The two groups have begun to collaborate since the publication of these papers, and they recently completed initial human trials with intramuscular injection.

For more extreme cases, an intramuscular injection of a specific horse-derived antivenom can be lifesaving.

In addition, with intramuscular injection, they are absorbed more slowly into the body, further improving half-life.

However, effects from a single intramuscular injection of physostigmine last only about 60 minutes, necessitating frequent re-dosing.

Most vaccines are given by hypodermic or intramuscular injection as they are not absorbed reliably through the gut.