| 单词 | gene |
| 释义 | gene (dʒiːn ) Word forms: genes countable noun A gene is the part of a cell in a living thing which controls its physical characteristics, growth, and development. Collocations: gene mutation A year later she was told that a single gene mutation was the cause. Times, Sunday Times But about 15% of us have a gene mutation that makes us 'resistant' to dietary cholesterol. Times, Sunday Times Rodent experiments measuring brainwave activity have revealed that a single gene mutation increases the amount of sleep a mouse needs. Times, Sunday Times They can obviously have their eggs extracted, fertilized and screened for single gene mutation disorders, chromosomal disorders and a small number of traits like eye color and hair color. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Mine isn't just common - it's the most common cystic-fibrosis gene mutation, capable of being detected by a basic genetic screening. Times, Sunday Times It was crucial to bring together patients, geneticists, and many others to show the harmful impact of gene patents on people's lives and scientific advancement. Times, Sunday Times Gene patents are generally described to have a lawful use for their invention, thus they have not been excluded on this ground. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 The ruling may have implications for holders of other gene patents and the patentability of other naturally occurring substances. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Gene patents have generated a great deal of controversy, especially when their owners or licensees have aggressively enforced them to create exclusivity. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 With respect to subject matter, gene patents may be considered a subset of the broader category of biological patents. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 A dominant gene produces this small bump. Times, Sunday Times This gene produces a protein known as a-synuclein. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 One early idea was that each gene produces one protein. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Alternative splicing of this gene produces multiple transcript variants, some encoding different isoforms. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 This gene produces two alternative transcript variants. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Those with a specific gene variant scored up to 50 per cent lower than other youngsters in memory and attention tests. The Sun Of these 39 per cent had the gene variant. Times,Sunday Times They found that people with this gene variant also did better on a range of cognitive tests. Times, Sunday Times Those who also had a gene variant were up to 6.7 times more likely to get age-related eye degeneration which affects 500,000 people. The Sun The gene variant loosens the brain's control on certain emotions. Times, Sunday Times The scientists were able to replicate the gene variation in mice which also needed less sleep. Times, Sunday Times Maybe it's this enzyme, that vitamin, this hormone influenced by that gene variation, too much or too little. Times, Sunday Times With very little gene variation within the species, healthy reproduction becomes increasingly difficult, and offspring are more likely to have problems resulting from inbreeding. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Several clock gene variations have been associated with an elevated risk of developing mood disorders. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Gene variations believed to be linked to television viewing are also found in people who are less educated and those with a higher body mass index. Times,Sunday Times Experts have identified 76 genes linked to how long people kip - up from two known before. The Sun But what if there were a test identifying genes linked to how long you are likely to live? Times, Sunday Times Now scientists have found that genes linked to pain sensitivity play a role in this by becoming more or less active over time. Times, Sunday Times People with genes linked to left-handedness had better co-ordination in areas of the brain that deal with language. The Sun Last year scientists discovered the genes linked to resistance to ash dieback, which they hope will enable them to develop varieties able to survive. Times,Sunday Times Ambitious doctors thought they could fix this with a viral infusion that would import a healthy gene. Times, Sunday Times The limited gene pool makes it harder to recreate healthy genes. Times, Sunday Times For example, we don't know how the trial embryos managed to take copies of relevant healthy genes from the egg after the faulty one was snipped away. The Sun The healthy gene's mission: to produce a protein critical to translating light waves into nerve impulses that can be interpreted as images by the brain. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 This can be done with viruses, which introduce their own genetic material into the cells they infect, and can be engineered to carry a human gene. Times, Sunday Times One after another, dunderheads toppled off seven-storey balconies, or bridges, or mountains, or were flattened by trains — and the human gene pool was marginally improved. Times, Sunday Times To round things out, we've discussed the pending efforts on oversight of human gene testing (page 24) and the state of careers in functional genomics (page 39). The Scientist Through hair-thin catheters, he then infused areas of her brain with 90 billion virus particles that are expected to infect neurons and express a normal human gene that she lacks. The Scientist This trend reflects the high level of complexity involved in human gene regulation. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Yet if we were solely a product of nature and nurture working in tandem, how could identical twins raised in the same home and sharing identical genes differ at all? Times, Sunday Times They found that identical twins, who share identical genes, were more likely to share the same view as their siblings. Times, Sunday Times From a pair of equivalent (homologous), but slightly different (heterozygous) genes, a pair of identical genes results. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 The twins share identical genes, but different family environments. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Identical genes that have differences only in their epigenetic state are called epialleles. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 It had been challenged to identify a gene in yeast for which its human counterparts had been searching since at least the 1960s. Times, Sunday Times Alternatively, if the translated protein has measurable biological activity, then this activity can be used to definitively identify the gene product. The Scientist Even if annotators are lucky enough to identify a gene with relative certainty, they still might be perplexed as to exactly how that gene affects biological function. The Scientist But when we set off we didn't know if we would be able to identify the genes. Times, Sunday Times We know the genome sequences of a wide range of different cells, identifying their genes and describing what they might do. Times,Sunday Times Since females who inherit this gene do not show symptoms, they are called carriers. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 He has two grandsons who, he says, 'must have inherited the genes'. Times, Sunday Times Drinkers who need lots of cups to get started may have inherited a gene variant that enables the liver to process caffeine more efficiently. The Sun I have totally inherited that gene. Times, Sunday Times If your son has inherited the genes for male-pattern hair loss, there isn't, unfortunately, much he can do about it. Times, Sunday Times Scientists believe that inherited genes are a likely cause of the breathing condition. The Sun The remaining third of cases are linked to lifestyle choices or defective inherited genes, the study concludes. Times, Sunday Times Our inherited genes and our microbiome influence the effect of different dietary approaches, and in some individuals the keto approach actually slows down fat loss. Times,Sunday Times If one of a pair of identical twins dies earlier than the other, inherited genes are unlikely to be the reason. Times, Sunday Times But inserting the gene in karaoke wailers may not be enough on its own, though. Times, Sunday Times Early technologies developed to insert a gene into a living cell, such as transgenesis, are limited by the random nature of the insertion of the new sequence into the genome. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Years ago, plant biologists got tobacco to light up by inserting a gene for the jellyfish protein, aequorin. The Scientist They have engineered a variety of ivy that draws toxic gasses from the air by inserting a gene that helps to break down alcohol in the human liver. Times, Sunday Times Biochemists solved this problem by inserting the gene for human insulin into bacteria. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 They are seeking to isolate the gene that predisposes some people to migraine. Times, Sunday Times Scientists hope in future to isolate the genes that make the bacteria so aggressive and insert them into yeast, which - unlike pandas - could be produced on a commercial scale. Times, Sunday Times The two men sought to isolate the genes by transplanting segments of tissue from tumours into healthy cells. Times, Sunday Times His research allowed him to isolate the genes that code for these so-called tumour antigens. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 The first step involves choosing and isolating the gene that will be inserted into the genetically modified organism. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Black squirrels can breed with greys but lack the gene for a lighter coat. Times, Sunday Times Mice that lack the gene for synaptopodin do not form a spine apparatus. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Strains lacking the gene show no defect in growth or replication. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 The 1992 research also investigated the role of gustducin in bitter taste reception by using knock-out mice lacking the gene for -gustducin. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 The longevity genes are certainly there. Times, Sunday Times Genome-wide identification of conserved longevity genes in yeast and worms. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 This has inspired genetic researchers to begin examining the turtle genome for longevity genes. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 By using molecular genetic techniques to modify the gene encoding the major vault protein, vault proteins have been produced with chemically active peptides attached to their sequence. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Third, in the 1990s scientists began to modify the genes of plants. Times, Sunday Times By modifying a gene coding for spore color, the biologist can study crossing over and other phenomena. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 It also includes modifying the genes of a protected animal if this causes the animal pain, suffering, distress, or lasting harm. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 It will then reproduce itself by leaving copies of its genes -- including the beneficial mutant gene -- in the next generation. Macrosociology: An Introduction to Human Societies (1995) She also happens to carry the mutant gene for Huntington's disease. Times, Sunday Times (2009) You probably don't know it but it is highly likely that you carry a mutant gene that is responsible for a serious disease. Times, Sunday Times (2010) The mutated gene allows the cell to go out of control and start to reproduce itself wildly, creating cancerous tumours that spread. Times, Sunday Times And the mutated gene carriers typically lived 35.3 per cent longer than their counterparts. The Sun A protein encoded by a mutated gene may malfunction and cells that rely on the protein might therefore fail to function properly. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Such carriers are not affected and will not display any signs that they are carriers, and so may be unaware that they carry the mutated gene. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Two cases involved strains were genetically identical, and the seven others each had a difference of one or two mutated genes. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Resulting animals with the genetic change in their germline cells can then often pass the gene knockout to future generations. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 They can not pass the gene to the next generation. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Carriers are, however, able to pass the gene onto their offspring, who may then express the gene. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 This might seem to defy evolutionary logic: in most mammals females die when they cannot directly pass their genes to a new generation. Times,Sunday Times My mum was devastated she passed the gene on to me. The Sun Campaigners, however, renewed warnings against the cross-transfer of animal and plant genes that they point out would never take place in nature. Times, Sunday Times The reverse experiment, in which short sequences of plant genes were introduced into viruses, showed that the targeted gene was suppressed in an infected plant. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 These proteins can bind promoter sequences in the host plant and activate the expression of plant genes that aid bacterial infection. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Today, the department focuses largely on plant genetics to identify and clone beneficial plant genes to improve crop species. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 When injected into plants, these proteins can enter the nucleus of the plant cell, bind plant promoter sequences, and activate transcription of plant genes that aid in bacterial infection. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 It also down regulates androgen receptor gene expression. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Wade writes that a mutation in the melanocortin receptor gene created an advantageous darkening of the pale, hairless skin. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 This may be due to a polymorphism in the receptor gene that codes for the androstenone receptor. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 One of the more intriguing recent findings highlighted in this volume relates to the fact that humans possess fewer receptor genes for decoding smells than many other species. The Times Literary Supplement The 500 human olfactory receptor genes are shadowed by about the same number of silent pseudogenes. The Scientist She was told that he had inherited the disease through a recessive gene that she had been carrying all her life without knowing it. Times, Sunday Times He established the concepts of dominant and recessive gene variants, and two basic laws that govern how these are transmitted from generation to generation. Times, Sunday Times The exhibition describes the recessive gene inheritance pattern that causes ginger, or red, hair - the same inheritance pattern that causes cystic fibrosis. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Carriers of a recessive gene usually do not show any signs or symptoms of the disorder. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 For further information, see recessive gene and dominance relationship. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 In efflux, a resistance gene encodes a membrane protein that actively pumps tetracycline out of the cell. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 The earliest single resistance gene was identified as effective against yellow rust. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 As a result, the resistance gene frequency in the population would remain low. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 The use of a single resistance gene against various pests and diseases plays a major role in resistance breeding for cultivated crops. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 These resistance genes, however, became ineffective due to the acquisition of virulence to that particular resistance gene rendering the variety susceptible. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 These are then modified, but because the modifications are successful in only a small fraction of cells, scientists include an antibiotic resistant gene as a tag. Times, Sunday Times Soil samples collected from 1940 to 2008 showed a rise in resistant genes. The Sun We will also support carefully targeted advanced genome sequencing to understand better how resistant genes spread. Times, Sunday Times The scientists found the presence of antibiotic resistant genes at levels 28,000 times higher than in samples away from the farms. Times, Sunday Times She also compared the genetic makeup of the plants with resistant genes. canada.com They looked at only one single gene at a time. The Sun For example, we know that the actions of genes are often interrelated, and that a single gene may perform more than one function. Times, Sunday Times A single gene can change the dazzling wing patterns in butterflies to make them resemble a poisonous species, scientists say. Times, Sunday Times A year later she was told that a single gene mutation was the cause. Times, Sunday Times Gene cloning, making copies of a single gene, has important applications in many areas of biological, medical, industrial and pharmaceutical research. Times, Sunday Times But her case puzzled medics because she had only one of the two mutated versions of a specific gene usually needed to develop the disease. Times,Sunday Times For example, introducing targeted mutations could help parse out specific gene functions in a complicated pathway. The Scientist They believe those foods conquer a specific gene linked to the hereditary illness. The Sun This fast-growing field, known as epigenetics, focuses on the ways in which environmental effects can change the expression of a specific gene without altering the gene itself. Times, Sunday Times Normally, the presence of a specific gene or an allele of a gene confers upon the cell the ability to grow in the selective medium. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Translations: Chinese: 基因 Japanese: 遺伝子 |
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