As a result, it has been able to use third-party carriers and expand quickly without the enormous fixed costs associated with relying on its own refrigerated delivery fleet.

This includes reducing fuel use in its delivery fleets by more than 20% and opening four eco-factories, which use 50% less energy and water.

The chain recycles 100 per cent of its waste and sends nothing to landfill, while all stores, offices, warehouses and delivery fleets are carbon neutral.

Bus and delivery fleets with predictable routes should be incentivised to switch en masse to electric, hybrid or fuel-cell technology, reducing unit prices with economies of scale.

Lubricant studies have involved vehicles requiring severe lubricant applications: taxicabs, delivery fleets, police and emergency vehicles, over-the-road transports and heavy-duty construction and industrial machinery.