also demolished a long-held assumption that the process by which cells specialise as they subdivide was irreversible. Times, Sunday Times The move caused international uproar as it undermined the long-held assumption that cash deposits are safe from indebted governments. Times, Sunday Times It may also see long-held assumptions about the security and value of private wealth challenged. Times,Sunday Times In other sectors, including commercial airlines and property, the scramble for survival has made businesses ditch long-held assumptions about their future. Times, Sunday Times The breakthrough has opened a new frontier for the energy industry and turned long-held assumptions about the world's dwindling supplies on their head. Times, Sunday Times They make the assumption that they need to earn 50% of their final salary in their retirement. Times, Sunday Times This analysis suggests they were wrong to make that assumption. Times, Sunday Times You make an assumption based on what chimes with your pre-existing belief. Times, Sunday Times You can't make the assumption that sponsorship will be there for a sports product any more. Globe and Mail With a standard mortgage, lenders also make the assumption that you will want to trade down at some point, so you must show you have enough funds to do this. Times, Sunday Times Registration was sought on the mistaken assumption that this would make any such move impossible. Times, Sunday Times There may also be a mistaken assumption that encouraging creativity in schools necessarily involve the arts when it also can be encouraged in other subjects. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 This apparent paradox results from the mistaken assumption of absolute simultaneity. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Because of the above mistaken assumption, some media outlets reported at 7:00 p.m. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 When you think of all the other factors probably at work - hubris, bad advice, mistaken assumptions, greed - a bit of casual cinq à sept would seem an unlikely culprit. Times, Sunday Times The evolution of detachment folding begins with the model assumption of a low-amplitude and short compressional environment with a mechanically dissimilar incompetent and competent unit. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Otherwise, the differences of potential would give rise to forces and movement of some parts of the liquid at the surface, which contradicts the static model assumption. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 In classical terms, highly statistically significant (unlikely) events should make one question one's model assumptions. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Interpretations of these diagnostic tests rest heavily on the model assumptions. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 And it's a spectacularly naive assumption to make. Times, Sunday Times But the naive assumption that we have already reached that point can be dangerous. Times, Sunday Times Only when my naive assumptions were held up to the light of reality did genuine ministry begin. Christianity Today But the think tank said it was based on the 'most optimistic assumptions'. The Sun Optimistic assumptions about what the private sector could achieve. Times, Sunday Times Events, as might have been expected, have overtaken any optimistic assumptions made then. Times, Sunday Times The company's new management said that it had made optimistic assumptions about how certain insurance claims would be resolved and was premature in booking the revenue. Times, Sunday Times They have been criticised because their marketing literature has often been based on overly optimistic assumptions. Times, Sunday Times This was counter to the prevailing assumption of a linear relationship between total dose or dose rate and the consequences. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 This theory was at odds with the prevailing assumption of the day, namely that antibiotics were laboratory artifacts. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Supporters of this new theory contest the prevailing assumption that the earliest art was painted or engraved on external surfaces such as cave walls or rock faces. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 It also disproved prevailing assumptions among scientists that only proteins could act as antigens. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Our political leaders, like the rest of us, dealt with new phenomena on the basis of prevailing assumptions. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 It also calls into question the assumption that life expectancy will continue to increase, and the impact of that on the whole pensions debate. Times, Sunday Times To begin with, they should question the assumption that building booms cut property prices. Times, Sunday Times A comment two days later forced me to question that assumption. Christianity Today What will we discover when we question the assumption that advancement equals progress? Christianity Today With some monoliths 16ft (5m) high and weighing 16 tonnes, the site forces archaeologists to question the assumption that complex societies arose only after the mastery of agriculture. Times, Sunday Times If so, it's based on the highly questionable assumption that we do anything but end up in similar situations and make the same mistakes throughout our life. Times, Sunday Times Method of obtaining data of light intensity appeared faulty because of unsuitability of equipment and questionable assumptions in making averages of readings. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Shanks argued that the various no hidden variables proofs rested on questionable assumptions which a classical modeler could plausibly deny. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Questionable assumptions underlying articulation research. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 In studies where a more realistic assumption was made, that 50 per cent of the plastic could be recovered, the conclusion was firmly that incineration was better for the environment. Times, Sunday Times Using realistic assumptions of take-up and limiting this to those aged 50 and above could make in the region of a further 60 billion available to 'feed' the struggling economy. Times, Sunday Times He cautioned that after performing the calculations, it would be necessary for the analyst to think back from the simplification to more realistic assumptions. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Based on biologically realistic assumptions, theoretical ecologists are able to uncover novel, non-intuitive insights about natural processes. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 This makes the mines profitable on any reasonable assumption about the price of gold. Times, Sunday Times That sounds like a reasonable assumption as rage often masks feelings of despair and helplessness. Times, Sunday Times It's a perfectly reasonable assumption but the volumes involved are not. Times,Sunday Times It was once a reasonable assumption that to be old was a proxy for being poor. Times, Sunday Times It's a reasonable assumption that he has never had to experience it himself. Times, Sunday Times But this isn't a safe assumption at all. Times, Sunday Times The engineers wanted to use the space for more backup systems, contending the only safe assumption was that something would go wrong. Christianity Today There were certain safe assumptions. Houston Chronicle The absence of lintels dated before 1555 or more probably 1605, the weak architectural traces former to the 16th century seem to support this assumption. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Researchers have discovered some evidence that seems to support this assumption. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 He tells his friends this, narrating an apparently extemporaneous legend to support his assumption. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 A further examination of the list of 12 competencies will support the assumption that they can all be improved via training. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Although no theory exists that supports this assumption, arguments can be made in its favor. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 The hearisng below had focused on article 6 compliance and there had been a tacit assumption that legal representation was not allowed. Times, Sunday Times There was a tacit assumption of a state church. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 They usually exist in unspoken and unwritten format because they form a part of the logical argument or course of action implied by tacit assumptions. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 To find out those tacit assumptions, one needs to discover the in-depth of the organization by deep observation and interpretation of an expert. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Moreover, the saying that the tacit assumptions can not be examined by interviews and questionnaires gives too much credit to the investigator to decide what he sees. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 A study was created to test this assumption in which the patients were trained to throw a bean bag at a target. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Gee's colleagues got the chance to test that assumption within a year. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 To test this assumption, participants were asked questions that planted false information about the event. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 It was designed to test the assumption that the presence (or potential presence) of police officers in marked cars reduced the likelihood of a crime being committed. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 But nobody has tested this assumption, and our anecdotal evidence suggests it has just the opposite effect. Times, Sunday Times The unexamined assumption behind this accusation being that morality and the sensuous must always be at odds. Times, Sunday Times Living in the capital, you tend to work with the tacit, unexamined assumption that you're at the centre of the cool universe. Times, Sunday Times The argument for extending subsidies for childcare rests on three unexamined assumptions. Times, Sunday Times Use our necessary but unrealistic assumption of a constant after-pay-rises rate of interest. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 It relies on completely unrealistic assumptions, such as that governments will abruptly end emissions-cutting programmes in 2030 and go back to burning coal. Times, Sunday Times Traditional economic theory makes all sorts of unrealistic assumptions about how markets work, often positing that all players have perfect information about prices. Times, Sunday Times Experimental psychology made unrealistic assumptions, he came to believe. The Times Literary Supplement In general, allegedly overly unrealistic assumptions are one of the most common criticisms towards neoclassical economics. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 After that, there's the unspoken assumption that from then on it will be hearts and roses all the way. The Sun The court's unspoken assumption was that its order would be effective, but it had been disobeyed. Times, Sunday Times Amid the hilarity it was always an unspoken assumption that such things could never happen here. Times, Sunday Times Far more important are the unwritten rules, the social conventions and the unspoken assumptions that have such a deep effect on how we behave. Times, Sunday Times This infiltrates every aspect of the game: its psychology, its culture, and its unspoken assumptions. Times, Sunday Times Restricting speech inevitably prevents ascertainment and publication of true facts and accurate judgments it entails an unwarranted assumption of infallibility on the part of the government. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 To someone unfamiliar with the director, unwilling to make unwarranted assumptions as to her desires, beliefs, goals, or values, the director's 'signature' will not be evident. Christianity Today Can the record provide an unambiguous date without making unwarranted assumptions about ancient astronomical observational methods? Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 There was also a widespread assumption that her political debut must have been approved by the palace. Times, Sunday Times A widespread assumption that the blog was by a man amused her. Times, Sunday Times Both dispute 'the widespread assumption that a self-interested decision must always be the right one' and that 'business activity can be amoral and separated from ethics'. Times, Sunday Times New research challenges the widespread assumption that humans are meant to be monogamous and that breakups are a sign of failure. Times, Sunday Times However, a widespread assumption that the initiative was for manufacturers and sciencebased companies was shared by the company's accountant. Times, Sunday Times Terminals can be easily adapted, and the sponsors say that it would raise 100 million a year if 4 per cent of customers (their working assumption) obliged. Times, Sunday Times Proceed on the working assumption that most people will carry on behaving as they've always behaved so far. Times, Sunday Times A working assumption drawn up with management consultants' help said that between 5,000 and 10,000 extra officials would be needed across the country. Times, Sunday Times Meanwhile, there continues a slow spread of the working assumption that 'best practice' requires regulations to be clearly and prominently advertised. Times, Sunday Times First, on the working assumption that nature tends to produce variety from a few principles, he hopes to find general principles underlying our moral psychology. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Translations: Chinese: 假设 Japanese: 仮定 |
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