He was released in 1944 and survived the remainder of the war as a forced labourer.

The wartime economy relied heavily upon the large-scale employment of forced labourers.

These were mainly forced labourers or foreign workers.

In 1944, the shipyard had over 10,000 employees, of which roughly 11% were forced labourers.

Those plants used many foreign and forced labourers, and from 1944 also prisoners of war.