He cited illegal land grabs and forced resettlement of people to make way for urban renovation schemes.

According to the jury it had destroyed unique natural habitats, carried out forced resettlement of local people and polluted soil and rivers.

In some cases this policy required voluntary or forced resettlement in both directions to create a compact population.

This included the forced resettlement of dispersed rural smallholders to collective farms.

Certain indigenous societies survive even though they may no longer inhabit their traditional lands, owing to migration, relocation, forced resettlement or having been supplanted by other cultural groups.