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declaration|dɛkləˈreɪʃən|
Also 4–5 -acioun, 4–6 -acion.
[a. F. déclaration or ad. L. dēclārātiōn-em, n. of action f. dēclārāre to declare.]
†1. The action of making clear or clearing up (anything obscure or not understood); elucidation, explanation, interpretation. Obs.
c1374Chaucer Boeth. iii. x. (Camb. MS.) 71–2 Thyse geometryens whan they han shewyd hyr proposiciouns ben wont to bryngen in thinges þat they clepyn porysmes or declaraciouns of forseyde thinges. c1391― Astrol. i. §4 And for the more declaracioun, lo here the figure. 1527R. Thorne in Hakluyt Voy. (1589) 253 For more declaration of the said Card [= map]. 1532–3Act 24 Hen. VIII, c. 5 For the declaracion of the whiche ambyguitee and doubte. 1656H. Phillips Purch. Patt. (1676) 57 This Table is so plain, that it needs no declaration.
†2. The setting forth or expounding of a topic; exposition, description, relation. Obs.
1382Wyclif Deut. xvii. 18 He shal discriue..a declaracioun of this lawe [deuteronomium legis hujus] in a volym. 1460J. Capgrave Chron. 17 The childirn of Noe..of whos issew here schal be a declaration. 1553T. Wilson Rhet. 95 A description or an evident declaration of a thyng as though we sawe it even now doen. 1619Mirr. Mag. Title-p., With a Declaration of all the Warres, Battels and Sea-fights, during her Reigne. 1642Perkins Prof. Bk. v. §437. 189 Of Dower ‘ad ostium ecclesiæ’ a good declaration hath beene made by Master Littleton in his first book.
3. a. The action of stating, telling, setting forth, or announcing openly, explicitly or formally; positive statement or assertion; an assertion, announcement or proclamation in emphatic, solemn, or legal terms.
1340Hampole Pr. Consc. 2606 Þan sal he deme ilka nacyon, And mak a fynal declaracyon Of alle þe domes byfor shewed. 1426in Surtees Misc. (1890) 9 Apon þis declaracion made. 1547in Vicary's Anat. (1888) App. iii. 161 Crosses to be sett vpon mens dores for the declaracion of the plage. 1594Hooker Eccl. Pol. i. ii. (1611) 5 His promises are nothing else but declarations what God will do for the good of men. 1651Hobbes Leviath. ii. xxi. 114 If he dye..without declaration of his Heyre. 1751Johnson Rambler No. 152 ⁋3 Declarations of fidelity. 1796Jane Austen Sense & Sens. (1849) 33 In spite of Marianne's declaration that the day would be lastingly fair. 1856Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) I. iii. 262 The pope made a public declaration with respect to the dispute. 1881Bagehot Biog. Studies 290 The first declaration of love was made by the lady.
b. spec. A declaration of love; a proposal of marriage.
1739–40Richardson Pamela (1740) I. 192, I am glad at my Heart, Madam, that I was before-hand in my Declarations to you. Ibid. 193 What Necessity was there for you to talk of your former Declaration? 1766Goldsmith Vic. W. xvi. 144 My wife undertook to sound him..in the choice of an husband for her eldest daughter. If this was not found sufficient to induce him to a declaration, it was then fixed upon to terrify him with a rival. 1850Dickens Dav. Copp. xxxiii. 344, I went to Miss Mills's, fraught with a declaration. 1937‘E. M. Delafield’ Ladies & Gentlemen in Victorian Fiction iii. 89 The Victorian papa..was by no means invariably consulted before a ‘declaration’ took place.
4. a. declaration of war: formal announcement or proclamation by a Power of the commencement of hostilities against another Power. Also declaration of peace.
1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) I. 243 When þe Romaynes wolde werry in eny lond, schulde oon goo..and clereliche declare..þe matire and cause of the werre, and þat declaracioun was i-cleped clarigatio. 1548Hall Chron. 207 She was sent..with a plain overture and declaracion of peace. 1762Univ. Mag. Feb. 99 The following is a Declaration of War by Spain against Great Britain dated the 16th of January. 1803Edin. Rev. Jan. 389 Declarations of war and peace, when presented by the executive to the legislative body, are to be adopted [etc.]. 1828Napier Hist. Penins. War I. 137 The invasion of Napoleon produced a friendly alliance between those countries without a declaration of peace. 1845Polson in Encycl. Metrop. 728/1 The custom of making a declaration of war to the enemy, previous to the commencement of hostilities, is of great antiquity, and was practised even by the Romans..Since, however, the peace of Versailles, in 1763, such declarations have been discontinued, and the present usage is, for the state with whom the war commences to publish a manifesto within its own territories.
b. declaration of the poll: the public official announcement of the numbers polled for each candidate at an election. Hence attrib. in declaration day.
1835Dickens Let. 18 Dec. (1965) I. 109 It will be unnecessary for me to remain here for the Declaration of the Poll on Monday. 1863H. Cox Instit. i. viii. 114 Upon the closing of the poll, the poll-books are sealed, and kept under seal until the declaration of the poll. 1892Daily News 14 Oct. 6/1 On the morning of declaration day, there arrived reports about some districts in which the polling had been large. 1906[see poll n.1 7 c].
5. The action of declaring for or against (see declare v. 8).
1736Butler Anal. i. iii. Wks. 1874 I. 53 The natural fear..which restrains from such crimes, is a declaration of nature against them.
6. A proclamation or public statement as embodied in a document, instrument, or public act.
Declaration of Indulgence: see indulgence.
Declaration of Rights: the Parliamentary declaration of 1689: see right.
Declaration of Independence: the public act by which the American Continental Congress, on July 4th, 1776, declared the North American colonies to be free and independent of Great Britain; the document in which this is embodied.
Declaration of Paris: a diplomatic instrument signed by the representatives of the powers at the Congress of Paris in 1856, settling and defining important points of maritime law affecting belligerents and neutrals in time of war.
1659B. Harris Parival's Iron Age 208 A petition from some Lords in England, conformable in the main points to a Declaration of the Scots, which they called the intention of their Army. 1660Marvell Corr. vi. Wks. 1872–5 II. 25 To-morrow the Bill for enacting his Majestye's Declaration in religious matters is to haue its first reading. 1776Ann. Reg. 261 A Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress assembled, July 4. 1780Impartial Hist. War Amer. 335 These Articles, as well as the Declaration of Independence, were published in all the Colonies. 1816Scott Old Mort. xxxvii, The declaration of Indulgence issued by Charles II. 1846McCulloch Acc. Brit. Empire (1854) II. 209 The principal abuses that had characterized the government of the two preceding reigns, were also enumerated and digested into an instrument, called a Declaration and Claim of Rights, presented and assented to, by the new sovereigns.
7. Law.
a. The plaintiff's statement of claim in an action; the writing or instrument in which this is made.
1483Act 1 Rich. III, c. 6 §1 The Plaintiff..[shall] make Oath..that the Contract..comprised in the same Declaration [etc.]. 1579W. Rastell Termes of Law, Declaratyon is a shewinge forth in writing of the griefe and complaynt of the demaundant or pleintife, against the tenant or defendant. 1642Perkins Prof. Bk. ii. §151. 67 The declaration shall abate. 1672Wycherley Love in Wood Ded., No man with papers in 's hand is more dreadful than a poet; no, not a lawyer with his declarations. 1768Blackstone Comm. III. 203 As soon as this action is brought, and the complaint fully stated in the declaration. 1817W. Selwyn Law Nisi Prius II. 783 The first count in the declaration.
b. A simple affirmation allowed to be taken, in certain cases, instead of an oath or solemn affirmation.
1834Act 5–6 Will. IV, c. 62. 1848 Wharton Law Lex. 164 By 5 & 6 Wm. IV, c. 62, for the abolition of unnecessary oaths, any justice..is empowered to take voluntary declarations in the form specified in the act. And any person wilfully making such declaration false, in any material particular, shall be guilty of a misdemeanour.
c. In the Custom-house; see declare v. 10 c.
1853Act 16 & 17 Vict. c. 107 §186 The master of the ship in which such goods shall be laden shall before clearance make and subscribe a declaration before the proper officer of customs. 1876Act 39 & 40 Vict. c. 36 §58.
d. The creation or acknowledgement of a trust or use in some form of writing; any writing whereby a trust or use is constituted or proved to exist.
a1626Bacon Max. & Uses Comm. Law xiv. (1636) 56 Declarations evermore are countermandable in their natures. 1818Cruise Digest (ed. 2) I. 449 The only point for which they contended was, that the articles..under which they claimed, amounted to a good declaration of the uses of recovery. Ibid. 463 A declaration of trust requires no particular form, provided it be proved or manifested in writing. 1827Jarman Powell's Devises (ed. 3) II. 75 There being no declaration of the trust of the money beyond the life of the wife, it resulted to the heir.
e. Scots Law. ‘In criminal proceedings the account which a prisoner, who has been apprehended on suspicion of having committed a crime, gives of himself on his examination, which is taken down in writing’ (Bell Dict. s.v.).
dying declaration: a declaration made by a person on his deathbed, which is admitted as evidence in a prosecution for homicide.
judicial declaration: the statement, taken down in writing, of a party when judicially examined as to the particular facts in a civil action.
1818Scott Hrt. Midl. xxiii, It..usually happens that these declarations become the means of condemning the accused, as it were, out of their own mouths. 1861W. Bell Dict. Law Scot. 256 The magistrate's proper duty is distinctly to inform the prisoner not only that it is optional for him to make a declaration or not as he pleases, but also that what he says may afterwards be used against him on his trial.
8. a. In the game of bezique: see quot.
1870Mod. Hoyle 153 Declaration is the act of declaring a score by the process of placing certain cards upon the table. Ibid. 148 The last declaration must be made before the last two cards are drawn.
b. In the game of Bridge, the naming of the trump suit or the declaring of ‘no trumps’ by any of the players.
1895‘Boaz’ Laws of Bridge 10 His partner must thereupon make the necessary declaration. 1905in W. Dalton ‘Saturday’ Bridge (1910) 12 If the dealer's partner make the trump declaration without receiving permission from the dealer, the eldest hand may demand: I. That the declaration so made shall stand. II. That there shall be a new deal. 1910Ibid. 38 The declaration at Bridge affords an opportunity for the exercise of certain qualities which were never called into use in the game of Whist. Ibid. 39 The most expensive declaration..being No Trumps, when the value of each trick is twelve points.
c. Cricket. The closing, by the team batting, of an innings. (Cf. declare v. 11 b.)
1908W. E. W. Collins Country Cricketer's Diary ix. 158 The Malvern boys had proved equal to the emergency..after an apparently safe ‘declaration’ [by their opponents]. 1963A. Ross Australia 63 i. 40 Benaud delayed his declaration. |