| 释义 |
static, a. and n.|ˈstætɪk|
Also 7–8 statick, 7 statique.
[ad. mod.L. staticus, a. Gr. στατικός causing to stand, also pertaining to or skilled in weighing, f. στα-, ἱστάναι to cause to stand, to weigh. The n. (= F. statique, It. statica) is ad. mod.L. statica, ad. Gr. στατική (sc. τέχνη) the art of weighing, ellipt. use of the adj.]
A. adj.
†1. Of or pertaining to weighing or the use of the balance: = statical a. 1. Obs.
static barometer = statical baroscope: see statical 1. static chair: the Sanctorian weighing chair (see Sanctorian a.) for determining the amount of insensible perspiration by weighing the body; static medicine, the branch of medical science concerned with the study of the variations of insensible perspiration as thus determined.
1646Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. iv. vii. 196 In the middle of summer,..a man weigheth some pounds lesse then in the heighth of winter, according to..the statick aphorismes of Sanctorius. 1676J. Davies tr. Sanctorius' Med. Statica, Acc. Weighing Chair A 6, That perspiration which is commodiously weigh'd by the Chair, any one may easily understand by our Book of Statick Medicine. 1733Tull Horse-Hoeing Husb. ii. 16 Sanctorious by his Statick-Chair, found Five Eights of the Nourishment..pass off by insensible Perspiration. a1734North Life Ld. Keeper Guilford (1742) 293 About this Time [c 1675]..Sir Samuel Moreland publish'd a Piece, containing a Device... This he call'd a statick Barometer.
†2.
a. Pertaining to the effect of weight or the conditions of the equilibrium of weight: often said of experiments for determining specific gravity. Of a power or principle: Operative in the production of equilibrium; also fig. Obs.
1638Wilkins New World i. (1684) 170 And that upon this Statick Principle; any Brass or Iron Vessel whose Substance is much Heavier than that of the Water, yet being Filled with the Lighter Air, it will..not Sink. 1659H. More Immort. Soul. iii. iii. §10. 361 If we consider the nature of the Windes, the nature of these Vehicles, & the Statick power of the Soule. 1664Power Exp. Philos. ii. 105 After a few vibrations up and down (as is Observable in all Statick Experiments) they arrive at a Counterpoise. 1668Howe Bless. Righteous i. 3 He..subjoyns some account of himself, in this his closure of the Psalm: As for me, Here he is at his statique point. Ibid. viii. 145 And if Philosophy and..Christianity, Reason and Faith have that statique power, can so compose the soul..in the midst of storms and tempests: how [etc.]. 1681–6J. Scott Chr. Life ii. vii. §9 Wks. 1718 I. 444 Our City-Companies..still retain the same Laws and Charters, which are the statique Principles or Forms that individuate them, and keep them still the same. 1775Sir E. Barry Observ. Wines 391 It is very evident from Static experiments, that [etc.].
†b. Of a mental condition: Balanced, stable. Obs. rare.
1652Evelyn St. France Pref. Let. B, It is..a thing extreamly difficult to be at all times, and in all places thus reserved, and as it were obliged to Temper so Statick and exact among all conversations.
3. a. Pertaining to forces in equilibrium, or to bodies at rest: opposed to dynamic.
1850Grove Corr. Phys. Forces (ed. 2) 74, I have used..the terms dynamic and static to represent the different states of magnetism. 1857Edin. Rev. July 36 The Voltaic battery reproduces the tension, and the earth repeats the neutralisation, and so the force which was static in the wire is rendered dynamic. a1878Sir G. Scott Lect. Archit. (1879) II. 303 Thus, purely trabeated architecture sleeps in safety, while arcuated architecture never ceases to exert force. The one is static, the other a dynamic style—only becoming static when its abutments are of undoubted sufficiency. 1881O. J. Lodge in Nature XXIII. 303 Electrical energy may exist in..the static form, when [etc.].
b. Applied spec. to designate frictional as opposed to voltaic electricity. Cf. statical a. 4 b.
1839Faraday Exp. Res. Electr. I. 534 heading, Theory of static induction. 1876F. Guthrie Magnetism & Electr. (title of Book 1), Frictional or Static Electricity. 1898Westm. Gaz. 6 Jan. 2/1 A static current, such as produced by the Holtz machine, will be sent over the wires. 1890G. M. Gould New Med. Dict. s.v., Static Breeze, a method of administration of static electricity.
c. static friction (see quot. 1878).
1878Phil. Trans. R. Soc. CLXVII. 509 Coulomb pointed out the necessity of distinguishing between the friction which resists the relative movement of surfaces already in motion, or what is now called kinetic friction, and the friction which tends to prevent surfaces at rest from being set in motion, or what is now called static friction. 1922Glazebrook Dict. Appl. Physics I. 389/2 The subject of static friction is of considerable importance in the theory of the stability of engineering structures. 1980J. W. Hill Intermediate Physics iv. 29 The block should, in absolutely frictionless conditions, begin to move however small the applied force but in practice static friction opposes the movement.
d. Econ. Of or pertaining to an economic system in a state of equilibrium. Cf. statics 1 d.
1899J. B. Clark Distrib. of Wealth iii. 31 What a static theory openly and intentionally puts out of sight—namely, changes that alter the mode of production. Ibid. v. 60 The study of the unreal static state is a heroic..use of the isolating method of study. 1904J. N. Keynes Scope & Method Pol. Econ. (ed. 3) iv. 147 An economic theory is termed static if it is based on the assumption of..a state in which there occurs no essential modification of the general conditions under which production and consumption, distribution and exchange, are carried on. 1947P. A. Samuelson Foundations Econ. Analysis xi. 312 Gustav Cassel..considers Economic Dynamics to be a third stage of analysis, following a pure Static Economy and a ‘quasi-static’. Uniformly Progressive Economy. 1974A. S. Campagna Macroeconomics iii. 50 Static analysis is concerned with states of equilibrium, and static models inquire into the forces leading to, maintaining, and reestablishing, if necessary, the equilibrium condition.
4. a. transf. and fig. = statical a. 5.
1856Dove Logic Chr. Faith iii. §1. 129 Causation may be viewed either as static or dynamic. 1889J. M. Robertson Ess. Critical Method 5 It was very natural that the fresh mediaeval intelligence, to which the recovered past came as a splendid treasure-trove, should..set up the old standards of static criticism, to last till the influx of new knowledge..wrought [etc.]. 1897A. B. Walkley Maeterlinck's Treas. Humble Introd. 13 M. Maeterlinck boldly asks whether a ‘static’ theatre is impossible, a theatre of mood not of movement. 1904Edin. Rev. Oct. 307 By a ‘static’ character we mean one that is a fixed quantity in the play; essentially the same force in magnitude and direction from the rise to the fall of the curtain. 1907J. B. Clark Essent. Economic Theory viii. 128 The Sign of a Static State.—The sign of the existence of a static condition is, therefore, that labor and capital, though they are perfectly free to move from one employment to another,..still do not move. Ibid. 131 Influences that disturb the Static Equilibrium. 1909W. R. Inge Faith vii. 122 Revelation, like inspiration, is a process, not a static condition.
b. Gram. Expressive of a state as distinguished from an action or process.
1871B. H. Kennedy Publ. Sch. Lat. Gram. §127 Many Static Verbs take the cause or motive of the state as an Object, and so become Transitive.
c. Phonetics. Of consonants, = continuant a. 2; of tones, not changing pitch during utterance.
1931[see kinetic a. 5]. 1939L. H. Gray Foundations Lang. 53 All consonants can be uttered by themselves whether they are static (or continuant), i.e., can be held continuously without changing quality (notably nasal, lateral, rolled, fricative, and sibilant sounds..); or are kinetic, i.e., cannot be so held. 1958R. Kingdon Groundwork Eng. Intonation p. xxii, Static tone, a tone in which the voice remains steady on a given pitch throughout its duration. Ibid. 4 The Static Tones are the level tones, accompanied by stress, which are used on the words to which it is desired to give prominence in the sentence, but to which no particular feeling is attached. 1961[see kinetic a. 5]. 1968B. M. H. Strang Mod. Eng. Structure (ed. 2) vi. 92 Kingdon divides the notes and tunes of English speech into two kinds, the level or Static Tones, and the moving or Kinetic Tones. 1969D. Crystal Prosodic Systems & Intonation in English iv. 158 Stress. Perceivable increase in loudness accompanied by unmarked pitch movement (the norm in the pitch-range system, static tone).
5. Path. and Phys. in various applications.
a. (See quot.) rare—0.
1855Dunglison Med. Lex., Static, an epithet applied to the physical phenomena presented by organized bodies in contradistinction to the organic or vital.
b. Structural or organic as opposed to functional.
1855J. R. Reynolds Diagn. Dis. Brain ii. ix. 126 Although post mortem examination can reveal no static (anatomical) change, the simple fact of convulsion is proof of dynamic (functional) disease. 1897Allbutt's Syst. Med. III. 639 We must avoid any confusion between the static results of past peritonitis and the slowly progressive changes of the chronic disease. 1899Ibid. VII. 238 One of those anomalous fatal instances in which the medulla has been found apparently free from static disease.
c. Of a disease, etc.: Characterized by stasis.
1878T. Bryant Pract. Surg. (1884) I. 92 Static or venous gangrene includes those [cases] in which stagnation of blood is caused by the mechanical arrest of the circulation through the veins.
d. Of or pertaining to a standing posture.
1898Syd. Soc. Lex., Static ataxia, the failure of muscular coördination in standing still, or in any fixed position of the limbs. 1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VII. 900 Saltatory spasm. Syn.—Saltatoric spasm; Static reflex spasm.
e. (See quot.)
1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VI. 829 There is no mental stimulus to the combination of the retinal images, and the eyes remain in their static or resting position.
f. Tending to maintain equilibrium.
1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VII. 372 The cerebellum normally exerts on the apparatus of movement, a sthenic, tonic and static influence.
6. Machinery.
a. (See quot.)
1911Encycl. Brit. XXII. 237/1 [Power transmission (Electr.)] Such disturbances [as minor surges] when trivial are commonly referred to as ‘static’.
b. Of an electric transformer or generator: Having all its parts stationary, non-rotary.
1903Nature 15 Jan. 248/1 The Hewitt Mercury Lamp and Static Converter. 1911Encycl. Brit. XXVII. 173/1 [In a continuous current transformer] some part of the machine must revolve, whereas in the alternating current transformer all parts are stationary; hence the former is generally called a rotary transformer, and the latter a static transformer.
c. Computers. Applied to a store in which the data are held at fixed positions in the device, and any location can be accessed at any moment.
1947A. W. Burks et al. in Coll. Wks. J. von Neumann V. 44 We distinguish two broad types of such devices: static, and dynamic or pulse-type accumulators. 1970O. Dopping Computers & Data Processing x. 134 A ferrite core memory..is an example of a static memory, while a drum memory..is a dynamic memory in which a particular memory can be read or written only when the continuously rotating drum is at a certain angular position. 1977J. C. Boyce Digital Computer Fund. viii. 212 The basic building block of the static memory discussed in this section is a 16-pin integrated circuit.
7. Special collocations (mostly in sense 3): static characteristic (curve) (Electronics), a graph showing the relationship between two parameters of a valve, transistor, etc., measured under steady conditions (strictly at zero frequency and with no load impedance); static line, a line connecting a parachute to the body of an aircraft and serving to open and release it automatically when tensioned by the movement of the parachutist away from the aircraft; static pressure, the pressure of a fluid on a body when the latter is at rest relative to it; static-pressure tube = static tube below; static test, a test of a device or object in a stationary position, or under conditions that are constant or change only gradually; so static-test vb. trans.; static testing vbl. n.; static thrust, thrust generated by a stationary aero-engine or rocket engine; static tube (Aeronaut.), the part of the pitot-static head that registers static pressure, consisting of a tube aligned parallel to the airflow, closed at the forward end, and having holes along its length; static water: during the war of 1939–45, a store of water with no pressure of its own intended for use as an emergency supply, esp. in fighting fires.; freq. attrib., as static-water tank.
1919Wireless World May 77/2 From the *static characteristic of a valve..it is clear that if the grid voltage varies between sufficiently small limits, the law of variation will be exactly reproduced in the anode circuit. 1939H. J. Reich Theory & Applications Electron Tubes iii. 43 Strictly a static characteristic is one obtained with steady voltages, whereas a dynamic characteristic is one obtained with alternating voltages. 1975D. G. Fink Electronics Engineers' Handbk. vii. 39 The performance of a transistor over wide ranges of current and voltage is determined from static characteristic curves.
1930C. Dixon Parachutes for Airmen ii. 20 The ‘Guardian Angel’ was a typical example of the ‘automatic’ design. It was fitted into a tube fixed at the side of the aeroplane, with a *static line attached to the harness on the airman. 1966M. R. D. Foot SOE in France iv. 78 All a parachutist has to do is to jump through the hole; his parachute is opened automatically by a thin wire called a ‘static line’ which his own weight breaks. 1977R.A.F. News 30 Mar.–12 Apr. 3/3 If new members decide they want to move on to free⁓fall parachuting, they must first make six static line jumps.
1915W. E. Dommett Aeroplanes & Airships 103 Pressure head, a combination of pitot tube and *static pressure or suction tube. 1923Glazebrook Dict. Appl. Physics V. 66/2 The air thus blows tangentially past these holes, and the pressure within the tube is equal to the static pressure of the surrounding air. 1948C. E. Chapel Aircraft Basic Sci. i. 21/1 The center of pressure can be located for each angle of attack by installing parallel rows of static pressure tubes at right angles to the leading edge of a wing flush with the upper and lower surfaces. 1978J. D. Anderson Introd. Flight iv. 95 Static pressure is a consequence of just the purely random motion of the molecules.
1905Jrnl. Iron & Steel Inst. LXVII. 486 Overheating..will produce brittleness under shock or vibratory stress, although *static tests may have given fairly satisfactory results. 1918Cowley & Levy Aeronautics ix. 176 Fig. 97 gives thrust and torque required to drive the propeller for a ‘static test’, i.e. when the forward speed is zero. 1961Time (Atlantic ed.) 24 Feb. 12/2 The Saturn has been static-tested, but will not be operational until 1965. 1962B.S.I. News July 9/1 The ‘static’ test used..in approving well over a million Kite-marked safety belts is extremely effective in finding out any weakness. 1966McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. XI. 610a/2 The static test facilities must be capable of handling and disposing of the hot gases..that are expelled from the rocket. 1968A. E. Roy tr. T. de Galiana's Conc. Encycl. Astronautics 259/1 The complete rocket, held in a test⁓stand, is then static tested.
1950G. G. Smith Gas Turbines & Jet Propulsion (ed. 5) xii. 205 (heading) *Static testing. 1958F. A. Warren Rocket Propellants x. 173 Because of the dangers involved in static testing, special precautions must be taken to protect personnel. 1962F. I. Ordway et al. Basic Astronautics vii. 319 Static testing may be divided into two categories: powerplant static testing and vehicle capture firing.
1916M. A. S. Riach Air-Screws vii. 89 The ‘*Static’ thrust of an air⁓screw on an aeroplane is usually measured by attaching a spring balance to the rear portion of the machine and attaching a rope from the spring balance to some fixed support. 1952A. Y. Bramble Air-Plane Flight x. 153 The problem of providing the essential static thrust for take-off found its solution in the variable-pitch propeller. 1962F. I. Ordway et al. Basic Astronautics vii. 319 Some of the common measurements made..are given below. (1) Thrust (static thrust developed by the engine) [etc.].
1923Glazebrook Dict. Appl. Physics V. 66/1 A ‘head’, consisting of two parts—the ‘pressure’ or ‘Pitot’ tube and the ‘*static’ tube—is fixed on some exposed part of the aircraft. 1940A. C. Kermode Mechanics of Flight (ed. 4) ii. 29 In modern types the Pitot tube is connected to the inside of a capsule..while the Static tube is connected to the casing of the instrument. 1965V. H. Brix tr. Martynov's Pract. Aerodynamics vi. 141 The most widely used instrument for measuring static pressure is the static tube or sonde.
1944Ourselves in Wartime 108/2 Thousands of *static water tanks were established in parks, squares and in the basements of bombed buildings, so that never again would there be a shortage of water through the destruction of the mains by the enemy. 1958L. W. Tancock in Aspects of Translation 31 You may remember those tanks of water stored in our towns against fires caused by enemy action. We had none in North Wales, but..near where we lived a torrent came tumbling down the valley and a large notice stood by indicating that this was static water. 1976‘J. Charlton’ Remington Set xxiii. 119 This place used to be an airfield in the war... Under here there's a big static water tank.
B. n.
1. = statics. Now rare.
1570Dee Math. Pref. b iiij, Statike, is an Arte Mathematicall, which demonstrateth the causes of heauynes, and lightnes of all thynges: and of motions and properties, to heauynes and lightnes, belonging. 1578W. Bourne Treas. Trav. iv. 2 The which Art or Science, called Staticke, dooth shewe the heauinesse or lightnesse of any thing. a1583in Halliwell Rara Mathem. (1841) 33 Youre Honoure had some speeche with mee, as touching measuring the moulde of a shipp. Whiche gave mee occasyon to wryte a litle Boke of Statick. 1873[see dynamic n.].
2. The metrology of weights. Obs. rare.
1699Bentley Phalaris 456 Talent originally is a word of Static [printed Statics, but see Errata], and means lx pound weight of any thing.
†3. (See quot.) Obs.—0
1728Chambers Cycl., Staticks, Statici, in Medicine, a kind of Epilepticks, or Persons seiz'd with Epilepsies. The Staticks differ from the Catalepticks, in that, these last [etc.].
4. a. Atmospherics; radio noise.
1913Wireless World Nov. 508/2 Communication will also be had with New Orleans, which the static formerly prevented. 1938D. Canfield Fables for Parents ii. 124 That woman who talks about cooking is coming on splendidly. Not a speck of static. Wouldn't you like to bring your sewing over and listen? 1950‘N. Shute’ Town like Alice v. 156 He wanted to see a live broadcast of ‘Much-Binding-in-the-Marsh’ which he listened to on short wave from Brisbane when the static permitted. 1960Practical Wireless XXXVI. 413/1 The background noise caused by external static can be troublesome. 1978R. Ludlum Holcroft Covenant xvii. 196 There was a sudden burst of static from a radio speaker beneath the dashboard.
b. In fig. use, ‘aggravation’ or interference; confusion, fuss, trouble, criticism. slang (orig. U.S.).
1926Maines & Grant Wise-Crack Dict. 8/1 Full of static, not worth listening to. 1953W. Burroughs Junkie (1972) viii. 77 An Sol said, ‘Hell, I love junk... But if I can't use it without I get static all the time from the law, I'll get off junk and stay off.’ 1969C. Young Todd Dossier 154 If I notified Security it would just mean a lot of fuss,..where was the requisition, all that static. 1974L. Deighton Spy Story xvii. 186 Spare me the static... Why didn't you lay it on for me, about working for the goddam Brits? 1979D. Anthony Long Hard Cure v. 42 The words are full of static, a reaction to that attack.
5. Static electricity. Freq. attrib.
1916‘B. M. Bower’ Phantom Herd xiv. 233 All that negative I took to-day is chock full of ‘static’. 1951Koestler Age of Longing 195 The umbrellas..had a tendency to charge the people who carried them with static, which sometimes discharged itself in crackling sparks at a handshake, kiss or other bodily contact. 1956Planning XXII. 128 Static elimination is the removal of the harmful electric charges which accumulate on fibres and thin sheets during manufacturing processes. 1978Hi-Fi News Sept. 130/1 (Advt.), Not unlike a common magnet attracting iron particles, static scavenges and draws dust particles onto the record surface. 1979Globe & Mail (Toronto) 5 May 8/1 The winter smell of the settlement has become that of laundry aids—fluffers and static eradicators—whose smells are wafted into the icy air.
Delete Machinery at sense A. 6. Add: [A.] [6.] d. Fixed or held in place, on the ground, etc., freq. in contrast to something that can move; stationary, not mobile.
1958Observer 9 Feb. 11/4 The American Polaris..will free still further the Western nuclear deterrent from dependence on large static bases. 1960Library Assoc. Rec. Aug. 261/2 A library centre is a static service-point. 1966J. S. Cox Illustr. Dict. Hairdressing 143/1 Static blade, the lower blade in a pair of hand clippers..over and against which the upper mobile blade moves. 1976Star (Sheffield) 20 Nov. 11/1 (Advt.), Gailey offer a bigger range of Tourers and static Holiday Caravans than ever. 1986Times 28 May 38/6 Velodrome and internal arena:..Static seating for 6,000 spectators. 1988Economist 30 Apr. 20/2 Sites for static caravans are hideous.
B.
6. A caravan permanently located on a site.
1989Caravan, Motorcaravan & Camping July 101/2 With 135 pitches and no statics, Mrs Allcock books in visitors, Derek personally takes them to their pitch. 1989Practical Caravan Sept. 81/2 Our park is fairly limited in terms of availability of pitches—six tourers and 15 statics—and we find many people coming back year after year.
Hence ˈstaticness n.
1944C. L. Wrenn in Trans. Philol. Soc. 1943 37 The very staticness of our spelling often leads to an increased and exaggerated sensitiveness on the part of the philologist to every kind of vagary of orthography. 1987Performance Sept./Oct. 20/2 Its anguished staticness contains a strange kind of collective pain. |