| 释义 |
▪ I. rake, n.1|reɪk|
Forms: 1 raca, racu, 4 raak, 5 rak, 5–6 Sc. raike, 4– rake.
[OE. raca m., racu f. = MLG., MDu. rāke (Du. raak), (M)Sw. -raka, Da. -rage, related by ablaut to MLG. rēke, OHG. rehho, recho (MHG. reche, G. rechen) rake, ON. reka spade, shovel, f. root *rek- (Goth. rikan, OHG. rehhan) to gather, heap up.]
1. a. An implement, consisting of a bar fixed across the end of a long handle and fitted with teeth which point downwards, used in field-work for drawing together hay, grass, or the like, and in gardening for similar purposes or for breaking up, levelling, and smoothing the surface of the ground (a hand-rake). Also, a larger agricultural implement of the same character, mounted on wheels and drawn by a horse (a horse-rake), or one of the bars with teeth in a tedding-machine.
a725Corpus Gloss. 25 Rastrum, ræce. c1000ælfric Gloss. in Wr.-Wülcker 105/1 Rastrum, uel rastellum, raca. a1100Gerefa in Anglia IX. 263 He sceal habban..bytel, race, ᵹeafle, hlædre [etc.]. 1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) III. 55 Fabius slowȝ Remus..wiþ an herdes rake [v.r. raak]. c1420Pallad. on Husb. i. 837 Take thy spadis, rakis, knyf, and shoule. 1523Fitzherb. Husb. §24 A good husbande hath his forkes and rakes made redye in the wynter before. 1603Knolles Hist. Turks (1638) 105 All his mattockes, forkes, rakes, syths [etc.]. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. i. 233 The land with daily Care Is exercis'd, and with an Iron War Of Rakes and Harrows. 1727–46Thomson Summer 359 Infant hands Trail the long rake..Wide flies the tedded grain. 1841–4Emerson Ess., Prudence Wks. (Bohn) I. 98 Keep the rake, says the hay⁓maker, as nigh the scythe as you can, and the cart as nigh the rake. 1844Stephens Bk. Farm (1855) II. 228/2 A skeleton carriage, having a series of revolving rakes, occupying the place of the body.
b. Phr. as lean (also thin, † rank) as a rake.
c1386Chaucer Prol. 287 And leene was his hors as is a rake. c1450Holland Howlat 216 The Ravyne..Was dene rurale to reid, rank as a raike. a1529Skelton P. Sparowe 913 Odyous Enui..His bones crake, Leane as a rake. 1694Motteux Rabelais v. iv, All these sorts of Birds..grow in an instant as fat as Hogs, tho' they came as lean as Rakes. 1823E. Moor Suffolk Wds. s.v., ‘Thin as a rake’ is not an infrequent comparison with us.
c. transf. A very lean person.
1582Stanyhurst æneis iii. (Arb.) 89 A meigre leane rake with a long berd goatlyke. 1607Shakes. Cor. i. i. 24 Let vs reuenge this with our Pikes, ere we become Rakes.
2. a. An implement, similar to the above, used for various purposes, sometimes having a flat blade in place of the bar with teeth; spec. (a) an implement with a blade instead of teeth for gathering money or chips staked in a game of chance; (b) (see quot. 1966).
1530Palsgr. 260/2 Rake for the Kenell, rasteau. 1574Scot Hop. Gard. (1578) 51 A Rake fashioned like a Coale rake, hauing in stede of teeth a boorde. 1671[see rake-man in 5]. 1825J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 606 The tools of the plasterer consist of..a rake, with two or three prongs, bent downwards..for mixing the hair and mortar together. 1851Greenwell Coal-Trade Terms Northumb. & Durh. 41 A rake, with about 8 teeth..is used by the hewer in working coal by separation. 1865Trollope Can you forgive Her? II. xxv. 280 The money..was all drawn back by the croupier's unimpassioned rake. 1868Rep. U.S. Commissioner Agric. (1869) 342 The tongs [in oyster fishing] are composed of two iron rakes attached to..poles. 1884[see croupier 2]. 1907Yesterday's Shopping (1969) 109/3 Aluminium Combs—Dressing or Rakes..each 1/6... Rakes, Vulcanite..1/3. 1937[see passe n.2]. 1966J. S. Cox Illustr. Dict. Hairdressing & Wigmaking 125/1 Rake, a strong comb with large even-sized teeth. Used for removing tangles in long hair. 1972D. Lees Zodiac 47 If you don't want Françoise to blue in all her winnings..you'd better get her away from the table. The way she's going the croupier's going to have to send out for a bigger rake. 1973‘R. Macleod’ Burial in Portugal vi. 117 A blonde..was the only player to avoid the croupier's rake on the first couple of spins of the wheel.
b. A kind of rasp or scraper. (? For rape n.5)
1727Bradley Fam. Dict. s.v. Hoof bound, With a Rake or Drawing-Iron, file or draw away the old Hoof somewhat near. 1845Penny Cycl. Supp. I. 624/2 In the preparation of hares' fur for the hatter, the skin..is rubbed with a kind of saw called a rake. 1878Ure's Dict. Arts IV. 380 The skin is first carded with a rake, which is the blade of an old shear or piece of a scythe, with large teeth notched into its edge.
3. = rake-hook (see 5).
1797Johnston Beckmann's Invent. III. 152 The same craft in avoiding rakes and nets is ascribed to that fish.
4. An act of raking.
1869‘Mark Twain’ Innoc. Abr. xii. 114 The first rake of his razor loosened the very hide from my face. 1961Y. Olsson Syntax Eng. Verb vii. 207 (From garden talk:) Let me have a rake!
5. attrib. and Comb., as rake-backed adj., rake-handle, rake-head, † rake-man, rake-shaft, rake-shank, rake-stem, rake-teeth, rake-tine, rake-wheel; rake-comb = rake n.1 2 a (b); rake-dredge, a dredge fitted with a rake, used for collecting natural history specimens; † rake-fetter, ? a maker or mender of rakes; rake-hook, a set of hooks fixed on a bar which is dragged along the bottom of a river or lake so as to catch fish by the body; † rake-lean a., lean as a rake; rake-steel, a rake-handle (now dial.); rake-up, something concocted; a fabrication.
1629Gaule Holy Madn. 324 Gaunt-belly'd, *Rake-backt.
1790*Rake-comb [see dressing-comb s.v. dressing vbl. n. 5 a]. 1969E. H. Pinto Treen 364 The boxwood H comb is an 18th-century type barber's comb, used on wigs after the coarse or ‘rake’ comb.
c1500Cocke Lorell's B. 11 Schouyll chepers, gardeners, and *rake fetters.
1644Essex County, Mass. Probate Rec. (1916) I. 39 Rakes and *rake hedds, 7s. 8d. 1780Edmondson Body Heraldry II. Gloss., Rake-head, as borne in armory. 1844Stephens Bk. Farm (1855) II. 229/2 As there are 8 rake-heads, there will be..36 contacts with the substance..to be lifted.
1884T. Speedy Sport viii. 120 The fines imposed for illegal fishing, or for having leisters, *rake-hooks, or nets. 1891Daily News 28 May 4/8 They kill fish by ‘sniggling’, or rake hooks, by the gaff or cleek.
1593Nashe Christ's T. 32 b, Through theyr garments theyr *rake-leane rybbes appeared. 1618R. Brathwait Descr. Death in Farr S.P. Jas. I (1848) 270 His rake-leane body shrinking underneath.
1671Phil. Trans. VI. 2112 The *Rake-man..constantly moves the Tin with his Rake.
1641Best Farm. Bks. (Surtees) 33 With her *rakeshafte to throw up the sweath. 1892H. E. Wright Handy Bk. Brewers 484 The horizontal rake-shaft has a number..of wrought iron rakes bolted on.
1878Cumbld. Gloss., Rake-steel, *Rake-shank, the handle of a rake.
c1386Chaucer Wife's T. 93 That tale is nat worth a *rake stele. c1440J. Capgrave Life St. Kath. iv. 2009 Youre resons, lady, avayle not a rake-stele.
1880Hardy Trumpet-Major II. xxiii. 160 For use at home as *rake-stems, benefit-club staves, and pick-handles.
1844Stephens Bk. Farm (1855) II. 229/1 Bringing the *rake-teeth nearer to, or farther from the ground.
Ibid. 230/1 All the *rake-tines are lifted from the ground by one operation.
1957M. Spark Comforters v. 95 On the front of the [cigarette] case was a tiny raised crest... ‘It's the Hogarth crest. Only a Victorian *rake-up, I imagine.’
1844Stephens Bk. Farm (1855) II. 229/1 The two *rake-wheels..are of very light construction.
▪ II. † rake, n.2 Obs.
Forms: 1 hræce, 3 rake.
[OE. hræce, hrace, -u, f. hraca m. = OHG. rahho (MHG. rache, G. rachen), MLG. rāke, Du. raak throat.]
The throat, jaws.
c825Vesp. Psalter v. 11 Byrᵹen open is hræce heara. c1000Sax. Leechd. II. 62 Stinge him ᵹelome on þa hracan þæt he maᵹe spiwan. a1225St. Marher. 11 The rode the arredde me so redlich of his reowliche rake. c1250Death 214 in O.E. Misc. 180 Þer is sathanas..redi wið his rake.
▪ III. rake, n.3 Sc. and north. dial. (exc. in sense 8).|reɪk|
[a. ON. rák stripe, streak (Norw. dial. raak footpath, stripe or streak, channel, string of cattle, etc.), f. *rák- ablaut var. of rek- to drive: see rack n.1 In later use also in part repr. ME. rayk, raik n.]
1. A way, path; esp. a rough path over a hill, a narrow path up a cleft or ravine.
13..Gaw. & Gr. Knt. 2144 Ryde me doun þis ilk rake, bi ȝon rokke syde. a1400–50Alexander 5070 Lene to þe left hand, For þe rake on þe riȝt hand þat may na man passe. c1600Hodgson MS. in Northumbld. Gloss. s.v., Two brode waies or rakes commonly used occupied and worne with cattal brought out of Scotland. 1869Lonsdale Gloss., Rake,..A strip of ground..lying in the side of a hill, and sunk below the level of the neighbouring parts. 1872Jenkinson Guide Eng. Lakes 303 A method of ascent..is by the ‘Lord's Rake’, a narrow cleft a short distance from the ridge.
fig.a1400–50Alexander 3383 Out of þe rake..of riȝtwysnes ren suld he neuire.
2. a. A run, rush; speed. rare.
c1460Towneley Myst. xvi. 65 Fast afore wyll I hy radly on a rake. 1768Ross Helenore ii. 91 Their milk white lads..At a gueed rake were running on before.
†b. A pass in fencing. Obs. rare.
c1450Fencing w. two handed Sword in Rel. Ant. I. 309 Thy rakys, thy rowndis, thy quarters abowte, Thy stoppis, thy foynys, lete hem fast rowte.
3. Course or path, esp. of cattle in pasturing; hence, pasture-ground, right of pasture.
a1640Jackson Creed xi. xii. § 8 In that region wherein the clouds have their rake. 1688Miege Grt. Fr. Dict., Sillage,..Course, the Rake or Run of a Ship, her Way forward on. 1724MS. Survey, Lower Brunton in Northumb. Gloss., It pays 13s. 4d...yearly for what is call'd a Rake for their cattle in Tuggle Moore. 1728in Best Farm. Bks. (Surtees) 174 note, This walk or rake for my tenants' sheep upon Cottom Pry or Monk Lees. 1863Mrs. Toogood Yorksh. Dial., The cattle had a good rake ower yon common.
attrib.1744N. Riding Rec. VIII. 111 A rake-rent of 10s. for leave to graze their cattle upon Raskelf Moor.
4. A single journey in conveying anything from one place to another; hence, the amount so carried by a person, horse, cart, or railway train; a ‘gang’.
a1779D. Graham Writings (1883) II. 59 I'll gar haf-a-crown and haf-a-mutchkin or a rake o' coals do it a'. 1792A. Wilson in Poems, etc. (1876) II. 25 He kend..How mony rake wad lave the ocean toom. 1862D. Wingate in Blackw. Mag. Mar. 377 The ponies had their rakes brought in, And been stabled one by one. 1894Crockett Raiders 192 To fetch a rake of water from the well. 1930Times Educ. Suppl. 20 Sept. 397/3 When the boys of the Clachan had finished dinner, their customary task was to fetch the day's ‘rake’ of water to their homes. 1934T. Wood Cobbers v. 69 Before we could board, however, they said we must see the Rake for the Day go by: all the trees we had seen felled. 1976Indian Express 23 Jan. 5/4 The first rake of 1000 tonnes for Iran was despatched from the Bhilai Steel Plant yesterday. 1979Times of India 17 Aug. 10/2 Actual daily arrivals, according to food department sources, has recently been two rakes or one and half rakes less than what it should be.
5. a. A leading vein of ore, having a more or less perpendicular lie; a rake-vein.
Hooson Miner's Dict. (1747) limits the term to a vein which is in process of being worked.
1634in Pennant Tour in Wales (1778) I. 74 A grant, made..by Charles I. of all the mines of lead, or rakes of lead, within the hundreds of Coleshill and Rudland. 1653E. Manlove Rhymed Chron. 2 If any..find a Rake, Or sign, or leading to the same. Ibid. 260 Main Rakes, Cross Rakes,..Randum of the Rake. 1759Martin Nat. Hist. I. 66 It runs along after the Rakes, and not crossing them as the leading Vaults do. 1884J. A. Phillips Ore Deposits i. 64 It is now well known that the true fissure veins, or rakes, pass through these igneous rocks.
b. rake-soil, the deads or rubbish of a vein. ? Obs.
1653E. Manlove Rhymed Chron. 271.
†6. = race n.5, rache n.2 Obs. rare—1.
1685Lond. Gaz. 2023/4 A little Spaniel Bitch brown and white spotted..and a white Rake on the Forehead.
7. A rut, groove.
1781J. Hutton Tour to Caves (ed. 2) Gloss., Rake, rut, crack, or crevice. 1789Trans. Soc. Arts VII. 199 Heavy loads..made almost as deep a rut, or rake, as ever. 1812–16J. Smith Panorama Sc. & Art I. 110 The blade..is covered with rakes or small grooves close to each other.
8. A row, series: = race n.1 9 b; spec. a series of wagons or carriages on a railway or of wagons or trucks in a mine or a factory (in this sense, no longer restricted to Sc. and north. dial.).
1901Daily Record (Glasgow) 28 Nov. 3/2 A number of lads were riding on a rake of hutches. 1909Daily Chron. 11 Dec. 4/5 In reaching the shaft some of the men got on to the top of a loaded rake of hutches. 1921H. Foston At Front viii. 60 The ballast engine, with her ‘rake’ of empty trucks. 1940L. A. G. Strong Sun on Water 224 The train I join is made up locally. The rake of carriages does be waiting at the station, and a tank engine comes in. 1949D. M. Davin Roads from Home ii. vii. 175 Geordie Smith on his shunter had just given a rake of meat waggons a bit of a nudge. 1961Trains Illustrated Dec. 762/2 A special seven-car rake of B.R. standard stock provided the final services, hauled alternatively by Class E1 4-4-0 No. 31739 and Class Q1 0-6-0 No. 33029. 1962Times 26 Oct. (Spencer Steelworks Suppl.) p. xviii/3 The operator uses a Beetle to bring forward the first rake of 15 wagons. 1969Sunday Standard (Bombay) 6 July 1/7 Only 27 rakes were available out of the normal complement of 31 rakes for running the scheduled number of trains. 1973C. D. Garratt Masterpieces in Steam 108 The engine was bringing its last rake of wagons through the colliery yard. 1977Modern Railways Dec. 492/1 Positioning two cars at one end of the train would lead to excessive buckling forces when propelling, hence the central position which was also claimed to provide two relatively-short virtually-identical rakes of trailer cars for operational flexibility.
▪ IV. rake, n.4|reɪk|
Also 7 rack(e.
[? f. rake v.3]
1. Naut.
a. The projection of the upper part of a ship's hull at stem and stern beyond the corresponding extremities of the keel (distinguished as forerake and sternrake). Hence, the slope of the stern or stern-post, or of the rudder.
1626Capt. Smith Accid. Yng. Seamen 9 The lengths, breadthes, depthes, rakes, and burdens. 1664E. Bushnell Compl. Shipwright 7 Had we given 5 foot more Racke. 1690Leybourn Curs. Math. 83, 55 Foot..for the length by the Keel,..16 Foot..for the Rack forward. 1706Phillips (ed. Kersey), s.v. The Rake of the Rudder. 1711W. Sutherland Shipbuild. Assist. 60 Looking on the Rake of the Stern of any Ship. 1815Burney Falconer's Mar. Dict. s.v. Rudder, Rake of the Rudder, a term used to signify the fore part of the rudder, which depends entirely upon the rake of the stern-post. 1833Richardson Merc. Mar. Arch. 9 It also shows the round aft of the stern on the rake. 1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk. 559.
b. The deviation (usually towards the stern) of a ship's masts from a perpendicular to the keel.
1815Burney Falconer's Mar. Dict. s.v. 1842Lever J. Hinton xxxvi, The rake of her low masts, and the long boom. 1882W. H. White Naval Archit. (ed. 2) 506 It is customary to have the greatest rake in the aftermost mast.
2. transf.
a. The inclination of any object from the perpendicular or to the horizontal; slope.
1802Trans. Soc. Arts XX. 287 The stems are segments of a circle, with considerable rakes. 1825J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 602 To find the face-mould of a staircase, so that when set to its proper rake it will be perpendicular to the plan. 1881Gard. Chron. XVI. 657 The arrangement of the plants follows the rake of the roof. 1893Building News 10 Feb. 189 The stage floor..rises from the foot-lights..at a rake of half an inch to the foot. 1932Pictorial Weekly 19 Mar. 223/2 Most stages have to rise in floor level towards the back in order to make the action visible to the audience... This is known as the ‘rake’. 1939Joyce Finnegans Wake (1964) 560 Spotlight working wall cloths. Spill playing rake and bridges. 1951[see Cossack 2 e]. 1955Times 10 May 7/7 The front seat is immediately adjustable over a range of 5 in., and further adjustments for rake and height are provided. 1967Oxf. Compan. Theatre (ed. 3) 40/2 The Chicago Opera House..was a tamed Bayreuth, with a flattened rake and a wedge auditorium. 1973Country Life 22 Feb. 468/3 Front seats have ample adjustment for reach and rake. 1974B. Forbes Notes for Life xii. 92 The rake on the stage of the Theatre Royal, Brighton, is a violent one.
b. The inclination of an edge or face of a cutting tool (or other tool) with respect to some line or plane (freq. to a line perpendicular to the surface of the work). Also angle of rake, rake angle.
1888Lockwood's Dict. Terms Mech. Engin. 276 Rake. (1) A term usually applied to signify the angles of metal turning tools, as side rake, front rake, &c. (2) The amount of forward angle, or pitch of saw teeth. 1901Shop & Foundry Practice (Colliery Engineer Co., Scranton, Pa.) I. v. 8 This tendency to spring is greatly increased when the tool has insufficient side rake or clearance. 1903W. H. Van Dervoort Mod. Machine Shop Tools xv. 198 The cutting edge of the lathe tool..has what we term an angle of clearance A and an angle of rake B. Ibid., A tool may have front rake..or side rake... A tool without rake requires greater force to drive it through the cut as it tears rather than cuts the metal. Ibid. 550/1 (Index), Rake angles. 1923T. R. Shaw Mechanisms of Machine Tools i. 71/1 With a flat top face either so much metal has to be removed that the tool is weakened or the rake angle must be so slight that there would be no proper cutting action. 1938R. T. Kent Kent's Mech. Engineers' Handbk. (ed. 11) iii. xxi. 41 Rake angle of a milling cutter..is defined as the angle by which the face of the tooth is displaced back of the radial line drawn from the center of rotation to the cutting edge. 1964S. Crawford Basic Engin. Processes v. 119 Rake angles influence chip formation, tool wear, cutting force, surface finish, and permissible cutting speed. 1975Drilling Technol. & Collet Chuck (Bristol Erickson Ltd.) 3 Figures 1 & 2 illustrate the variation in normal rake angle across the cutting edge of a standard ½{pp} diameter drill. Ibid. 11 Helic angle is the angle between the outer edge of the drill land and the drill axis, and is equivalent to the top rake of a flat cutting tool.
▪ V. rake, n.5|reɪk|
[abbrev. of rakehell.]
a. A man of loose habits and immoral character; an idle dissipated man of fashion.
1653H. More Antid. Ath. iii. vii. §13 Schol., These dissolute Rakes endeavour to extinguish the memory of the narrations. 1710Lady M. W. Montagu Let. to Bp. Burnet 20 July, There are more atheists among the fine ladies than the loosest sort of rakes. 1775Sheridan Duenna ii. iii, Is he not a gay dissipated rake who has squandered his patrimony? 1836Hor. Smith Tin Trump. (1876) 89 An old rake who has survived himself is the most pitiable object in creation. 1880L. Stephen Pope iv. 83 Pope..had tried to assume the airs of a rake.
Comb.1892Tennyson Dawn iii, Rake-ruin'd bodies and souls go down in a common wreck.
b. A woman of similar character.
1712Steele Spect. No. 336 ⁋3 These Rakes are your idle Ladies of Fashion. a1777Goldsm. Gift 1 Cruel Iris, pretty rake, Dear mercenary beauty. 1832L. Hunt Sir R. Esher (1850) 367 How superior did she seem to all the fair rakes of the Court. [1886E. L. Bynner A. Surriage xxxi. 373 A plentiful sprinkling of rakes of both sexes.]
c. Phr. rake's progress [the title of a series of engravings (1735) by William Hogarth: see Hogarthian a.]: a course of dissipation; a progressive degeneration or decline.
1849Thackeray Pendennis I. xx. 183 (heading) Rake's progress. 1925T. E. Lawrence Let. 13 June (1938) 476 If you want to trouble yourself still with the rake's progress of this deplorable work. 1937H. G. Wells Brynhild x. 202 I'd have been ashamed not to have been her lover. Another score in the rake's progress. 1950A. Huxley Themes & Variations 250 If the Western Powers had a positive instead of a mainly negative international policy, they would come forward with a plan to check this rake's progress towards human and planetary bankruptcy. 1959Listener 17 Sept. 451/3 The later rake's progress toward corruption, aggression, humiliating subjection to Hitler, pathological megalomania and final catastrophe. 1961Times 9 Feb. 15/2 A literary rake's progress from false materialist to fake romantic. 1976Times 20 Feb. 19/4 Mr Healey has described the course of Britain's recent financial history as a ‘rake's progress’.
▪ VI. rake, n.6 rare—1.|reɪk|
[f. rake v.1 9.]
The act of raking with shot.
1810Naval Chron. XXIII. 97 The frigate..gave her the rake astern.
▪ VII. † rake, n.7 Obs. rare—1.
A herd (of colts).
1486Bk. St. Albans F vj, A Ragg of coltis or a Rake.
▪ VIII. rake
obs. form of rack n.1, n.2, n.3
▪ IX. rake, v.1|reɪk|
Also 7 rack; pa. pple. 4 rake, 6 Sc. raik, 4, 8 raken.
[a. ON. raka (Sw. raka, Da. rage) to scrape, shave, rake, etc. = (M)LG., (M)Du. raken, f. the root *rak-: see rake n.1, on which later uses may to a large extent be directly based.]
I.
†1. trans. To scrape away. Obs. rare—1.
c1250Gen. & Ex. 2132 Al ðat ðise first .vii. [years] maken, Sulen ðis oðere vii. rospen & raken.
2. a. To draw together, collect, gather (scattered objects) with, or as with, a rake.
c1250Gen. & Ex. 3324 Ðor migte euerilc man fugeles taken, So fele so he wulden raken. 1456in Gross Gild Merch. (1890) II. 345 No man..Rake yn ony mannes lond ane Corne yn harvestyme. 1530Palsgr. 678/2 Rake this corne. 1598R. Grenewey Tacitus, Ann. xii. ii. (1622) 157 Her exceeding greedines in raking mony. 1627May Lucan vii. 846 There gold rak'd in Spaine, There th' Easterne Nations treasuryes remaine. 1796Morse Amer. Geog. I. 772, 3 or 400 go annually to Turk's Island, to rake salt.
absol.1642Rogers Naaman 173 A spirit of the world, lusting to rake and scrape.
b. So with together. (Commoner than prec.)
1550[see raking vbl. n.1 1]. 1570–6Lambarde Peramb. Kent (1826) 137 Odo raked together great masses of silver and gold. 1663Butler Hud. i. i. 676 But now a Sport more formidable Had rak'd together Village Rabble. 1840Dickens Barn. Rudge x, Leaving the window now and then to rake the crackling logs together. 1874Green Short Hist. ix. §4. 629 Raking together every fault in the Chancellor.
3. To draw or drag in a specified direction with, or as with, a rake (freq. with implication of sense 2). Const. with various preps. and advbs., as:
a. with out, out of. to rake out a fire: to clear the embers out of the grate.
1412–20Lydg. Chron. Troy i. ii, His hyd iniquitee He out gan rake that hath he hyd so long. 1602Marston Antonio's Rev. ii. i, A slave rak't out of common mud. 1691Wood Ath. Oxon. II. 318 All the bad things..which Prynne could pick and rake out of Histories. 1838Prescott Ferd. & Is. (1846) III. xxiii. 341 Endeavouring to rake a good claim for Castile out of its ancient union with Navarre. 1853‘C. Bede’ Verdant Green iv. (ed. 4) 33 To see that your fire was safely raked out at night.
b. with up. Used esp. of searching for and bringing forward all that can be said or charged against a person.
1581J. Bell Haddon's Answ. Osor. 398 The Pope..raketh uppe unto him..that which was geven to the whole Church. 1680Allen Peace & Unity 27 By raking up, and then scattering abroad all the evil they can. 1729in Keble Life Bp. Wilson xx. (1863) 698 Raking up and ransacking..several articles of illegal and arbitrary practices. 1813Gen. Hist. in Ann. Reg. 20 This evidence is to be raked up in order to condemn. 1831Note Bk. Oxonian 215 Should the black win, the bankers..rake up the money from off the red. 1865Trollope Can you forgive Her? II. xxviii. 224 The croupier raked it [sc. money] all up, and carried it all away. 1868Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) II. vii. 144 The old charges..were again raked up against him. 1913W. Owen Let. 9 Apr. (1967) 182 Unless I raked up matter from the past,..I have had nothing to deliver myself of. 1939‘N. Blake’ Smiler with Knife ii. 33 Had tea? No? Good, I'll see what Mrs. Raikes can rake up.
c. with into, († un)to, over preps., in adv. to rake in the shekels: see shekel 2.
1581J. Bell Haddon's Answ. Osor. 298 [They] did rake unto themselves a certeyne Heavenly power out of the very Heavens. 1583Stubbes Anat. Abus. ii. (1882) 54 By which kind of theft,..they rake in great somes of mony. 1637R. Humfrey tr. St. Ambrose i. 6 Bind up thy speech..lest by much talke it rake into thy bosome many sinnes. 1684Bunyan Pilgr. ii. (1900) 184 The man..raked to himself the Straws. 1851Oquawka (Illinois) Spectator 22 Oct. 1/4 Then, of course, they ‘dropped the gate’ upon them and ‘raked in the pile’. 1888Whittier Maud Muller Pref., She strove to hide her bare feet by raking hay over them. 1893‘Mark Twain’ Lett. to Publishers (1967) 343 We are at a heavy expense, now, in breaking up housekeeping and raking-in old bills. 1926Punch 22 Dec. 682/2 His having been raked in to complete the officers' team at the last minute in place of an absentee. 1959Economist 11 Apr. 153/2 The Bank of France has ‘raked in’ part of the working balances of foreign currency held by the French commercial banks. 1969Observer 21 Dec. 28/3 He's raking it in already. Writes ‘think pieces’ for Honey magazine.
d. with away, down, off advbs. to rake down: (esp.) to win (money) at cards, etc. (U.S. slang).
1623Gouge Serm. Extent God's Provid. §13 Yet were those ashes raked away. 1839Spirit of Times 13 July 223/3 If he has anything like as good a horse as the balance, he is certain to rake down the corn. 1843Ibid. 18 Nov. 431 She [sc. a horse] is a perfect wax figure and all believed that she would rake down the socks. 1846S. F. Smith Theatr. Apprenticeship 151 With one hand he gracefully turned over four Kings and a Jack, and with the other tremblingly ‘raked down’ the pile of bank notes, gold and silver. 1853J. G. Baldwin Flush Times Alabama 8 What lots of ‘Ethiopian captives’ and other plunder he raked down vexed Arithmetic to count. 1854Ronalds & Richardson Chem. Technol. (ed. 2) I. 312 The charge..is..raked down on to the lower level. 1859R. Thompson Gard. Assist. 123 Wooden rakes..are required for raking off grass and leaves. 1882B. Harte Flip & Found at Blazing Star 164 You kin rake down the pile now.
II.
†4.
a. To cover with, or bury under, something brought together with, or as with, a rake. Obs.
c1386Chaucer Monk's T. 143 (Hercules) In hoote coles he hath hym seluen raked. c1430Hymns Virg. 89/23 Whanne þi soule is went out, & þi bodi in erþe rakid. 1483Caxton Gold. Leg. 374/1 He toke the yarne..and rakyd it in the fyre. c1580Sidney Ps. vii. v, Then in the dust lett hym my honor rake. a1644Quarles in Farr S. P. Jas. I (1848) 136 If hidden wages..doe lie Rak't in her furrowes. 1786Burns Toothache 21 Worthy friends rak'd i' the mools, Sad sight to see!
†b. So with up. Obs.
1576Fleming Panoplie Ep. 277 The deade bodie of her childe..put into the sepulchre, and raked vp in clods of earth. 1605B. Jonson Volpone Ded., By faults which charity hath raked up, or common honesty concealed. 1622J. Reynolds God's Revenge iii. Hist. xv, Their remembrance of him was wholy raked up, and buried in the dust of his grave.
5. spec.
a. To cover (a fire) with ashes or small coal in order to keep it in without active burning. Now dial. Also in fig. context.
1412–20Lydg. Chron. Troy i. vi, Many man..Can..rake falsly the wycked couert fire. 1513Douglas æneis viii. vii. 90 The puir wyf quhilk at evin had raik Hyr ingill, risis for to beit hyr fyr. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. i. 390 To work by Night, and rake the Winter Fire. a1796Pegge Derbicisms. 1829–in many dial. glossaries.
fig.1601Munday in Hazl. Dodsley VIII. 185 The abbot's malice, rak'd in cinders long Breaks out at last. 1615R. Brathwait Strappado (1878) 71 Yet shall not..those accomplisht parts..Lie rak't in Ashes.
b. So with up.
1530Palsgr. 678/2 Rake up the fyre and come to bedde. 1629Bk. Meery Riddles A iij, The fire that burneth brigh[t] all the day, and at night is raked vp in his ashes. 1742Young Nt. Th. i. 109 Slumbers, rak'd up in dust, ethereal fire. 1866Lowell Biglow P. Introd., Such a one..called hell ‘the place where they did n't rake up their fire nights’.
fig.1650R. Stapylton Strada's Low C. Warres vii. 81 His Indignation, then raked up in Embers, would in time breake out.
III. 6. a. To go over with a rake, so as to make clean, smooth, etc., or to find something. Also with up, over.
1523Fitzherb. Husb. §28 Whan the barley is ledde away, the landes muste be raked, or els there wyll be moche corne loste. 1583Babington Commandm. iv. (1637) 38 O filthy savour that ariseth out of this lothsome channell, thus raked up into the nostrils of the Lord! 1693Evelyn De la Quint. Compl. Gard. II. 199 We rake it over five or six times with an Iron Rake, to make the Seed enter into the Ground. 1727–46Thomson Summer 365 They rake the green-appearing ground. 1854Whittier Maud Muller 2 Maud Muller..Raked the meadow, sweet with hay.
fig.1676Marvell Mr. Smirke 18 To be raked and harrowed thorow with so rusty a saw! 1810Crabbe Borough i, The billows..take their grating course, Raking the rounded flints. 1835Wordsw. Death of Hogg 21 Clouds that rake the mountain-summits.
b. transf. To search, etc., as with a rake.
1618L. Parsons in Lismore Papers Ser. ii. (1887) II. 154 For feare he rake me for more mony. 1670Eachard Cont. Clergy 35 They rake Lilly's Grammar; and if they can but find two or three letters of any name [etc.]. 1727Swift On Dreams, The statesman rakes the town to find a plot. 1884Manch. Exam. 19 June 5/3 To rake history ancient and modern for proofs of the wickedness of Dissenters.
absol.1735in Swift's Lett. (1766) II. 219 Mr. Curll will rake to the dunghill for your correspondence.
†c. In phr. to rake hell. Obs. Cf. rakehell.
1542Udall Apophth. Erasm. 116 b, Suche a feloe as a manne should rake helle for. 1677W. Hughes Man of Sin ii. xii. 215 Should you rake Hell and Scum the Devil (as our Country speakes) they will hardly be outmatch'd. 1880Tennyson Village Wife xii, Ya wouldn't find Charlie's likes..Not thaw ya went fur to raäke out Hell wi' a small⁓tooth coämb.
d. With complement: To make clean, clear, level, etc. by, or as by, raking.
1399Pol. Poems (Rolls) I. 363 The long gras that is so grene, Hit most be mowe, and raked clene. 1573Tusser Husb. (1878) 121 See feeld ye rake cleene. 1641[see raker1 1]. 1816Scott Old Mort. ix, Raking this country clear o' whigs and roundheads. 1851Stephens Bk. Farm (ed. 2) II. 235/2 The second field-worker..rakes clean the half ridge he has cleared. 1856Delamer Fl. Gard. (1861) 53 Rake the surface perfectly level.
7. a. To scratch or scrape.
1609Bp. Hall Serm. v. 31 That Head..is all raked and harrowed with thorns. 1662Act 13 & 14 Chas. II, vii. §7 Divers Tanners do shave cut and rake..the Necks of their Backs, and Butts, to the great impairing thereof. 1754Richardson Grandison (1781) I. xxvii. 195 His sword a little raked my shoulder. 1821Craig Lect. Drawing vii. 380 The plate..is first raked, notched, or punched all over. 1866M. Arnold St. Brandan, Sand raked his sores from heel to pate.
b. intr. or absol.
1621Burton Anat. Mel. To Rdr. 41 Thou..stingest like a Scorpion, rakest like a Wolfe. 1740R. Brookes Art of Angling i. iv. 22 As you will be oblig'd to play the Fish for some time, the Line must rake against his Teeth.
8. a. Farriery. To clean (a costive horse or its fundament) from ordure by scraping with the hand.
1575Gamm. Gurton iii. iv. 18 Chil see what deuil is in her guts, chil take the paines to rake her! Ibid. 20 Did not Tom Tankard rake his curtal toure day. 1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 270 If he be costive, let his fundament be raked, or else give him a glyster. c1720W. Gibson Farmer's Dispens. x. (1721) 234/2 If the Horse be first raked very well, which is..necessary.., that room may be made for the Clyster. 1805,1842[see raking vbl. n.1 2].
b. Sc. To rub the rheum from (the eyes). rare.
1708M. Bruce Lect. etc. 26 Love..will put you in pursuit after Christ, or ever other Folk rake their Eyes.
9. a. Mil. and Naut. To sweep or traverse with shot; to enfilade; spec. to send shot along (a ship) from stem to stern (in full to rake fore and aft).
1630J. Taylor (Water P.) Braue Sea Fight Wks. iii. 39/1 Wee gaue him a whole broad side, euery shot raking him fore and after. c1642in Glover's Hist. Derby (1829) I. App. 71 When there was no other expectation but of rakeing the towne, instead of being seconded, we were called off. 1734tr. Rollin's Anc. Hist. (1827) VI. xv. vi. 82 Coming forward in boats and raking the dike on each side. 1800Nelson 18 Feb. in Nicolas Disp. (1845) IV. 189 Captain Peard..lay across his hawse, and raked him with several broadsides. 1874Green Short Hist. iv. §6. 207 The English archers were thrown forward to rake the Scottish squares. 1939Joyce Finnegans Wake (1964) 349 Spraygun rakes and splits them from a double focus: grenadite, damnymite, alextronite, nichilite. 1959‘B. Mather’ Achilles Affair i. ii. 22 The Nazi patrol..could have raked us with their Schmeissers. 1967Boston Sunday Globe 23 Apr. 17/2 Artillery and air strikes raked the Communist positions in the battle. 1973Times 13 Feb. 7/1 Mr Rashad al-Shawa, the former mayor of Gaza town, narrowly escaped today when his car was raked by automatic weapon fire.
transf.1636G. Sandys Paraphr. Ps. lxxviii. (1648) 130 Thy thunders..rake the Skies. 1785Burns Jolly Beggars 7th Recit., The fiddler rak'd her, fore and aft, Behint the chicken cavie. 1858Ruskin Arrows of Chace (1880) I. 131 [Pictures hung] with their sides to the light, so that it ‘rakes’ them. 1884Christ. Treasury Feb. 69/1 Every wandering wind..seemed to take peculiar pleasure in raking it.
b. To command, dominate, overlook.
1842F. Trollope Vis. to Italy I. i. 11 [An] edifice..so placed as easily to rake the road in all directions. 1895Jrnl. R. Inst. Brit. Architects 14 Mar. 350 Care should be taken that the front door be not too much raked by the principal windows.
c. To sweep with the eyes; to look all over.
1848Thackeray Van. Fair lxvii, George took the glass again and raked the vessel. 1894A. Robertson Nuggets, etc. 164, I raked him across the bows with my two black eyeballs.
d. Hawking. Of a hawk: To strike (the game) in the air. Also to rake off.
1763J. Bell Travels from St. Petersburg II. 78 The hawks generally raked in the pheasants while flying. 1773J. Campbell Mod. Faulconry 211 When she sees the fowl fluttering, she is apt to come down rapidly, in order to rake it off. Ibid. 232 When the hawk is well acquainted with the sport, she will be..ready to rake the fowl as it rises. 1896A. Austin England's Darling ii. iii. 42 Until the unseamed falcon learned to wing its way..And, binding, rake its quarry to the ground.
10. Dyeing. To stir or mix (liquor) with a rake.
1816J. Smith Panorama Sc. & Art II. 534 The weld..is to be stirred with a rake. The vat..is raked again for half an hour. 1837Whittock Bk. Trades (1842) 192 (Dyer) The liquor..is said to be raked, because it is mixed with a ‘rake’.
† IV. 11. To draw along like a rake. Obs. rare.
1581J. Bell Haddon's Answ. Osor. 156 b, They..are alwayes rakyng their nayles upon that scabbe (as the Proverbe sayth). 1646Fuller Wounded Consc. (1841) 282 Satan rakes his claws in the blood of a wounded conscience.
V. intr. or absol.
12. a. To use a rake; to scrape with the fingers or similar means; to make search with, or as with, a rake. Const. in, among (that which is scraped or searched).
1575Gamm. Gurton i. iv. 11 As thou sawest me raking in the asshes. a1633Austin Medit. (1635) 176 It is not for every bodies fingers to be raking in Christs Side. a1708Beveridge Priv. Th. i. (1730) 122 If I must needs be raking in other Mens Sores, it must not be behind their Backs, but before their Faces. 1842Tennyson Will Waterproof xvi, The Cock..raked in golden barley. 1856Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) II. xi. 505 It has been no pleasure to me to rake among the evil memories of the past.
b. Const. after, for (the object of search).
1581J. Bell Haddon's Answ. Osor. 259 b, You busye yourselfe about a straunge matter as though you were raking after the Moone. 1599Shakes. Hen. V, ii. iv. 98 If you hide the Crowne Even in your hearts, there will he rake for it. 1670Cotton Espernon ii. v. 236 The people..never fail, after a storm to rake all along the Shoar for this Commodity.
c. fig. To make search or investigation, to poke, into. Also with for as in b.
1637R. Humfrey tr. St. Ambrose Pref., I will rake no deeper into this kennell. 1658–9in Burton's Diary (1828) III. 569 It is not prudence for us to rake into the proceedings of the former Parliaments. 1790Burke Fr. Rev. 206 To rake into the histories of former ages..for every instance of oppression and persecution. 1877Mrs. Oliphant Makers Flor. i. 2 Students rake into the dust of old histories for further particulars of those street riots.
13. To move on or over like, or with the effect of, a rake; to scrape against.
1598Sylvester Du Bartas i. iii. 21 Whose pow'rful breath..constrains..Seas' salt billows 'gainst Heav'n's vaults to rake. 1628Digby Voy. Medit. (1868) 91 A mighty growne sea that continually raked ouer our shippe. 1814Southey Warning Voice ii. ii, Like the sound of the sea Where it rakes on a stony shore.
14. To come up when raked. rare.
1778W. H. Marshall Minutes Agric. 24 Jan. 1775 What rakes up is chiefly fern.
†15. (See quots.) [Perh. a different word.]
a.1753Chambers Cycl. Supp. s.v., A horse rakes, when being shoulder-splait, or having strained his fore-quarter, he goes so lame, that he drags one of his fore-legs in a semi⁓circle.
b.1819Rees Cycl. s.v. Racing, If it be perceived that their [horses] wind begins to rake hot, and they want a sob, the business is to keep them up to that speed.
c.1725New Cant. Dict., To Rake, signifies also to stick, as, To rake in the Throttle; To stick in the Throat.
▪ X. rake, v.2|reɪk|
[OE. racian, perh. = Sw. raka to run, rush, slip, etc. In later use also in part repr. ME. rayk, raik raik v.]
1. intr. To go, proceed, move forward, esp. with speed. Also (esp. in later use), to go or wander about, to roam, stray. Now only dial.
a. of persons. = raik v. 1 a.
a1023Wulfstan Hom. xxxii. (1883) 155 Ne biþ na ᵹebeorhlic..þæt he to hrædlice into godes huse æfter þam raciᵹe. c1205Lay. 18058 Vtheres cnihtes..mid sweorden heom to rakeden. c1330Arth. & Merl. 8038 (Kölbing) As þai þus togider spake, Fresche paiens on hem com rake. c1470Henry Wallace vi. 429 Furth fra his men than Wallace rakit rycht. 1579–80North Plutarch (1676) 357 As they..came raking by the Romans camp. c1645Tullie Siege Carlisle (1840) 21 From thence they raked towards Botcherby, along ye Riverside. 1714Mandeville Fab. Bees (1723) I. 305 Keep their Children in awe, and never suffer them to rake about the Streets, and lie out a-nights. 1869Gibson Folk-Speech Cumbld. Gloss. 219 They ga rakin aboot widoot ayder eerand or aim.
†b. of things. Obs. = raik v. 1 b.
c897K. ælfred Gregory's Past. xxxviii. 274 He his tungan ᵹehealde ðæt heo ne raciᵹe on unnytte spræce. c1400M. Kildare in Rel. Ant. II. 193 So wo and wrake sal fram the rake. 1511Sir R. Guylforde Pilgr. (Camden) 75 The same sayde galye..fell in rakynge, and so draggyd and droffe by force and vyolence of the sayde tempest. 1572Schole-ho. Wom. 395 in Hazl. E.P.P. IV. 120 The wife would have a tail Come raking after.
c. of animals. = raik v. 1 c. In later use, of horses and dogs: To go at a rapid pace.
c1400Beryn 2743 If that thy blowing of þat othir [leopard]..be spyed, Anoon he rakith on the. 1513Douglas æneis xii. Prol. 177 The bustuus bukkis rakis furth on raw. 1717N. Riding Rec. VIII. 100 For permitting John Thompson's sheep to rake upon the forest. 1862G. J. Whyte-Melville Inside the Bar xi, I followed.., Tipple Cider raking and snatching at his bridle in disagreeable exuberance of spirits. 1883E. Pennell-Elmhirst Cream Leicestersh. 357 The pack are raking onwards, and momentarily there is more danger of losing them.
2. spec.
a. Of hawks: To fly along after the game; also = to rake out (off, away), to fly wide of (or away from) the game; sometimes said of the game itself.
1575Turberv. Faulconrie 121 She will the lesse delyght to rake out after a checke. Ibid. 151 Your hawke will learne to giue ouer a fowle that rakes out. 1677N. Cox Gentl. Recreat. ii. 191 Whistle her off your Fist, standing still to see..whether she will rake out or not. 1797Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) VIII. 344/2 It frequently happens, that they escape from the hawk, and she, not recovering them, rakes after them. 1852R. F. Burton Falconry in Valley of Indus iii. 28 When the bird mounts, the hawk rakes along after it. Ibid. 31 She ‘checked’ first at one bird, then at the other,..and lastly,..she ‘raked off’. 1855Salvin & Brodrick Falconry 46 A Hawk is particularly liable to ‘rake away’, and amuse itself with an occasional stoop at any bird that may pass. 1859Tennyson Merlin & V. 125 She is too noble..to check at pies, Nor will she rake.
b. Of hunting dogs (see quots.).
1819J. B. Johnson Shooter's Companion 84 A dog that rakes (that is, runs with his nose close to the ground). 1877C. Hallock Sportsman's Gaz. 466 All young dogs are apt to rake; that is, to hunt with their noses close to the ground, following their birds by the track rather than by the wind.
▪ XI. rake, v.3|reɪk|
Also 7 rack.
[Of obscure origin: Sw. raka, to project, has been suggested, but this (like Da. rage) is prob. ad. G. ragen. Cf. rake n.4]
1. intr.
a. Of a ship, its hull, timbers, etc.: To have a rake at stem or stern.
1627Capt. Smith Seaman's Gram. ii. 4 She rakes so much forward. 1692Ibid. ii. xv. 122 Suppose a Ship..did Rack it with the Stem forwards 13 foot. 1711W. Sutherland Shipbuild. Assist. 35 Let your long Timbers..rake forward one after another. 1833Richardson Merc. Mar. Arch. 6 To rake aft two inches to every foot length of the sternpost.
transf.1865Swinburne Poems & Ballads, Time of Order 12 The wind holds stiff And the gunwale dips and rakes.
b. Of masts or funnels: To incline from the perpendicular.
1691T. H[ale] Acc. New Invent. 126 The dimensions of the Masts..and..the reasons of their raking aft. 1769Falconer Dict. Marine (1776) s.v. Tomber, le mât tombe en arrière, the mast hangs, or rakes aft. 1882P. Fitzgerald Recreat. Lit. Man (1883) 192 Their..ghastly white chimneys..raking back. 1883R. Jefferies in Pall Mall G. 5 Nov. 2/1 Two lines of masts, one raking one way, the other the other.
2. trans. To cause to incline. In pa. pple.
1842J. Gwilt Encycl. Archit. ii. iii. 635 If dwarf wainscoting be framed with two panels in height, add ·016 to the rate... When raked to stairs, ·023 extra. 1860Dickens Uncomm. Trav. iv, With every face in it commanding the stage, and the whole..admirably raked and turned to that centre. 1898Cycling 60 The ‘Rational Ordinary’ [bicycle] has the front forks ‘raked’. 1930W. Faulkner As I lay Dying 100 The broken hat raked at a swaggering angle. 1964Listener 23 Apr. 664/2 Two of the best modern theatres, merely for the fact that the auditorium is steeply raked. 1977Transatlantic Rev. lx. 83 He spoke with the microphone..his TWA captain's hat raked across one eyebrow.
▪ XII. rake, v.4|reɪk|
[f. rake n.5]
intr. To be a rake; to live a dissolute or dissipated life.
1700Farquhar Constant Couple iv. i, I'll..Swear and Rant, and Rake..with the best of them. 1714Rowe Jane Shore Epil., To see your Spouses Drinking, Gaming, Raking. 1824Examiner 456/2 The battered youth..rakes, games, makes love. 1846Geo. Eliot in Cross Life I. 147 We have been to town but once, and are saving all our strength to ‘rake’ with you. |