He had a stated preference for 4-4-2, for counterattack.

These include stated preference methods and revealed preference methods.

Stated preference methods, such as the contingent valuation method ask people for their willingness to pay for a certain ecosystem (service).

These types of studies are referred to as stated preference studies.

This may not always be possible, however using stated preference methods, orthogonality can be ensured through appropriate construction of an experimental design.