One format approach proposed for interstellar messages was to use the product of two prime numbers to construct an image.

Another approach proposed was the outfitting of ordinary freighters as commerce raiders and, initially, minelayers.

Another approach proposed the formation of the dichotomy by cooling at depth and crustal loading by later volcanism.

Moreover, they proposed an approach for identifying the encoding technique to advance towards an expedited search over encrypted text leading to the security enhancements in big data.