| 释义 |
cumulative, a.|ˈkjuːmjʊlətɪv|
[f. L. cumulāt-, ppl. stem of cumulāre (see cumulate) + -ive. Cf. mod.F. cumulatif, -ive.]
†1. Such as is formed by accumulation or heaping on (as opposed to organic growth). Obs.
1605Bacon Adv. Learn. ii. v. §1 As for knowledge which man receiveth by teaching, it is cumulative and not original; as in a water that besides his own spring-head is fed with other springs and streams.
2. a. Constituted by or arising from accumulation, or the accession of successive portions or particulars; acquiring or increasing in force or cogency by successive additions, as cumulative argument, cumulative evidence, cumulative force.
1668Liberty of Conscience the Magistrates Interest 4 He..has not only the common tye of a Subject upon him, for his protection as a man, but the cumulative obligation, and thanks to pay for his Indulgence. a1676Hale Hist. Placit. Cor. xiv. (T.) Among many cumulative treasons charged upon the late earl of Strafford. 1823Keble Serm. ii. (1848) 37 The argument from the authority of implicit believers is cumulative: i.e. a fresh argument is added every time a new instance is observed of a man's finding his happiness in Christianity. 1841–4Emerson Ess., Self-reliance Wks. (Bohn) I. 25 Always scorn appearances, and you always may. The force of character is cumulative. 1849Murchison Siluria xx. 500 We have..cumulative evidence to prove the wide-spread diffusion of the same types. 1868Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) II. ix. 432 There are several circumstances which have together a kind of cumulative force.
b. cumulative medicine.
1876W. Begbie Bk. Med. Inform. & Advice App. 251 Digitalis is what is called a cumulative medicine: its effects are sometimes not immediately produced; but each successive dose remaining in the system, these may be seen even after the medicine is discontinued.
c. cumulative error.
1887Encycl. Brit. XXII. 707/2 [Surveying.] Cumulative error, not eliminable by circuiting, may be caused when there is much northing or southing..in the direction of the line. 1920W. N. Thomas Surveying 509 Cumulative errors are those which tend always in the same direction, i.e. either to make the apparent measurements always too large or always too small... Cumulative errors are directly proportional to the number of observations. 1957Kendall & Buckland Dict. Statistical Terms 74 Cumulative error, an error which, in the course of the cumulation of a set of observations, does not tend to zero.
3. Sc. Law. Of jurisdiction: Concurrent, as opposed to privative or exclusive.
1746–7Act 20 Geo. II, c. 43 §27 The jurisdiction hereby reserved to such Corporation..shall be..taken to be cumulative only. 1754Erskine Princ. Sc. Law i. ii. §6 Jurisdiction is either privative or cumulative..Cumulative, otherwise called concurrent, is that which may be exercised by any of two or more courts in the same cause.
4. That tends to accumulate.
1873H. Spencer Stud. Sociol. xiii. 324 Certain actions which go on in the first are cumulative, instead of being, as in the second dissipative.
5. cumulative vote, or cumulative system of voting: a system of voting, where there are several representatives, in which each voter has as many votes as there are representatives, and may accumulate them upon one candidate or distribute them over any number of candidates; a system introduced in connexion with the School Board elections in Great Britain.
1853J. S. Mill Lett. (1910) I. 173 One very strong recommendation of the plan of cumulative votes occurs to me. 1880McCarthy Own Times IV. lix. 294 The School Boards..the principle of the cumulative vote was tested for the first time in their elections. 1886Morley W.R. Greg Crit. Misc. III. 255 Lord Grey's prescription..consisted of the following ingredients:—the cumulative vote; not fewer than three seats to each constituency, etc.
Add:[2.] [a.] Also, cumulative effect.
1856Trans. Amer. Med. Assoc. IX. 761 It was denied for years that strychnia could exhibit any cumulative effects on the animal system. 1914A. S. Blumgarten Materia Medica for Nurses v. 67 The effects produced by the amount of drug which accumulates in the body, are called cumulative effects. 1981R. Hayman Kafka vii. 91 The cumulative effect of working six hours a day for six days a week.
d. Math. Designating a probability distribution which is the integral up to a particular value of a probability density function, and therefore represents the probability that this value is not exceeded by a random variable with this distribution.
1950W. Feller Introd. Probability Theory & its Applic. I. vii. 133 The term distribution function is used in the mathematical literature for any never-decreasing function F(x) which tends to 0 as x → -∞ , and to 1 as x → ∞ . Statisticians currently prefer the term cumulative distribution function, but the adjective ‘cumulative’ is redundant. 1962D. R. Cox Renewal Theory i. 3 The distribution of X is determined by the p.d.f., f(x) , but it is for some purposes convenient to work with other functions equivalent to f(x) . One such is the cumulative distribution function, F(x), giving the probability that a component has failed by time x. 1976Biometrika LXIII. 436 Let G(λ) be the empirical cumulative distribution function of the numbers λ1 ,.., λs . |