| 释义 |
stationary, a. and n.|ˈsteɪʃənərɪ|
Also 5 stacionarye, Sc. stationeir, 6 stationarie.
[ad. L. statiōnārius, in classical Latin ‘belonging to a military station’, f. statiōn-em station n.: see -ary. Cf. F. stationnaire, It. stazionario, Sp. estacionario.]
A. adj.
1. Having a fixed station or place.
a. Residing or established in one place; not itinerant or migratory.
1670R. Coke Disc. Trade 15 As sundry Laws provided against wandring Beggers..so this Law provides for, and relieves stationary Beggers. 1768Blackstone Comm. iii. iv. 38 The court being thus rendered fixed and stationary. 1796F. Burney Camilla i. i, A passion for field sports had, with equal constancy, kept his brother stationary. 1815Jane Austen Emma xxxvi, She has now been a longer time stationary there than she ever was before. 1831Scott Cast. Dang. ii, We..scorn to be chased from our supper, or cheated out of our share of it by a dozen Scotchmen, whether stationary or strollers. 1851Mayhew Lond. Labour I. 388 The stationary lace sellers, for the most part, display their goods on stalls. 1866Geo. Eliot F. Holt ii. I. 67, I suppose I know the state of Europe as well as if I'd been stationary at Little Treby for the last fifteen years. 1870Spencer Princ. Psychol. I. iv. v. 437 Instead of a stationary creature, suppose the creature contemplated to be one that habitually moves about in the water. 1900Daily News 17 May 3/2 A field hospital is a very different affair from a stationary base hospital.
b. Standing still; not moving.
stationary air, the amount of air which remains constantly in the lungs in ordinary respiration.
1784Cowper Task iv. 147 No stationary steeds Cough their own knell. 1794Mrs. Radcliffe Myst. Udolpho xxviii, It was still stationary, and she began to doubt, whether it was really animated. 1826Art of Brewing (ed. 2) 48 The thermometer was stationary more than 30 hours. 1832Brewster Nat. Magic iv. 65 So that the image may remain stationary. 1839Dickens Nich. Nick. ii, The clerk calmly remained in a stationary position. 1862Stanley Jew. Ch. (1877) I. xi. 211 The sun, being stationary, could not be said to stand still or to move. 1878H. N. Martin in Jrnl. Physiol. I. 149 When..the lungs are emptied, some of this pure air must be left in the mouth, and, in the immediately succeeding inspiration, will be sent into the lungs as a sort of ‘tidal air’ with some of the air just expelled from them, which will correspond to the ‘stationary air’ of the mammal.
c. Astr. Said of planets at the portions of their orbits in which they have no apparent motion. (Cf. station n. 5.) Hence stationary point = ‘point of station’.
1426Lydg. De Guil. Pilgr. 12353 And cause hem [the Planets] in the ffyrmament Ther tabyde stacionarye. c1480Henryson Mor. Fab. iv. (Fox's Confess.) iii, The planeitis..Sum retrograde, and sum stationeir. 1665Phil. Trans. I. 105 The star becomes stationary. 1700Moxon Math. Dict. (1701) s.v., Hence a Planet is said to be Stationary, when he is about either of these his Stations. 1812Woodhouse Astron. xxiii. 249 When a planet is stationary, the fact of observation is, that [etc.]. 1852Hind Astron. Vocab., Stationary Points of a planet's orbit are those in which as viewed from the earth, it appears to have no motion amongst the stars. 1901Athenæum 27 July 131/2 Jupiter and Saturn..are approaching their stationary points.
d. Having a fixed position; not movable. Of a machine or part of a machine: That remains in one spot when in operation. stationary bicycle, stationary bike (N. Amer.), a fixed machine, resembling a bicycle, used in fitness exercises.
1648Wilkins Math. Magick ii. iv. 172 Thus much of those Automata, which were said to be fixed and stationary. 1815J. Smith Panorama Sci. & Art II. 115 The forcing pump is furnished with two valves, which are both stationary. 1821Craig Lect. Drawing, etc. ii. 96 By making everything in the scenery whether stationary or adventitious, darker than any part of the sky. 1825J. Nicholson Oper. Mech. 661 The low pressure engines used in vessels, which are made twice as strong as stationary engines. 1840H. S. Tanner Canals & Rail Roads U.S. 260 Stationary engines are used for effecting the ascent and descent of carriages along inclined planes. Stationary plane, a plane worked by a stationary engine and rope. 1869Rankine Machine & Hand-tools Pl. P 5, Looking on the stationary-rivet end of the machine. 1881Nature 29 Sept. 514/2 The instrument thus provides a stationary solar star-disk for continuous observation. 1889G. Findlay Eng. Railway 5 Steam [in 1804]..had been applied to the working of stationary engines. 1962E. Lucia Klondike Kate ii. 53 And pedalled for hours on the stationary bicycle to keep her figure. 1969Sears Catal. Spring/Summer 400/2 Stationary Bike... Pedal for miles without leaving the comfort of your own home. Chain-driven pedal action gives you the same exercise as regular bicycle. 1976Woman's Day (U.S.) Nov. 154/2 If you don't want to be on public display, try a stationary bicycle or running in place in your bedroom.
e. Physics. stationary motion: see quot. 1870. stationary wave = standing wave s.v. standing ppl. a. 11 e.
1856D. Lardner Hand-bk. Nat. Philos. IV. iv. i. 350 (heading) Stationary waves. 1867J. Tyndall Sound 101 The step of a water-carrier is sometimes so timed as to throw the surface of the water in his vessel into stationary waves, which may augment in height until the water splashes over the brim. 1870tr. Clausius in Lond., etc. Philos. Mag. Aug. 123 By stationary motion I mean one in which the points do not continually remove further and further from their original position, and the velocities do not alter continuously in the same direction, but the points move within a limited space, and the velocities only fluctuate within certain limits. 1877E. J. Routh Dynamics Rigid Bodies (ed. 3) 283 The first result is clear, since in stationary motion σΧ = 0, &c. 1905Brit. Pat. 8200 In consequence of the interference of the impressed and reflected oscillations, the phenomenon of ‘stationary waves’..is produced. 1962Walshaw & Jobson Mechanics of Fluids xii. 387 By passing light through the divergent part of a supersonic nozzle, the existence of stationary waves inclined to the stream at the appropriate Mach angle may be confirmed on a shadowgraph.
† f. Of a battle: Fought without change of place. Obs.
1737Whiston Josephus II. Jew. War vi. ii. 927 This fight was, for the most part, a stationary one.
g. Of an artificial satellite: geostationary.
1970Gloss. Aeronaut. & Astronaut. Terms (B.S.I.) xviii. 3 Stationary satellite, a synchronous satellite in a circular, equatorial orbit, moving in the direction of rotation of the primary body. 1979Sci. Amer. Feb. 58/1 Data on the expanses not accounted for by the World Weather Watch are provided by five geosynchronous (‘stationary’) weather satellites, [etc.].
2. transf.
a. Remaining unchanged in condition, quality, or quantity; neither advancing nor retrograding.
1628Wotton Let. Reliq. W. (1685) 565 Mine own businesses stand as they did: And..they are rather stationary then retrograde. 1646Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. vi. xi. 332 By this way likewise the Moores escape the curse of deformity, there concurring no stationary colour, and sometimes not any unto Beauty. 1776Adam Smith W.N. i. viii. I. 87 Though the wealth of a country should be very great, yet if it has been long stationary, we must not expect to find the wages of labour very high in it. 1789A. Crawford in Med. Commun. II. 336 The ulcer..appeared to become stationary. 1801Med. Jrnl. V. 64 He was discharged as cured by his physician, even at a time when his emaciation was stationary. 1848Mill Pol. Econ. iv. vi. §1 (1876) 452 At the end of what they term the progressive state lies the stationary state..all progress in wealth is but a postponement of this. 1856Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) I. i. 53 Such laws could be enforced only..when production and population remained..nearly stationary. 1858Ld. Acton in Gasquet Ld. Acton & his Circle (1906) 25 Theology is not a stationary science. 1872Bagehot Physics & Pol. (1876) 211 As a rule a stationary state is by far the most frequent condition of man. 1892Westcott Gospel of Life 288 A revelation which deals with man not as a stationary being but as advancing with a continuous growth. 1898‘Merriman’ Roden's Corner ii. 16 It would never do if the world remained stationary.
b. stationary state (Physics), a steady state; spec. any of the stable orbits of the electrons in the Bohr model of the atom.
1900Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 634 If we are given the probability that the coordinates of the system may be between given limits, then a condition for the stationary state is that the mean values of the accelerations of ½mv2, ½nw2, ½mw2 are zero. 1913N. Bohr in Phil. Mag. XXVI. 7 The dynamical equilibrium of the systems in the stationary states can be discussed by help of the ordinary mechanics, while the passing of the systems between different stationary states cannot be treated on that basis. 1932Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 359 Each spectral term, multiplied by Planck's constant, may be taken to represent, for the corresponding stationary state of the atom, the work necessary to remove the electron to an infinite distance from the proton. 1974G. Reece tr. Hund's Hist. Quantum Theory v. 67 Bohr now sums up his results as follows: in the ‘stationary states’ classical mechanics is used. 1977I. M. Campbell Energy & Atmosphere iv. 65 Under normal conditions, E:C* will be the type of reactive intermediate to which the Stationary State Approximation can be applied, i.e. d[E:C*]/dt = 0.
c. Math. That is not instantaneously changing; associated with a derivative whose value is zero.
1901G. A. Gibson Elem. Treat. Calculus vi. 105 Since f′(x) measures the rate of change of the function it is usual to class those values of the function for which f′(x) is zero as stationary values. 1902Snyder & Hutchinson Differential & Integral Calculus xiii. 153 A point at which the direction of bending changes from positive to negative, or vice versa..is called a point of inflexion, and the tangent at such a point is called a stationary tangent. 1954H. R. Cooley First Course Calculus v. 89 Points at which the derivative is equal to 0 are sometimes called stationary points. They are points at which, if a particle were progressing along a curve from left to right, its vertical motion would be momentarily stopped. 1978K. Ahmad Trad. & Mod. Math. 83 A stationary point is a point at which dy/dx = 0. Maxima, minima and points of inflection are stationary points.
d. Statistics. Applied to a series of observations that has attained equilibrium, so that the expected value of any function of a section of it is independent of the time for which it has been running.
1938H. Wold Stud. in Analysis of Stationary Time Series 1 Observational series which describe phenomena changing with time may be roughly classified in two broad categories, viz. evolutive and stationary. Ibid., Stationary time series are unchanging in respect to their general structure. The fluctuations up and down in such a series may seem random or show tendencies to regularity—in any case, the character of the series is, on the whole, the same in different sections. 1968P. A. P. Moran Introd. Probability Theory iii. 151 A set of numbers, pi, i = 6, 1, {ddd}, such that pi⩾ 0, σipi = 1, pi = σjpijpj , will be called a ‘stationary distribution’ of the process. 1975Nature 11 Dec. 490/1 Two assumptions are commonly made about earthquakes: first, that their occurrence has a stationary random Poisson distribution.
†3. Standing, in contradistinction to sitting. Obs.
1659H. L'Estrange Alliance Div. Off. 120 The stationary posture is most significant.
4. Of or belonging to a station or stations.
†a. Surveying. (Cf. station-distance, -line.)
1571Digges Pantom. i. xxiii. G iij b, Draw an arcke rising from the same line that representeth your stationarie distance. 1610Hopton Baculum Geodæt. ii. i. 19 That your stationary line, or line that you measure, be not too short.
†b. Of or pertaining to a military post. Obs.
1609Holland Amm. Marcell. 179 The stationarie or garrison souldiors. 1691Norris Pract. Disc. 331 The Stationary Angels that wait upon the throne of God. 1781Gibbon Decl. & F. xviii. II. 105 The stationary troops of Singara retired on the approach of Sapor.
c. Eccl.
1626Donne Serm. lxviii. (1640) 688 When we shut our doores, and observe our stationary houres for private prayer in our Chamber. 1693W. W[otton] Dupin's Hist. Eccl. Writers I. ii. 94 The Stationary days, that is to say, those days when several of the Faithful continued in Prayer and Fasting till Three a Clock in the Afternoon. 1872Shipley Gloss. Eccl. Terms s.v. Acolyte, In Rome acolytes were of four kinds: 1. Palatial..2. Stationary, who served in the church where a station was made.
5. stationary fever: see quot. 1855.
A rendering of mod.L. febris stationaria (Sydenham).
1696Pechey Sydenham's Wks. i. ii. (1729) 5 Therefore I call these Fevers Stationary. 1742J. Swan Sydenham's Wks. i. ii. (1753) 5 marg., Stationary fevers defined. 1855Dunglison Med. Lex., Stationary, a name given by Sydenham and Stoll to certain diseases, which depend upon a particular state of the atmosphere; and which prevail in a district for a certain number of years, and then give way to others.
†6. ‘Belonging to a stationer’ (T.). Obs.
In the first quot. with reference to exposure in the shop of a ‘stationer’ or bookseller.
1630I. Craven God's Tribunal (1631) Ep. Ded. A 2, Consciousnesse of mine owne meanenesse and withall the great disparity twixt a liuely voice, and breathlesse lines, haue easily disswaded me hitherto from appearing in Stationary view. 1679–88,1716, etc. [see stationery 2].
B. n.
†1. App. the title of an officer of the royal household: cf. stationer 1. Obs.
1485Rolls of Parlt. VI. 375/2 Lettres Patents made under oure greate Seale to Piers Actores, of the Office of oure Stationary.
2. = stationar 2.
1868Walcott Sacred Archæol. 558 [Three orders of acolytes] Palatines..; stationaries, those connected with the arrangement of stations and processions; and regionaries.
3. Elliptical uses of the adj.
†a. A planet when stationary. Obs. rare—1.
1601Holland Pliny ii. xvi. I. 11 As also, that then they [the planets] are Stationaries in their houses which be in the middle points of the latitudes, which they cal eclipticks.
†b. An indulgence for attending a station. Obs. rare—1. [See note under manuary n.]
1537tr. Latimer's Serm. Convoc. ii. D j b, How some brought forth..pardons, & these of wonderful varietie, some Stationaries, some Iubilaryes.
c. One of a force of permanent or stationary troops. Obs. exc. Rom. Hist. (= L. stationarius), a member of a kind of military constabulary.
1698Fryer Acc. E. India & P. 359 Besides 80000 Stationaries to and again in Garisons. 1727H. Herbert tr. Fleury's Eccl. Hist. I. 544, I will read the information given in by the Stationary concerning these persons here present. Ibid. 545 Since..you have not obeyed the stationaries and chief soldiers who sollicited you to renounce Jesus Christ in writing. 1853Kingsley Hypatia xx, The stationaries are mine already. So are the soldiery all the way up the Nile.
d. A politician hostile to progress. Also transf. (nonce-use), one who does not wish to go forward.
1831Examiner 225/1 ‘The lame and impotent conclusion’ which the Stationaries are desirous of putting to the Revolution of July. 1852Mrs. P. Sinnett tr. Huc's Trav. xv. 234 The caravan became henceforth divided between the party of movement and that of resistance—the progressives and the stationaries. |