These calculators often alert the researcher if a particular primer pair can form dimers, or if a given primer will form hairpins, both of which can decrease efficiency.

The weakness begins at the top and works its way down in layers of ever decreasing efficiency.

The same research shows that increased funding correlates with decreased efficiency.

This philosophy keeps the cost and throughput models at odds with one another since the subordination process necessarily decreases efficiency.

Every extra phosphor added to the coating mix improves color rendering but decreases efficiency and increases cost.