Sceptics have long argued that historical climate variability belies claims that temperatures today are unprecedented.

Before then, we are dealing with natural climate variability.

Much adaptation takes place in relation to short-term climate variability, however this may cause maladaptation to longer-term climatic trends.

Even accounting for the presence of internal climate variability, recent years rank among the warmest on record.

In addition, climate variability and climate change are studied.