Instead of closing the market completely, they could have created an economic incentive to improve welfare standards, and helped to safeguard the viability of many diverse rural livelihoods.

In some cases, this could improve welfare, since the higher growth rate would compensate the loss of the tradable goods that could be consumed or invested.

For instance, the recruitment and retention of soldiers calls for higher pay, but also improved welfare, particularly for the families and the injured.

These were said to be to (1) redress apartheid-era inequities (2) nurture national reconciliation and stability (3) to support economic growth; and (4) to improve welfare and relieve poverty.

He said that the available business involved operating buses and airports, and improving welfare administration, and providing educational and defence services.