The thinking before was that ice accumulates below the surface between soil grains, so there would be a 50-50 mix of dirt and ice.

As ice accumulates around the down-flowing cold jet, it forms an insulating layer that prevents the cold, saline water from diffusing and warming.

When the meltwater reaches the freezing air, ice accumulates, forming a dam, and snow that melts later can not drain properly through the dam.

When pushed onto the beach, it remains and over time, the ice accumulates on top of the beach and the ice already pushed ashore.

If ice accumulates in a pore asymmetrically, the ice will place the rock in tension in a plane perpendicular to the ice accumulation direction.