| 释义 |
▪ I. raise, n.1|reɪz|
Also 5 reise, 6 rayse.
[f. raise v.1]
†1. A levy. Obs. rare—1.
c1500Three Kings' Sons 91 Than may ye make a newe reise, bothe of people & tresour.
†2. The act of raising; uplifting, elevation. Obs.
1538Bale God's Promises iii. in Hazl. Dodsley I. 301 The sure health and raise of all mankind. c1560Abp. Parker Ps. cxli. 405 My rayse of handes: as sacrifice,..let it bee. 1626Bacon Sylva §699 In Leaping with Weights..the Hands goe backward before they take their Raise.
3. A rising passage or road; spec. in Mining, a sloping shaft excavated from the lower end. Cf. rise n. 10 b.
1877Raymond Statist. Mines & Mining 197 We are..engaged in running a raise up from west drift on eighth level. 1887Hall Caine Deemster xxxiii. 222 Sometimes at the top of a long raise they stopped to breathe the horse. 1898S. J. Truscott Witwatersrand Goldfields xiii. 293 It being usual in that mine for the man who is driving the levels with machines to come back and put up the raises. 1930Economist 26 Apr. 951/2 The work done by means of drives, winzes, raises and incline shafts to open up new ground. 1973L. J. Thomas Introd. Mining vi. 167 Most raises are in the orebody and follow the footwall in grade in narrower stopes.
4. to make a raise = raise v.1 27. U.S.
1837Neal Charcoal Sketches (Bartlett), I made a raise of a horse and saw, after being a wood-piler's apprentice for a while. 1845J. J. Hooper Some Adventures Simon Suggs iv. 48 The chances were altogether favourable for making a ‘raise’. 1878J. H. Beadle Western Wilds ii. 41 At last I made a little raise..and concluded to come home. 1900S. Handsaker Pioneer Life (1908) 35 The two brothers ‘made quite a raise’ in the California mines soon after their discovery. 1914‘High Jinks, Jr.’ Choice Slang 15 Make a raise, to secure a loan.
5. a. An increase in amount. Also, an increase in the price, rate, or value of a thing. Cf. rise n. 16 a.
1728Maryland Hist. Mag. (1923) XVIII. 335 You wil certainly find Crops short this year..which I hope may contribute to the Raise of that on hand. 1883‘Mark Twain’ Life on Mississippi xxxix. 366 France and Italy..cracked on such a rattling impost that cotton-seed olive-oil couldn't stand the raise. 1891A. Welcker Wild West 21 By continued raises, Potlatch had everything which he possessed..at stake. 1894Wilkins & Vivian Green bay tree I. 108 Pimlico had obtained a raise of the limit to {pstlg}20. 1904[see jack v.1 1 b]. 1931W. G. McAdoo Crowded Yrs. xxx. 469 A gigantic raise in [freight] rates would have added materially to the inflation.
b. An increase of a stake or bet at poker; in Bridge, a higher bid in the same denomination as a previous bid by one's partner.
1821Hoyle's Games Improved 164 The player who last goes the double, raise, or brag, has the right, in his turn, of increasing either. 1887‘S. Cumberland’ Queen's Highway vi. 277 You feel certain that every ‘raise’ he makes will be his last. 1887J. W. Keller Draw Poker 11 Limit, a condition made at the beginning of the game limiting the amount of any single bet or raise. 1921C. E. Mulford Bar-20 Three vii. 86 He had a reputation to maintain, and he saw the raise and returned it. 1923[see pre-emptive a. 2]. 1929[see good a. 22 j]. 1959[see limit n. 2 g (b)]. 1964Official Encycl. Bridge 192/2 A raise to two spades would be appropriate when one spade has been overcalled by two hearts. 1976Scott & Koski Walk-In (1977) xxxii. 236 They were making another raise in that poker game, they were threatening to break off diplomatic relations.
c. An increase in wages or salary. Cf. rise n. 15 b. Chiefly U.S.
1898Scribner's Mag. Oct. 489/1 A. J. Packer..had begun to ponder doubts of his wisdom in agreeing to the second ‘raise’. 1902G. H. Lorimer Lett. Merchant xiii. 187, I earmarked Charlie for a raise and a better job right there. 1921H. L. Mencken Amer. Lang. (1922) iv. 131 When her wages are increased she does not get a raise, but a rise. 1934T. Wilder Heaven's my Destination 28, I keep getting raises all the time. 1956S. Ertz Charmed Circle xiii. 217 She could go on working. She had lately had a raise. 1968Globe & Mail (Toronto) 3 Feb. 37/1 ‘Stay in shape and I'll give you a raise next season,’ advised coach George Imlach. 1971C. Fick Danziger Transcript (1973) 25 My bureau..were delighted that I got to Cambodia... I got a raise..when I went back to Cuba. 1977Time 10 Jan. 46/2 Workers strike like clockwork to protest high prices, and nearly always win raises from management.
Restrict Obs. to sense 2 a and add: [2.] b. Weightlifting. An act of lifting or raising a part of the body while holding a weight. Usu. with defining word.
1925Health & Strength 14 Feb. 104/3 The ‘Abdominal Raise’..is performed by, first of all, adopting the prone position. 1936W. A. Pullum Weight-Lifting Made Easy (rev. ed.) iv. 48 (heading) Lateral Raise—Lying. 1956Muscle Power June 42/2 He then..performs the side lateral raise, lifting the weights off to the sides instead of to the front. 1985Bodypower June 5 At the top of each rep Gladys contracted the calf muscle fully, just as she did for the standing raises. 1987Muscle & Fitness Oct. 57/1 For bent-over raises, I do six sets of six to eight reps with 60–pound dumbbells.
▪ II. raise, n.2 north. dial.|reɪz|
[a. ON. hreysi (Norw. röys, rös, Sw. röse), cairn.]
A pile of stones, a cairn. (Freq. in place-names in Cumbria.)
1695Kennett Par. Antiq. (1818) I. 50 Such risings as are caused by the burial of the dead; which in the northern parts are called raises. 1794–8Hutchinson Hist. Cumbld. (Halliwell), There are yet some considerable remains of stones which still go by the name of raises. 1869A. C. Gibson Folk Sp. Cumbld. 7 Dunmail Raise is t' biggest cairn i' t' country.
▪ III. † raise, n.3
Obs. (See reise.)
▪ IV. raise, v.1|reɪz|
Forms: α. 3 reisen, reȝȝsenn, 4 reys(en, 5 -yn, 4–6 reise, reyse, 5 rese, reze, 6 reyze, rease; β. 4 raisin, 4–6 rays, 4–8 rayse, 4–7 rais, 8 raize, 4– raise; γ. 4 rase(n, 4–6 ras, 8 raze.
[a. ON. reisa (used in most of the main senses of the Eng. word; Sw. resa, Da. rejse) = Goth. (ur)raisjan, OE. rǽran (:—*raizjan), causative f. rais- ablaut-variant of *rī̆s- to rise.
First prominent in the Ormulum, in which it occurs freely in various senses. In the Wyclif Bible, up to the end of Jeremiah, the earlier version regularly has rear, while the later has raise; but from Ezekiel onwards raise appears in both versions. From an early period the word has been extensively used in a great variety of senses, the exact development of which is not always perfectly clear. The main senses (here distinguished by Roman numerals) are distinct enough in themselves, but tend to pass into each other in transferred uses, while with certain objects more than one idea may be present. The addition of up to strengthen the verb is less common now than formerly.]
I. To set upright; to make to stand up.
1. a. trans. To set (a thing) on end; to lift up one end or side of (a post, stone, etc.) so as to bring into or towards a vertical position; to restore (a fallen thing) to its usual position.
Occasionally with suggestion of sense 8 or 17.
a1240Wohunge in Cott. Hom. 283 A, nu raise þai up þe rode. a1350in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1881) 170/527 Þe Emperoure..Gert þir wheles be smertly graid & on þe thrid day þam rayse. 1388Wyclif Jer. li. 12 Reise ȝe a signe on the wallis of Babiloyne. 1500–20Dunbar Poems xxxviii. 4 The signe trivmphall rasit is of the croce. 1530Palsgr. 684/1 Reyse this speare and set it agaynst the wall. 1592Shakes. Rom. & Jul. v. iii. 299, I will raise her Statue in pure Gold. 1791Mrs. Radcliffe Rom. Forest ii, La Motte and Peter endeavoured to raise the carriage. 1813Scott Trierm. i. vii, Stones of power By Druids raised in magic hour. 1847R. & J. A. Brandon Anal. Gothic Archit. (1860) 99 It [a door] consists of battens slightly raised towards the centre.
b. fig. To set up, establish, restore, etc.
c1200Ormin 5327 To swelltenn bliþeliȝ Forr Crisstenndom to reȝȝsenn. Ibid. 5685 To reȝȝsenn rihhtwisnesse. 1388Wyclif Ruth iv. 5 Thou owist to take..the wijf of the deed man, that thou reise the name of thi kynesman in his eritage. 1535Coverdale Ecclus. xxxvi. 15 Geue wytnes vnto thy creature..and rayse vp the prophecies that haue bene shewed in thy name. 1559Abp. Hethe Sp. in Strype Ann. Ref. (1824) I. ii. App. vi. 400 We..are muche..inclined to rayse uppe the errors and sects of ancyent and condemned heretickes. 1654Gayton Pleas. Notes iv. xx. 268 He undertook to raise up the almost-perished name of Chivalry.
c. spec. To set up (paste, crust) without the support of a dish.
1594Good Huswifes Handmaide 17 To make Paste and to raise Coffins. 1681W. Mountagu in Buccleuch MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) I. 335 Tom Cooke can neither tie brawn nor raise past[e]. 1712Steele Spect. No. 306 ⁋8 Miss Liddy can dance a Jig, raise Paste. a1756Mrs. Heywood New Present (1771) 187 Make the flour and butter into a pretty stiff paste..then raise it for the pastry. 1845E. Acton Mod. Cookery xvi, 346 The paste must be sufficiently stiff to retain its form perfectly after it is raised.
2. a. To lift (a person or animal) and place in a standing posture; to assist (one) to rise from the ground, etc. (Freq. in fig. context.)
c1220Bestiary 671 Mitte helpe of hem alle ðis elp he reisen on stalle. Ibid. 676 Ðus fel Adam..Moyses wulde him reisen. a1300Cursor M. 19792 (Edin.) To saint petir sco raȝt hir hande, ande he hir raisid for to stande. 1382Wyclif Amos v. 2 She is cast doun in to hir erthe, ther is not that shal reyse hir. 1413Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton 1483) iii. vi. 54, I felle to the ground, but full soone myn Aungell reysed me and sette me on my fete. 1530Palsgr. 683/2 If you fall you shall nat be reysed for me. 1611Bible 2 Sam. xii. 17 The Elders of his house..went to him, to raise him vp from the earth. 1667Milton P.L. viii. 258 Rais'd By quick instinctive motion up I sprung..and upright Stood on my feet. 1749Fielding Tom Jones vii. xii, [They] had raised up the body of Jones, but..again let him fall. 1841Lane Arab. Nts. I. 113 Therefore, liberate them, and come, and take my hand, and raise me.
b. refl. = To rise, get up.
c1200Ormin 504 Whillc lott himm shollde reȝȝsenn To cumenn inntill Ȝerrsalæm. 1603Shakes. Meas. for M. v. i. 231 Let me in safety raise me from my knees. 1630Prynne Anti-Armin. 119 We..haue all a vniuersal strength..to raise our selues being fallen. [1715Pope Iliad ii. 127 The king of kings his awful figure raised.] 18..Hogg Field of Waterloo Poet. Wks. 1838–40 II. 161 Our soldier raised him from the sod, And..leaned upon his bloody wrist.
3. a. To restore (a dead person or animal) to life.
Orig. implying the lifting up of the dead, or enabling them to rise to their feet, but freq. also including the idea of bringing up out of the grave, and thus associated with sense 17. Also with again = resurrect.
a1300Cursor M. 9156 Helias..was þe first,..þat ded man raisd in form dais. a1350in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1881) 38/343 Þe moder him prayd to rays hir sun. c1420Prymer 69 Lord, þat reisidist stynkynge lazer from his graue. 1566–7L. Wager Marie Magd. (1902), At Naim a dead chylde agayne he did rayse. 1667Milton P.L. iii. 296 So Man..Shall..dying rise, and rising with him raise His Brethren. a1770Jortin Serm. (1771) I. ii. 27 God was able to raise him from the dead. 1850Tennyson In Mem. xxxi, Behold a man raised up by Christ!
b. So with body, bones, etc. as obj.
a1300Cursor M. 194 O lazar ded..Iesus raised his licam. 1610Beaum. & Fl. Maid's Trag. iv. i, They must restore him flesh again, and life, And raise his dry bones to revenge this scandal.
c. Hence, to raise from death, to life. Cf. 19.
a1300Cursor M. 22374 Quen þai ha lien tua dais, Til liif vr lauerd sal þam rais. a1340Hampole Psalter xvi. 14 Take out my saule fra þe wicked deuel, raisand me fra ded. c1375Sc. Leg. Saints viii. (Philip) 52 Fra ded to lyfe..he raysit þame. 1530Palsgr. 683/2 Christ dyd rayse Lazar from deth to lyfe. 1885Catholic Dict. (ed. 3) 584/1 If he had raised their dead bodies to life.
4. To cause (a person or animal) to rise or stand up:
a. To rouse from sleep; to make (one) waken up or get out of bed. ? Obs.
c1200Ormin 5843 O þe þridde daȝȝ itt iss Waccnedd off slæp & reȝȝsedd. 1382Wyclif John xi. 11 Lazarus..slepith, but I go for to reyse him fro slepe. a1400–50Alexander 5174 Þe duke..Fand him slowmand on slepe & sleely him rayses. 1530Palsgr. 683/2, I reyse one out of his bedde. Je le fays leuer. By my fayth, if you wyll nat ryse I wyl rayse you. 1573Tusser Husb. (1878) 17 To raise [v.r. rise] betimes the lubberlie..Hob and Margerie. 1653H. More Antid. Ath. iii. ix. §2 Schol., Then he would raise his Amanuensis to write down his dictates. 1731Derby in Phil. Trans. XLI. 229 The Houses of all the Town were so shock'd, as to raise the Inhabitants. 1781J. Moore View Soc. It. (1790) I. i. 16 Raising the people at midnight.
b. To rouse (a beast or bird) from a lair, retreat, or covert.
14..Kyng & Hermyt 216 in Hazl. E.P.P. I. 21 A dere we reysed in that stonds, and gave chase. 1484Caxton Fables of Poge iv, They be dogges whiche are good for to serche and fynde partryches & quaylles. And whan they haue reysed them, my sperehawke taketh them. 15..Tayis Bank (Bann. MS.) 25 Raising the birdis fra thair rest. 1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 31 This being effected, they raise the Bear. Ibid. 122 These are taught by falconers to retrive and raise partridges. 1721Bailey, To spring (in Fowling), to raise a Partridge or Pheasant. 1874J. W. Long Amer. Wild-Fowl Shooting ix. 157 Watch this old fool of a duck coming, and see me ‘raise her’. 1976Globe & Mail (Toronto) 21 Jan. 36/1 A jack rabbit was loping his way. It was only 250 yards from where he first raised it.
c. To cause or compel (a person) to rise from a seat. (Cf. 31.)
c1460Towneley Myst. xiii. 302 So farys A huswyff..To be rasyd thus betwene. 1542Udall Erasm. Apoph. 111 He..that reaseth one sittyng on his taill, to arise out of his place. 1590Shakes. Com. Err. iv. iv. 36, I am wak'd with it when I sleepe, rais'd with it when I sit. 1785Burns Death & Dr. Hornbook xxxi, The auld kirk-hammer strak the bell..Which rais'd us baith. 1824Scott St. Ronan's vii, When he wan to the lee-side of a bowl of punch there was nae raising him.
5. a. To rouse or stir up (a number of persons, a district, etc.) for the purpose of common action, esp. for attack or defence.
c1374Chaucer Troylus v. 1471 To sle þis bor was al þe contree reysed. c1480Three 15th Cent. Chron. (Camden) 76 The quene reysed all the northe and all oþer pepull by the wey. 1510Virgilius in Thoms Prose Rom. (1858) II. 23 And forthewith he caused his kynsfolke to reyse theyr people. 1674Cotton tr. Montluc's Comm. 363, I then dispatcht away Captain M..giving him order..to raise all the people of the Valleys and Villages. 1725De Foe Voy. round World (1840) 157 The mother crying and raising her neighbours. 1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. v. I. 544 Danvers undertook to raise the City.
b. Const. against, upon.
1382Wyclif Amos vi. 2 Loo! Y shal reyse a folc vpon ȝou..and it shal to gydre breke ȝou. ― Ezek. xxiii. 22, Y schal reyse alle thi loueris aȝens thee. 1608Yorksh. Trag. i. vii, It shall be my charge To raise the town upon him. 1854Tennyson Geraint 457 He..Raised my own town against me in the night. 1882Floyer Unexpl. Baluchistan 190 The whole country was raised upon him.
c. To stir up, incite, instigate (one or more persons) to do something or to some feeling.
1581J. Bell Haddon's Answ. Osor. 106 b, To rayse up all men in every place, to the dewe feare of Gods law. 1667Milton P.L. i. 99 That fixt mind And high disdain..That with the mightiest rais'd me to contend. 1711Fingall MSS. in 10th Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. V. 127 This suggestion raysed the Prince on a resolution to undertake the Irish expedition. 1814Byron Lara ii. viii, A word's enough to raise mankind to kill.
d. To excite, agitate, provoke, rouse to excitement or anger. Chiefly Sc. Also raised-like.
1768Ross Helenore 17 Up there came twa shepherds..Rais'd like. Ibid. 39 She ran aff as rais'd as onie deer. 1786Burns To Auld Mare ii, He should been tight that daur't to raize thee, Ance in a day. 1828Scott F.M. Perth xxxvi, His countenance was wild, haggard, and highly excited, or, as the Scottish phrase expresses it, much raised. 1889‘R. Boldrewood’ Robbery under Arms vii, When she was a little raised-like you'd see a pink flush come on her cheeks.
6. a. To rouse up, to give or add vigour to (the mind, spirit, etc.); to animate, stimulate.
In later use associated with the ideas of elevating (the heart, spirit, etc.) and increasing (courage, etc.).
1388Wyclif Ezra i. 5 Ech man whos spirit God reiside [L. suscitavit] for to stie to bilde temple of the Lord. 1470–85Malory Arthur ii. ii, Balen..sawe this aduenture werof hit reysed his herte. 1508Fisher 7 Penit. Ps. Wks. (1876) 39 The prophete..wyllynge to excyte and reyse vp the myndes of synners. 1567Gude & Godlie B. (S.T.S.) 231, I will speik planelie, to rais ȝour hartis quiklie. 1641Hinde J. Bruen xlvi. 146 Much after this manner did this faithful Servant of Christ raise up his thoughts and quicken his soule. 1719De Foe Crusoe i. xvi, His spirits being a little raised with the dram I had given him, he was very cheerful. 1728Pope Dunc. ii. 223 To move, to raise, to ravish ev'ry heart, With Shakespear's nature or with Jonson's art. 1839Thirlwall Greece xxii. III. 251 The immediate effect was to raise the spirit of the Athenians.
†b. To encourage, inspire (a person) with courage, confidence, hope, etc. Obs.
1533Bellenden Livy iii. xxi, The horsmen..rasit þare futemen with new curage. 1652Needham tr. Selden's Mare Cl. Ep. Ded. 12, I am raised with more than ordinary confidence, that the same Spirit of Justice will carrie you on. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. iv. 555 Rais'd with so blest an Omen, she begun, With Words like these, to chear her drooping Son.
7. to raise the wind: to cause the wind to blow; hence fig. (with ref. to wind as a motive power), to procure money or necessary means.
a1350in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1881) 33/421 Þan deuils..raysed þe wynd with weders wik. a1515Droichis Part of Play in Dunbar's Poems (1893) 316 At Norway coist scho raisit the wynd. 1880T. A. Spalding Eliz. Demonol. 113 Charged..with having raised the wind.
fig.1789Loiterer No. 42. 10 He..never offered to pay earnest. I suppose, poor fellow, he could not raise the Wind. 1857Trollope Three Clerks xxxiv, He came to me this morning to raise the wind. 1885Manch. Even. News 23 June 2/2 A large number of people still rush to such methods of raising the wind.
II. To build up, construct, create, produce, etc.
8. a. To lift up and put in position the parts of (a structure); to construct by piling up, building, or fitting together; spec. in U.S. to set up the wooden framework of (a house or other building).
c1200Ormin 15591 Unnbindeþþ all þiss temmple, & icc Itt i þre daȝhess reȝȝse. c1330R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 6059 Engyns dide þe Bretons reyse, & mangenels. c1386Chaucer Sompn. T. 394 Many a Muscle and many an oystre..Hath been oure foode, our cloystre for to reyse. 1458MS. Christ's Hosp., Abingdon in Turner Dom. Archit. III. 42 They reysid up the archeys be gemeotre in rysyng. 1579Gosson Sch. Abuse (Arb.) 37 The Carpenter rayseth not his frame without tooles. c1615Sir W. Mure Misc. Poems ix. 9 So shall my Muse rich trophes rayse. 1657in Essex Inst. Hist. Coll. (1865) VII. 40/1 The said John norman is..to be paid in corne & cattell the one halfe att or before the house be raised. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. iii. 19 Of Parian Stone a Temple will I raise. 1712S. Sewall Diary 15 July (1879) II. 355, I, and Mr. Gerrish went to Hog-Island and saw the Barn Rais'd. 1735B. Lynde Diary (1880) 144 Mr. Fisk's people..raised a new meeting house. 1779J. Moore View Soc. Fr. (1789) I. xl. 342 Encouraging them to raise magnificent churches. 1846Knickerbocker XXVIII. 338 After the usual amount of eating, drinking, swearing, and joking, the house..was raised and covered in. 1874Green Short Hist. iii. §4. 129 In the fields to the north the last of the Norman Kings raised his palace. 1879Harper's Mag. June 142/1 If a man raised a house or barn, the rum flowed freely. 1943W. Faulkner in Sat. Even. Post 13 Feb. 70/3, I told you we would meet here tomorrow to roof a church... We'll meet here in the morning to raise one.
†b. Math. To construct or draw (a figure or line) upon a certain base. Obs.
1660Barrow Euclid i. ii, Join AC; upon which raise the equilateral triangle ADC. 1706J. Ward Introd. Math. iii. (1734) 294 To Erect or Raise a Perpendicular upon the End of any given Right-line. 1712J. James tr. Le Blond's Gardening 85 Raising a Square..is, when, upon a strait Line..you cause another Line to fall..perpendicular.
c. To found, build up, make or construct (a scheme, plan, description, etc.). ? Obs.
1652J. French Yorksh. Spaw ii. 14 Neither is it rais'd upon that account of condensation, & rarefaction [etc.]. 1706J. Ward Introd. Math. v. (1734) 431 From hence we may also raise a Theorem for finding the Frustum..of the last Figure. 1712Addison Spect. No. 339 ⁋6 What a beautiful Description has our Author raised upon that Hint in one of the Prophets. 1802James Milit. Dict., To Raise a plan of a fortress.
d. To form (a small projection or elevation), to cause (a blister, etc.) to rise or form.
1551Turner Herbal (1568) *iij, Medicines that are hote in the fourth degre, rayse vp bladders. 1688Holme Armoury iii. 14/1 Shavings of Leather..of wich a Heel is raised. 1712–14Pope Rape Lock iv. 68 Spoil a grace, Or raise a pimple on a beauteous face. 1810Henry Elem. Chem. II. 371 Acetic acid, thus prepared..raises a blister when applied to the skin. 1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., Raising a Mouse, the process of making a lump on a stay.
e. U.S. To form, appoint (a committee). (Perh. orig. in sense 28).
1816Pickering Vocab. Amer. 160 A member moves that a committee should be raised..and a committee is accordingly raised.
9. a. To bring into existence, to produce, beget (offspring). Now rare.
c1200Ormin 9852 Drihhtin haffde mahht inoh To reȝȝsenn off þa staness Rihht aþell streon till Habraham. a1300Cursor M. 1199 Ur lord had aghteld yete A child to rais of his oxspring. 1388Wyclif Gen. xxxviii. 8 Entre thou to the wijf of thi brothir..that thou reise seed to thi brothir. 1599Shakes. Hen. V, v. ii. 476 Take her, faire Sonne, and from her blood rayse vp Issue to me. 1667Milton P.L. xii. 123 God..from him will raise A mightie Nation. 1711H. Martyn Spect. No. 180 ⁋11 Will any man think of raising children without any assurance of clothing for their backs? 1869Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) III. xii. 79 It was before all things needful that William should raise up sons of his own.
b. To produce a supply of (persons of a certain class); to breed (animals).
1601R. Johnson Kingd. & Commw. (1603) 89 France wanteth shipping..can raise no good Sailers. 1632Massinger City Madam ii. ii, Some innocent country-girl..That could give directions..when to raise up goslings. 1798Wordsw. Last of Flock iv, From this one, this single ewe, Full fifty comely sheep I raised. 1891E. Kinglake Australian at Home 154 We ‘raise’ our own ministers and judges.
10. a. To foster, rear, bring up (a person). Now chiefly U.S., and commonly in pass. with specification of place.
1744M. Bishop Life & Adv. 268 The Child..she..says..is the Picture of his Father, and that she would endeavour to raise it for his Sake. 1795Fate of Sedley II. ix. 104 My dissolution will be made more sweet by dying in the arms of one whom I raised. 1817Paulding Lett. fr. South (1835) I. 85 You know I was raised, as they say in Virginia, among the mountains of the north. 1824A. Hodgson Lett. from N. Amer. II. 208 One of my young Canadian female companions..was raised, as they say here, in Portsmouth. 1837Haliburton Clockm. (1862) Pref. 6, I don't know as ever I felt so ugly afore since I was raised. 1846J. Hall Wilderness & War Path 160 ‘I can't back out,’ said he, ‘I never was raised to it, no how.’ 1870Marcy Border Rem. (1872) 117 A second lieutenant..was born and ‘raised’ in the wilds of Indiana. 1882G. C. Eggleston Wreck of Red Bird 3 Maum Sally was born and ‘raised’, as she would have said, in ‘Ole Firginny’. 1929D. Runyon in Hearst's International Oct. 63/1 She slips this baby off to her sister in a little town in Spain to raise up. 1953Manch. Guardian Weekly 15 Jan. 13/3 It [sc. Wenatchee, Wash.] is a pleasant town of sixteen thousand home-loving people, mostly engaged in raising nice children and very good eating apples. 1977‘J. Le Carré’ Hon. Schoolboy xv. 354 The American wife asked Jerry where he was raised and..where his home was.
b. To rear or bring up (animals).
1767G. White Selborne 9 Sept., The young of the barn-owl are not easily raised. 1859Marcy Prairie Traveler iv. 111 Horses which have been raised exclusively upon grass.
c. To cause or promote the growth of (plants), to grow (fruit, vegetables, flowers, etc.).
1669Worlidge Syst. Agric. (1681) 99 The Alaternus..is raised from Seeds. 1719De Foe Crusoe ii. v, I..got into the method of planting and raising my corn. 1780Coxe Russ. Disc. 7 Greens and other vegetables are raised with great facility. 1802M. Edgeworth Moral T. (1816) I. viii. 59 A rose..raised in a conservatory. 1875Encycl. Brit. I. 301/1 No notice is taken of either clover or turnips as crops to be raised.
d. Said of the soil producing the plants.
1720Swift Modern Education, The dung-hill having raised a huge mushroom of short duration, is now spread to enrich other men's lands. 1797J. A. Graham Pres. St. Vermont 31 The soil is excellent, and raises vast supplies of wheat, Indian corn.
e. transf. To produce (manure). rare—1.
1792Trans. Soc. Arts (ed. 2) III. 58 They [Hogs] would certainly, in a yard properly littered, raise dung enough to manure one acre very amply.
11. To cause (a person of specified character) to come into existence or appear:
a. of God.
1382Wyclif Zech. xi. 16 Y shal reyse a sheperd in erthe. 1388― Deut. xviii. 15 Thi Lord God schal reise a prophete of thi folk. 1568H. Charteris Pref. Lyndesay's Wks. (E.E.T.S.) 6* God raisit vp in Ingland, Iohne Uicleif. 1611Bible Pref. ⁋11 We acknowledge them to haue been raised vp of God, for the building and furnishing of his Church. 1667Milton P.L. xii. 318 Provoking God to raise them enemies. 1785Burns Cotter's Sat. Nt. xxi, [Do Thou] still the patriot, and the patriot-bard, In bright succession raise. 1883–97Catholic Dict. (ed. 5) 632/1 Great saints are raised up in different ages to renew the fervour of Christians.
b. of persons or impersonal agencies.
c1717Pope Ep. Craggs 11 Nor [do thou] wish to lose a Foe these Virtues raise. 1765H. Walpole Otranto i, Her gentleness had never raised her an enemy. 1821Shelley Hellas 597 The sins of Islam Must raise up a destroyer even now. 1881Stubbs Early Plantag. ii. (ed. 3) 19 In trying to make himself friends he raised up persistent enemies.
c. To establish contact with (a person, etc.) by radio or telephone.
1929Amer. Speech V. 49 Raise, to secure [radio] communication with. 1969‘J. Morris’ Fever Grass xxii. 208 Raise McKay on that [radio] set of yours. 1974‘M. Hebden’ Pride of Dolphins iii. i. 210 She's gone off the air... We can't raise her. 1976G. Seymour Glory Boys vii. 87 She raised Jimmy, still waiting beside the receiver. 1979Daily Tel. 3 Jan. 1/1 A British Airways plane which tried to get into Teheran had to turn back to Kuwait when it could not raise air traffic control.
12. To produce, bring into existence or action (various natural phenomena or forces; also fig.).
c1375Sc. Leg. Saints xxvi. (Nycholas) 303 It a fyre mad alsone Þat broynt þe watir, & lo rasyt. 1401Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 109 The sterne stormes that reufulli ȝe reisin. 1513Douglas æneis v. xiii. 58 Sa maisterfull storme amyd the Libyan see Scho raisit sone. 1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 469 These sediciouse persones, which as certen bellouse seke to reyse up flame. 1654Gayton Pleas. Notes iv. xx. 269 The joyfull departure of their suspected guest, rais'd this merry showre in their eyes. 1741–2Gray Agrip. 91 One..may still With equal power resume that gift, and raise A tempest. 1820Scott Monast. i. motto, I will as soon believe..That old Moll White..raised the last night's thunder. 1884W. E. Norris Thirlby Hall v, All she can do is to raise a storm in a tea-cup.
13. a. To utter (a cry, etc.) with loud voice; to produce (a loud noise) by shouting or otherwise.
a1350in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1881) 100/261 A hidose cry þan raysed þai. c1470Henry Wallace v. 40 Gret noyis & dyne was rayssit thaim amang. 1582Stanyhurst æneis ii. (Arb.) 68, I stoutly emboldned with night shade raysed an howting. 1611Bible Job iii. 8 Let them curse it..who are ready to raise vp their mourning. 1671Milton Samson 1124, I only with an Oak'n staff will meet thee, And raise such out-cries on thy clatter'd Iron. 1748Thomson Cast. Indol. ii. xliv, Th' inferior demons of the place Rais'd rueful shrieks and hideous yells. 1808Scott Marm. vi. xxxiv, To tell red Flodden's dismal tale, And raise the universal wail. 1845M. Pattison Ess. (1889) I. 18 The Frank warriors..raised a fierce shout of indignation.
b. Hence simply, to utter or produce (a sound).
1590Spenser F.Q. i. xi. 7 Fayre Goddesse,..to my tunes thy second tenor rayse. 1602Shakes. Ham. ii. i. 94 He rais'd a sigh, so pittious and profound. 1743Garrick Lethe i. Wks. 1798 I. 5 I'll raise music shall dispel their fears.
c. To sing; also, to begin to sing, to strike up.
1653Milton Ps. vii. 62 Then will I Jehovah's praise According to his justice raise. 1727–8Pope Mem. of P.P. in Swift's Wks. (1751) IV. 230 When I raised the psalm, how did my voice quaver for fear! 1808Scott Marm. iii. Introd., I love the license..In sounds now lowly, and now strong, To raise the desultory song. 1856Olmsted Slave States 25 An old negro,..who raised a hymn, which soon became a confused chant.
14. To cause, originate, give rise to, bring about, set going. Used with a variety of objects, as:
a. strife, dissension, or other disturbance (among or between persons, in a place, etc.). Cf. 16 a.
c1380Wyclif Wks. (1880) 185 Þei..reisen debatis & enemytes bitwene weddid men & here wiwes. c1400Cursor M. 27728 (Cott. Galba) Wreth es raysand..missaw, flit, and malisoune. 1533Gau Richt Vay 17 Thayme quhilk rasis discord amangis nichtburs. 1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 4 So muche contention is reysed in these oure daies about matters of learnyng. Ibid. 13 But in case we preferre Charles..what tumultes shall we raise up in Italy. 1667Milton P.L. v. 226 Thou hear'st what stir on Earth Satan..Hath raisd in Paradise. 1719Ramsay Richy & Sandy 58 How the ill sp'rit did the first mischief raise. 1781Cowper Table Talk 317 Liberty..Shall raise no feuds for armies to suppress. 1843Mill Logic i. iii. §7 There are metaphysicians who have raised a controversy on the point. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) III. 384 Do not raise a quarrel..between Thrasymachus and me.
b. a report or rumour, slander, etc.
a1350in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1881) 29/91 Þai said he suld a sklaunder rays Of God. 1576[see 16 b]. 1611Bible Exod. xxiii. 1 Thou shalt not raise a false report. 1678,1685[see 16 b]. 1711Addison Spect. No. 13 ⁋5 A groundless Report that has been raised, to a Gentleman's Disadvantage.
c. a feeling, idea, etc.
c1380Wyclif Wks. (1880) 40 Þat noon euyl suspecion may be reysed of hem. 1513Douglas æneis x. xiii. 2 Thus awfull Mars..The sorow rasit apon athyr hand. 1596Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. x. 385 Quhilk rumour in Scotland rayset not lytle invie in ffrance. 1600Shakes. A.Y.L. iv. iii. 51 If the scorne of your bright eine Haue power to raise such loue in mine. 1667Milton P.L. iv. 806 Thence raise..discontented thoughts, Vain hopes, vain aimes, inordinate desires. 1729Butler Serm. Resentm. Wks. 1874 II. 94 Momentary anger is frequently raised..without any apparent reason. 1855Pusey Doctr. Real Pres. Note A. 2 Opponents have succeeded in raising an almost insurmountable prejudice.
d. the expression of some feeling.
1654Gayton Pleas. Notes iv. vi[i]. 207 The publique worship..rais'd a condemning, but selfe-absolving blush into her cheeks. 1726–46Thomson Winter 652 The comic muse..raises sly the fair impartial laugh. 1781Cowper Table Talk 658 They raised a smile At folly's cost. 1892G. S. Layard C. Keene viii. 176 He never fell into the habit of raising a laugh at the expense of individuals.
e. an action, process, condition, etc.
c1425Wyntoun Cron. viii. xl. 3 The Kyng off Frawns set hym to ras And set a sege befor Calays. 1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 28 b, Suche as eyther Reyse up new customes, or extorte that is forboden. 1611Bible Pref. ⁋2 They raise vp a tragedie, and wish..the Temple had neuer bene built. 1671Milton Samson 625 Thoughts my Tormenters..raise Dire inflammation. 1706E. Ward Wooden World Diss. (1708) 86 The Rogue..has rais'd such a Funk in the Forecastle. 1765A. Dickson Treat. Agric. (ed. 2) 145 The application of such manures as raise a fermentation. 1831–3E. Burton Eccl. Hist. iii. (1845) 54 The watchword..was sufficient to raise a ferment from one end of Jerusalem to the other. 1876Paton in Encycl. Brit. IV. 688/1 The requisite heat for the dyeing operation is raised and maintained. 1890Kipling Barrack-Room Ballads (1892) 53 Ship me somewheres east of Suez, where the best is like the worst, Where there aren't no Ten Commandments an' a man can raise a thirst. 1892Speaker 3 Sept. 278/2 The outbreak has raised a demand for restriction [etc.]. 1930‘Sapper’ Finger of Fate 79 He grinned and said, ‘We're not all savages, Mrs. Dankerton. Even though there aren't no Ten Commandments, and a man can raise a thirst.’
15. a. Law. To draw up, frame (a summons, letter, etc.), institute (an action or suit), establish (a use).
1546Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 45 Raising of new letteres for halding of siclik courtis justiciare. 1609Skene Reg. Maj. 109 b, The name of the Judge, at quhais command the summons is raised, and directed. 1632in Star Chamber Cases (Camden) 126 He..out of one cause ill begunne, raysed 20 severall actions. 1752J. Louthian Form of Process (ed. 2) 85 Criminal Letters, raised at the Instance of D.F. his Majesty's Advocate. 1766Blackstone Comm. ii. xx. 330 A use could not be raised without a sufficient consideration. 1877Act 40 & 41 Vict. c. 50 §8 Actions relating to questions of heritable right..raised in a Sheriff Court.
b. To bring up (a question, point, etc.); to bring or put forward (a difficulty, objection, etc.); to put forward, advance (a claim).
1647R. Gentilis tr. Malvezzi's Chiefe Events 159 In raising difficulties hee makes them easie. 1722Steele Conscious Lovers ii. i. (1723) 26 This will certainly give me occasion to raise Difficulties. 1855Macaulay Hist. Eng. xiii. III. 285 The question of the union therefore was not raised. Ibid. xv. 602 A day was appointed for considering the point raised by Crone. 1881Stubbs Early Plantag. iv. (ed. 3) 70 John the Marshal..raised a claim touching one of the archiepiscopal manors.
16. With various constructions:
a. To begin, make, institute, direct, etc. against a person or thing.
a1300Cursor M. 1071 Allas!..A-gain abel he raysed strijf. 1513Douglas æneis viii. x. 98 Thar most thou behald The weris rasit aganis Romanis bald. 1546Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 29 The summondis raisit be the said Lord againis the said James. 1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 262 He..raysed warre against us, and was taken therin. 1611Bible Acts xiii. 50 The Iewes..raised persecution against Paul and Barnabas. 1822Scott Pirate Advt. 6 A variety of sham suits, raised against him by Newgate solicitors. 1873Max Müller Sc. Rel. 356 The objections which have been raised against this view.
b. To bring, send, or direct on or upon one.
a1300Cursor M. 7949 Iuel he sal apon þe rais. 1375Barbour Bruce vi. 276 Fra thai had rasit on him the cry. 1388Wyclif Jer. li. 1 Y schal reise on Babiloyne..as a wynd of pestilence. 1535Coverdale Amos v. 9 He rayseth destruccion vpon the mightie people. 1576Oppress. Orkney & Shetland (1859) 49 Gif ane brute be rasit upon thame. 1678Cudworth Intell. Syst. i. v. 846 This was..a meer Slander raised upon Atheists. 1685Acct. Execution Dk. Monmouth 2, I have had a Scandal raised upon me.
c. To draw, obtain, derive (one thing) out of or from another. rare.
1627Donne Serm. v. (1640) 48 Moses third excuse, raised out of a naturall defect. 1732Pope Ess. Man. ii. 245 Heav'n's great view..Virtue's ends from Vanity can raise. 1772Priestley Inst. Relig. (1782) I. Pref. 12 Abstruse speculations..have been raised from every branch of my speculations.
III. To remove to a higher position.
* To lift up by direct effort.
17. a. To lift as a whole, to put or take higher, to elevate. Also, to pull up, hoist (sail, etc.).
a1300Cursor M. 22109 Þof þou þe rais up intil heven, To hell depe sal þou be driuen. a1350in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1881) 88/685 Angels..raysed hir vp into þe ayre. 1375Barbour Bruce xvi. 692 Thai rasit salys but abaid. 1500–20Dunbar Poems lxxii. 71 Him all nakit on the tre Thai raisit on loft. 1590Spenser F.Q. i. i. 18 She..all attonce her beastly body raizd. 1593Shakes. 2 Hen. VI, i. i. 254 Then will I raise aloft the Milke-white-Rose. 1728Pope Dunc. ii. 39 Such a bulk as no twelve bards could raise. a1771Gray Dante 1 The griesly Felon raised His Gore-dyed Lips. 1805Scott Last Minstr. ii. Concl., He raised the silver cup on high. 1814― Ld. of Isles ii. xxxii, The train..Embark'd, raised sail, and bore away. 1867Trollope Chron. Barset II. liii. 100 Should he try to catch her eye, and then raise his hat? 1886Froude Oceana 296 She could have struck him, and had her arm raised to do it.
b. spec. To draw or bring up (water, minerals, etc.) to the surface of the ground.
1745Pococke Descr. East II. i. xvi. 61 The oxen raise the water by a bucket and rope. 1759B. Martin Nat. Hist. Eng. I. 65 Much Ore has been formerly raised on this Hill. 1851Blackw. Mag. Dec. 639 The coal raised in 1829 was 37,000 tons. 1872R. B. Smyth Mining Statist. 44, 12,656 tons of quartz..raised from depths between 240 and 690 feet.
c. In various special uses: (see quots.).
1753Chambers Cycl. Supp., Raise is likewise used for placing a horse's head right, and making him carry well, and hindring him to carry low, or to arm himself. 1775A. Burnaby Trav. 87 When the trees are fallen, they..drag them along the snow. It is exceedingly difficult to put them first in motion, which they call raising them. 1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., To raise the metal, to elevate the breech, and depress thereby the muzzle of a gun. To raise tacks and sheets, the Lifting the clues of the courses, previously to bracing round the yards in tacking or wearing.
d. To turn (the eyes or look) upwards.
1388Wyclif Ps. cxx. 1, I reiside myn iȝen to the hillis. 1599B. Jonson Ev. Man out of Hum. ii. iii, Gentle friend be merry, raise your lookes out of your bosome. 1703Rowe Fair Penit. i. i, Wherefore are your Eyes Severely rais'd to Heav'n? 1818Shelley Rev. Islam v. xxii, Nor spoke..nor raised his looks to meet The gaze of strangers. 1859Tennyson Vivien 787 He raised his eyes and saw The tree.
e. Fig. phr., to raise its (ugly) head, to make an (unwelcome) appearance; to present itself as a (troublesome) subject for attention. Cf. rear v.1 10 b.
1822Scott Peveril II. i. 27 The ancient superstition..is raising its head. 1930Wodehouse Very Good, Jeeves! ix. 230, I am starving on my feet. Well, when I tell you that it's weeks since a beefsteak pudding raised its head in the house, you'll understand what I mean. 1966Listener 28 July 141/3 The subject of money for the arts raised its head again when New Release..investigated the facts behind the Authors' Society recent publication about the stipends of professional writers. 1971Wodehouse Much Obliged, Jeeves xiii. 133 The snag which had raised its ugly head was one of formidable—you might say king-size—dimensions.
f. Other phrases. to raise one's eyebrow(s): see eyebrow 1 c; to raise the roof: see roof n. 1 e (a).
18. fig.
a. To promote or advance (a person, people, etc.) to a higher rank, office or position; to exalt in dignity or power.
c1200Ormin 9611 Forr to reȝȝsenn alle þa þatt follȝhenn soþ meocnesse. a1300Cursor M. 22281 He sal him rais sua hei on hight, Þat men sal wen þat he es dright. a1350in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1881) 42/13 In þe kinges hows sethin was he To ofice and to reuerence raysed. c1440Gesta Rom. lxv. 291 (Harl. MS.) He resede þe poore man fro filthede..to sette him among princis. 1559Mirr. Mag., Dk. Suffolk xvii, How high, how soone, she did me raise. 1667Milton P.L. xii. 162 A Son whose worthy deeds Raise him to be the second in that Realme of Pharao. 1752Young Brothers iv. i, They'll say the subtile statesman plann'd this marriage To raise his blood into his master's throne. 1810Crabbe Borough iii, Theirs is a gracious bounty, form'd to raise Him whom it aids. 1874Green Short Hist. ii. §6. 90 Charter after charter..raised the townsmen of boroughs from mere traders..into customary tenants.
†b. To promote to some privilege. rare—1.
c1400Apol. Loll. 11 As sone as mony is ȝeuen þei reysen þe synnars to þe takyng of þe sacraments.
c. To exalt (one's name, state, etc.). rare.
a1425Cursor M. 2373 (Trin.) Þere shal þi name reised be And alle þo heires þat comen of þe. 1593Shakes. 3 Hen. VI, iv. i. 68 It pleas'd his Maiestie To rayse my State to Title of a Queene. 1732Pope Ep. Bathurst 202 Of qualities deserving praise, More go to ruin fortunes than to raise. 1820Scott Monast. xix. motto, Farewell each hope of..raising thy low rank.
d. To extol, laud. rare.
c1631Milton Arcades 8 Fame that her high worth to raise Seem'd erst so lavish. 1735Pope Prol. Sat. 211 While Wits and Templars ev'ry sentence raise, And wonder with a foolish face of praise.
19. fig.
a. To elevate (persons) to a higher moral or mental condition. (In early use perh. from 2.)
c1200Ormin 4373 He ras o þehhtennde daȝȝ To reȝȝsenn uss off sinne. a1300Cursor M. 18674 Iesus him kidd til þaim..vtte o wan-hope for to rais [Trin. MS. hem to reise]. a1340Hampole Psalter Prol., Þai rays þaim in til contemplatyf lyf. c1560A. Scott Poems (S.T.S.) xxxiv. 149 Thir ressonis ar to raiss ȝow Fra crymes vndir coite. 1605Bacon Adv. Learning ii. xxiv, I cannot but be raised to this persuasion, that [etc.]. 1758S. Hayward Serm. xvii. 530 Oh stupid creatures that are not raised with the description of..his infinite excellencies! 1848R. S. Wilberforce Doctr. Incarnation v. 95 The Incarnation of Christ our Lord has raised us..above the carnal anthropology of the Greeks. 1863F. A. Kemble Resid. in Georgia 14 They are doing their best to raise and improve the degraded race.
b. To elevate (the thoughts, mind, etc.), to make higher or nobler.
c1340Hampole's Wks. (1895) I. 69 He..rayses þar thoght abouen all erthly thyng. 1590Spenser F.Q. i. Introd. iv, Raise my thoughtes, too humble and too vile. 1667Milton P.L. i. 23 What in me is dark Illumine, what is low raise and support. 1786Burns Despondency iii, While praising, and raising His thoughts to Heav'n on high. 1871Morley Voltaire (1886) 2 Its great glory was to have raised the moral dignity and self-respect of the many to a level which had hitherto been reached only by a few.
c. To elevate (a subject, style, diction).
1668Dryden Def. Ess. Poesy Essays 1900 I. 114 He does so raise his matter in that prose, as to render it delightful. 1712Addison Spect. No. 289 ⁋11 Milton has put in practice this method of raising his language. 1737Ld. Hervey Memoirs (1848) II. 361 His words are well chosen, his diction extremely raised.
d. spec. in relation to consciousness: to heighten (sensitivity or awareness).
1970K. Millett Sexual Politics (1971) i. ii. 38 The hope of seeking liberating radical solutions of their own seems too remote for the majority to dare contemplate and remains so until consciousness on the subject is raised. 1976Spare Rib Dec. 22/2 We're raising consciousness, affecting some concrete issues like age discrimination, putting lousy pay on the agenda too. 1977Rolling Stone 7 Apr. 53/3 My efforts to raise the consciousness of whites who are so against Indians in the States were bound to be stopped by the FBI sooner or later.
20. Phonetics. To articulate (a vowel) with the tongue closer to the roof of the mouth. Cf. raising vbl. n. 1 d.
1874H. Sweet Hist. Eng. Sounds in Trans. Philol. Soc. 1874 506 To assume that the low-narrow [è] was first widened, and then raised to the mid position, would be to ignore the fundamental laws of short vowel change. 1914H. C. Wyld Short Hist. Eng. vii. 136 Old tense ē was raised to [ī] at least by the end of the first third of the sixteenth century. 1934C. Davies Eng. Pronunc. 5 ME ā. Was early fronted and raised to [ɛ̄]. 1957E. J. Dobson Eng. Pronunc. 1500–1700 II. 612 The view that ME ę̄ tended to be raised to ME ẹ̄ is strongly supported by the parallel case of ME ǭ, which is shown by seventeenth-century evidence and by that of the modern dialects to have been raised to ME ọ̄, ModE [u:]. 1959A. Campbell Old Eng. Gram. 122 By the tenth century æ̆ of whatever origin had been raised to ē̆ in Kt. [sc. Kentish]. 1968Chomsky & Halle Sound Pattern Eng. iii. 255 The environments where /ī/ and /ū/ are lowered to [ē] and [ō] are distinct from those where /ē/ and /ō/ are raised to [ī] and [ū].
** To cause to rise or mount up.
21. a. To cause (a spirit) to appear, esp. by means of incantations.
a1350in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1881) 98/152 Experimentes þan ordand he; And raised deuils grete plente. 1375Barbour Bruce iv. 243 The erll Ferrandis moder was Ane nygramansour, & Sathanas Scho rasit. 1513Douglas æneis i. Prol. 212 Like as the spreit of Samuell..Rasit to Kinge Saul was by the Phitones. 1583Leg. Bp. St. Androis 296 in Satir. Poems Reform. 362 Reasing the devill with invocationes. 1671Milton P.R. iv. 430 Grisly Spectres, which the Fiend had rais'd. c1725Ramsay To Malloch viii, He that could in tender strains Raise Margaret's plaining shade. 1785Burns Addr. to Deil xiv, Masons' mystic word an' grip, In storms an' tempests raise you up. 1826Disraeli Viv. Grey iii. ii, Then the magician..raised the once-laid ghost of Cleveland's ambition.
b. to raise the Devil, the mischief: to make a disagreeable disturbance; to create trouble, uproar, or confusion. Also, to raise Cain [Cain2 1 b]; to raise Ned (U.S. slang); to raise hell: see hell n. 10 n, q; to raise hob: see hob n.1 2 b.
[1705Vanbrugh Confed. v. ii, Sir, give me an Account of my Necklace, or I'll make such a Noise in your House I'll raise the Devil in't.] 1840, etc. to raise Cain [see Cain2 1 b]. 1841Lever C. O'Malley lxiii, He was going to raise the devil. 1848J. R. Lowell Biglow Papers 1st Ser. 69 Your fact'ry gals..'ll go to work raisin' promiscoous Ned. 1852Mrs. Stowe Uncle Tom's C. xx. 212 Topsy would hold a perfect carnival of confusion..in short, as Miss Ophelia phrased it, ‘raising Cain’ generally. c1865‘Mark Twain’ Sketches i. Mr. Bloke's Item (1900) 217 The head-editor has been in here raising the mischief and tearing his hair. 1904J. C. Lincoln Cap'n Eri ii. 28 The boy sort of run loose, as yer might say. Went to school when he had to, and raised Ned when he didn't, near's I can find out.
22. To make (the voice) heard. Also fig.
1388Wyclif Ps. xcii. 3 The flodis han reisid [L. elevaverunt] her vois. 1581Sidney Apol. Poetrie (Arb.) 46 Who sometimes rayseth vp his voice to the height of the heauens. 1697Dryden Virg. Past. vi. 42 He rais'd his Voice, and soon a num'rous throng Of tripping Satyrs crowded to the Song. 1738Gray Propertius iii. 31 The Tyrant Love permit me raise My feeble voice. 1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. vi. II. 31 Many voices were boldly raised in menace and accusation. 1868Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) II. x. 472 Not a voice was raised in opposition. 1921H. Crane Let. 1 Oct. (1965) 65 It will be time for me to raise my voice in praise of Anderson soon, as his new book..is on the market.
23. a. To cause (dust, vapour, smoke, water, etc.) to ascend or rise; to send or force up, to stir up. See also dust n.1 5, sand n.2 7 c.
1422Hoccleve Jonathas 57 Sholde y a neewe smoke now vp reyse. 1581G. Pettie tr. Guazzo's Civ. Conv. i. (1586) 27 b, They doe nothing else but raise a dust. 1646Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. iii. xxii. (1686) 130 Camels to make the water sapid do raise the mud with their feet. 1686W. Harris tr. Lemery's Course Chym. (ed. 2) 43 Sublime is to raise by Fire any Volatile matter to the top of the Cucurbit or into its Head. 1719De Foe Crusoe ii. viii, The wine..raise[d] disagreable fumes from the stomach into the head. 1732Berkeley Alciphr. vii. §3 We may perhaps raise a dust and dispute about tenets purely verbal. 1807J. Barlow Columb. i. 34 The drizzly fogs from dull Pisuerga raised. 1891T. Hardy Tess i, And where do we raise our smoke... I mean, where do we D'Urbervilles live?
†b. To render (tin) volatile. Obs. rare—1.
1686W. Harris tr. Lemery's Course Chym. (ed. 2) 96 To Sublime Tinn is to raise and Volatilize it by means of a Volatile Salt.
24. Naut.
a. To come in sight of (another ship, land, a whale, etc.).
1556W. Towrson in Hakluyt Voy. (1589) 98 At 11. of the clocke wee raysed the Isle of Madera. 1633T. James Voy. 28 We hull'd off, North North-east, but still raised land. 1634Sir T. Herbert Trav. 12 The last of June we raised the Antarticke Pole. 1775Romans Hist. Florida App. 61, I would not come nearer than just to raise the land. 1851H. Melville Moby Dick I. xxxv. 259 Whosoever of ye raises me a white-headed whale..he shall have this gold ounce. 1890Century Mag. May 516 In October 1832, the ship Hector of New Bedford raised a whale and lowered for it. 1928Belloc Chanty of Nona 1 Before it was morning he raised Lundy Light.
b. To give a higher appearance to (a ship, etc.) by coming nearer.
1574Bourne Regiment for Sea xiii. (1577) 39 In going to the North, you doe rayse the Pole, and lay the Equinoctiall. 1700Moxon Math. Dict. 46 So many Degrees you approach towards it, so much you are said to Raise the Pole. 1769Falconer Dict. Marine (1776), Hausser un vaisseau, to raise a distant ship by approaching her gradually in chace. 1796Nelson 21 Sept. in Nicolas Disp. (1845) II. 279, I saw a Spanish Frigate coming..who, when she raised our hull hauled her wind to the eastward.
25. To make (a horse) rise in leaping or rearing. ? Obs.
1753Chambers Cycl. Supp., Raise, in the manege, is used for working; thus to raise a horse upon corvets, caprioles, and pesades, is to make him work at corvets, caprioles, &c.
26. To reach the crest or summit of (a hill, ridge, etc.). U.S.
1804J. Ordway in Lewis & Ordway Jrnls. Western Explor. (1916) 168 We raised a Steep bank back of this bottom. 1866‘Mark Twain’ Lett. from Hawaii (1967) 291 We ‘raised’ the summit of the mountain and began to canter along the edge of the crater. 1872― Roughing It xli. 287, I ‘raised the hill’ overlooking the town. 1934J. R. Barrows Ubet 280 Every time I would raise a ridge, I expected to see him; for the signs were fresh.
*** To collect by lifting; to levy.
27. a. To levy (a tax, etc.); to collect (rents or other charges); hence, to bring together, obtain, procure by means of collecting or in any other way. † Const. on (a person).
c1330R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 55 Þorgh alle his lond þe Kyng his sonde sent, Forto raise þe treuage, þat on þe lond was sette. 1389in Eng. Gilds (1870) 30 It schal ben reysed and gadered be ye alderman and his felas. 1463Bury Wills (Camden) 43, I wil the mony yt is reysid and reseyvyd be delyueryd. 1511Waterf. Arch. in 10th Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. V. 325 Noo man..shall reise keiage of noo kaye..except it be buylded as a keay. 1546Suppl. of Commons 16 What yearelye rentes may be clearlye reased therof. 1651Hobbes Leviath. ii. xxix. 173 The difficulty of raising Mony, for the necessary uses of the Common-wealth. 1689J. Mather in Andros Tracts II. 5 Impowered to make Laws and raise money on the Kings Subjects. 1708J. C. Compleat Collier (1845) 19 If no Profit can be raised, I see no reason why any Man should Adventure his Money. 1760C. Johnston Chrysal (1822) I. 30, I immediately raised all the money I possibly could. 1821Byron Juan iii. xiv, Let not his mode of raising cash seem strange. 1838J. W. Carlyle Let. 28 Nov. (1903) I. 71 We have..raised (as dear Mary used to say) a capital easy chair. 1852Thackeray Esmond i. xiv, The correspondence..related to a new loan my lord was raising. 1875W. S. Gilbert Tom Cobb 1, Me so pinched for money till I can hardly raise an egg for breakfast. 1948‘N. Shute’ No Highway vi. 171, I..told Miss Learoyd to see if she could raise two cups of tea. 1973M. Woodhouse Blue Bone xv. 162 Would you please see if you can raise us all a drink? 1976Daily Mirror 16 July 3/4 He..was living on what his wife Susan could raise by selling her furniture and jewellery.
b. transf. To obtain, procure (advantage, pleasure, praise, etc.).
1633Bp. Hall Hard Texts, N.T. 89 We cannot hope to raise any advantage to ourselves by our utmost endeavours. 1645Quarles Sol. Recant. xii. 79 What pleasure shall thy great Creator raise From thy breath-tainted, and unsav'ry praise? 1781Cowper Retirement 805 Content if..I may raise A monitor's, though not a poet's praise.
c. Of articles sold: To bring, fetch (a certain price). rare—1.
1791T. Newte Tour Eng. & Scot. 241 The few firs..cut for deals raise from eight pence to twelve pence per foot.
d. To succeed in producing.
1841‘Wildrake’ Cracks of Day 184 Mango could scarcely raise a gallop.
28. To levy, collect, gather, bring together (an army, troops, etc.).
In early use perh. to be taken in sense 5.
1388Wyclif Jer. l. 9 Y schal reise, and brynge in to Babiloyne the gaderyng togidere of grete folkis. a1400–50Alexander 829 Nicholas..Had rasyd vp a rode hoste. 1473J. Warkworth Chron. (Camden) 7 Alle his peple he reysyd were fledde fro hym. 1567Satir. Poems Reform. iii. 90 Our Quene..Into this Realme did rais ane ryall rout. 1596Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. x. 282 Raseng an armie thame cruellie he persewis. 1643Decl. Commons (Reb. Ireland) 63 Lord Barnewall..hath a Commission for a Troupe of horse, and is now gone into Wales to raise them. 1759H. Walpole Corr. (ed. 3) III. cccxliv. 324 We continue to militate and to raise light troops. 1839Marryat M. Violet xxxix, A mob was raised in 1833, and expelled the whole Mormon body. 1863H. Cox Instit. iii. ii. 594 The Sovereign has the sole power of raising..fleets and armies.
**** To remove by, or as by, lifting up.
29. a. To put an end to (a siege or blockade) by withdrawing the investing forces.
1375Barbour Bruce xx. 64 Thus maid wes pes..And syne the assegis rasit wair. c1477Caxton Jason 27 b, He hadde not entencion for to disloge him ne to reyse his siege. 1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 83 He raised his siege and departed without his purpose. a1671Ld. Fairfax Mem. (1699) 62 Our men..put the enemy to a total rout, upon which he raised the siege. 1769Robertson Chas. V, xi. Wks. 1813 III. 274 He gave orders immediately to raise the siege. 1835Penny Cycl. IV. 531 If the blockade shall be found to be raised.
b. To remove, rescind (a prohibition, etc.).
1887Mind XII. 257 The Sorbonne raised the prohibition it had so long laid upon the works of the Grecian philosopher. 1893Gunter Miss Dividends 141 He will be..happy..to raise the injunction, which..has crippled you.
30. a. To end (a siege, etc.) by compelling the investing forces to desist or remove.
c1489Caxton Sonnes of Aymon vii. 163 Gyve me some parte of your men, And I shall goo reyse the sege of Cologne. 1523Ld. Berners Froiss. I. cccxxiii. 503 They were all determyned to go and reyse vp the siege, and to refresshe and vitayle the castell. 1603Drayton Heroic. Ep. vii. 155 He is besieg'd, the Siege that came to raise. 1800Wellington in Gurw. Desp. I. 181, I..have taken from him one place of consequence, and I have raised the siege of another. 1811Ibid. VII. 518 The enemy are still close to us, but they have made no progress in raising the blockade. 1855Macaulay Hist. Eng. xvii. IV. 14 William had still some faint hope that it might be possible to raise the siege.
†b. To cause (the besieger) to abandon a siege.
1592W. Wyrley Armorie 39 The King of England..Hearing declar'd his friends besieged so..hasts himselfe to go To rease the Duke. 1611Cotgr. s.v. Lever, Il leur fit lever le cul à, he raised them, or their siege, from.
31. To set in motion (an army or camp).
Perh. originally related to 4 c.
c1470Henry Wallace i. 79 His ost he rasd, and come to Werk on Twede. 1569T. Stocker tr. Diod. Sic. iii. xviii. 135 Lysimachus..in a foule and raynie night raysed hys Campe. 1640Yorke Union Hon. Battles 41 Edward loth to loose time about one Cities Siege, raiseth his Army and departeth. 1684J. Peter Siege Vienna 7 The Grand Visier raising His Camp, followed the Christians. 1824P. Ogden Jrnl. 20 Dec. in Publ. Hudson's Bay Rec. Soc. (1950) XIII. 5 The Kootonnies & Flat Heads are likewise here waiting our arrival intending to raise Camp together. 1837W. Irving Rocky Mts. I. vi. 78 On the following morning, just as they were raising their camp, they observed a long line of people pouring down a defile of the mountains. 1855A. Ross Fur Hunters of Far West II. xi. 61 The next morning on raising camp, I ordered Martin's horses to be loaded and we set off.
IV. To make higher or greater.
32. a. To increase in height or bulk; to cause to rise up or swell; to give a higher level to.
c1450Lydg. & Burgh Secrees 2670 Shuldrys sharpe I mene not reysed with slevys. 1485Caxton Chas. Gt. 26 He had hys nose reysed vpon a roundnes. 1513Douglas æneis i. ii. 30 The fadir..gaif the power..To meis the flude, or rais with stormes hie. 1596Raleigh Discov. Gviana 51 All the..riuers which fell into Orenoque were raised with such speed [etc.]. 1611Tourneur Ath. Trag. iv. iii, Why could not he ha' suffer'd me to raise The mountaines o' my sin with one as damnable As all the rest? 1692Ray Dissol. World v. (1693) 295 That the Mountains do daily diminish..that the Valleys are raised..no man can deny. 1720Pope Iliad xxiii. 640 The Corselet..Whose glitt'ring Margins rais'd with Silver shine. 1836Macgillivray tr. Humboldt's Trav. xx. 290 Raising the flesh in alternate bands from the ankle to the top of the thigh.
†b. to raise in flesh: to make plump. Obs.
1608Topsell Serpents (1658) 797 These Tortoises..are given to Horses, for by them they are raised in flesh, and made much fatter. 1615Latham Falconry, Words of Art expl. (1633), Raised in flesh, is when a Hawke grows fat, or prospereth in flesh.
†c. To make up the height of. Obs. rare.
1662Gerbier Princ. 24 Four of them (together with the Morter thereunto belonging) may raise a Foot. 1663― Counsel 56 The fittest bigness of a good brick; is..two Inches, a quarter and a half thick, which will raise a foot in the Morter with four bricks.
33. In various technical uses:
a. To bring up (the nap of cloth) by carding with teazles, etc.; to make a nap on (cloth).
1481–90Howard Househ. Bks. (Roxb.) 320 [The] fuller..shall dresse..vij. brode clothes; that is to say reyse, skore them, barbe them. 1494Act 11 Hen. VII, c. 27 They raise up the Cotton of such Fustians. 1633J. Anchoran tr. Comenius' Gate Latin Unl. §503 marg., The shear-man..raiseth the nap. 1727–41Chambers Cycl. s.v. Cloth, The cloth..is..given, all wet, to the carders, to raise the hair, or knap, on the right side, with the thistle, or weed. 1797Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) VI. 45/1 Teazel..is of singular use in raising the knap upon woollen cloth. 1835Ure Philos. Manuf. 195 The pile is also said to be more perfectly raised. 1879Cassell's Techn. Educ. IV. 343/1 Cloth is usually ‘raised’ twice and ‘cropped’ several times.
b. To cause (dough, bread) to expand and become light, as by the use of yeast. Also absol.
1611Bible Hos. vii. 4 The baker: who ceaseth from raising after he hath kneaded the dough, vntill it be leauened. 1789Trans. Soc. Arts I. 178 For fermenting liquors, and raising bread. 1845E. Acton Mod. Cookery xxiii. 509 All light cakes require a rather brisk oven to raise and set them.
c. To cause (hides) to increase in thickness.
1581Lambarde Eiren. iv. 164 If any tanner have raised with any mixture any hide to bee converted to backes, bend-leather [etc.]. 1777Macbride in Phil. Trans. LXVIII. 127 When you find your hides sufficiently raised, put them directly into the ooze. 1852C. Morfit Tanning & Currying (1853) 196 The skins..have not yet been raised sufficiently to prepare them for tanning.
d. To give (metal) a rounded form.
1846Holtzapffel Turning I. 398 In raising the metals by the hammer [etc.]. Ibid. 410 Thimbles, which are slightly conical are raised at five or six blows. 1879Cassell's Techn. Educ. IV. 299/1 Brings down upon them a..globular punch, which domes them up—in technical parlance, ‘raises’ them.
34. a. To increase the amount of, to heighten (rent, taxes, prices, etc.). Also Cards (orig. U.S.), to lay a higher stake than (one's opponent); to increase (a stake or bid); freq. absol. and with partner as obj. Hence to raise out, to cause (a player) to withdraw from a game by making the stake too high for him. Also fig. Cf. raise n.1 5 b.
1500–20Dunbar Poems xvii. 13 Mailis and gersomes raisit ouir hie. 1548Forrest Pleas. Poesye 358 Too reyse his Rent alas it neadethe not. 1596Shakes. Merch. V. iii. v. 26 This making of Christians will raise the price of Hogs. 1607Heywood Fayre Mayde Exch. Wks. 1874 II. 28 Once already have you prisoned me, To my great charge..And somewhat raisde the debt by that advantage. 1700T. Brown tr. Du Fresny's Amusem. Ser. & Com. 78 One side endeavours to raise, and the other to beat down the Market Price. 1820J. Gifford Compl. Eng. Lawyer ii. viii. (ed. 5) 167 Journeymen who refuse to work, in consequence of a combination to raise their wages. 1821Hoyle's Games Improved 163 After the first three cards are dealt, but before taking in, the eldest hand after seeing his cards, may raise the ante. 1864W. B. Dick Amer. Hoyle 165 When any player makes a bet, it is the privilege of the next player to the left to raise him, or..to deposit in the pool the amount already bet by his adversary, and make a still higher bet. 1872‘Mark Twain’ Roughing It 332 ‘I have to pass, I judge.’ ‘How?’ ‘You've raised me out, pard.’ 1885Manch. Exam. 16 May 5/1 It is proposed to raise the duty on rye. 1890Champlin & Bostwick Young Folks' Cycl. Games & Sports 269/1 The third player may stay out, see, or raise the second player. 1894Maskelyne Sharps & Flats 57 You can bet against that particular player, continually raising the stakes, until all the other players are ‘raised out’. 1901R. F. Foster Poker 40 Twice the amount of the blind is the amount of the ante, unless some player has raised it. 1951E. Culbertson Bidding & Play in Duplicate Contract Bridge v. 55 In rubber bridge he might take a chance and raise partner to three of the minor suit. 1959T. Reese Bridge Player's Dict. 142 North opens one spade and South..raises to two spades. 1965Listener 4 Nov. 735/2 The only course open to him therefore is to raise to Four Clubs. 1981P. Van Greenaway ‘Cassandra’ Bell xv. 183 I'll raise you. Any odds you care to name I walk out of here a free man.
b. To increase, add to (one's reputation, interest, credit, etc.).
1654Gayton Pleas. Notes iv. viii. 219 The circumforaneous Emperick rais'd his Fame. a1715Burnet Own Time (1724) I. 474 His being thus divested of his Commissions..would raise his interest in the Nation. 1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. ix. II. 446 Promises and services which, if discovered, would not have raised his credit at Whitehall. 1871Morley Voltaire (1886) 3 Each did much to raise the measure of worth.
c. Math. To increase (a number or quantity) by multiplication into itself.
1706J. Ward Introd. Math. ii. ii. §5 (1734) 157 To Raise the Binomial Root a + b to the Seventh Power. 1798Hutton Course Math. I. 201 To involve or raise Surd Quantities to any Power. 1893S. L. Loney Anal. Trig. 22 Raise each of these quantities to the pth power.
35. To increase the value, price, or rate of. to raise the market: to charge a higher price. Also absol.
1535Lyndesay Satyre 3186 The markit raisit bene sa hie. 1596Bacon Maxims & Uses Com. Law viii. 33 If..the King..doth raise monies, that the weight of silver in the piece now of sixpence should goe for twelve pence. 1662Petty Taxes p. xix, The effects of the various species of coins,..as also of raising or embasing them. 1751R. Paltock P. Wilkins (1884) II. 279 'Tis all one to her..so she can raise but the market by a change. 1763Foote Mayor of G. ii. Wks. 1799 I. 181 How comes it about that you have rais'd it a penny a quart? 1822Scott Pirate ii, Sweyn Erickson had gone too far in raising the market upon Mr. Mertoun (..charging the rock codfish at a penny instead of a halfpenny a-piece). 1869‘Mark Twain’ Lett. to Publishers (1967) 25, I had a bargain about concluded for the purchase of an interest in a daily paper and when everything seemed to be going smoothly, the owner raised on me.
36. To increase the degree, intensity, or force of.
a. To make (the voice or its sound) louder; to give a higher pitch to.
1638R. Baker tr. Balzac's Lett. (vol. II.) 145 An honest man never raiseth the sound of his Voyce, to get advantage of them that speake not so loud. 1654Gayton Pleas. Notes iv. xvi. 254 Raise thy clear notes so high, That labouring birds may die. c1783Cowper Mutual Forb. 16 ‘You are so deaf’, the lady cried (And raised her voice..). 1886Froude Oceana 84 They do not raise the voice at the end of a sentence, as the Americans do.
b. To make keener, to intensify (sensations).
1697Dryden Virg. Georg. iii. 608 These raise their Thirst. 1699W. Dampier Voy. II. i. 93, I think my appetite was raised by seeing so much food. a1704T. Brown Sat. agst. Woman Wks. 1730 I. 55 To raise thy pain, be Strephon ne'er forgot. 1813Shelley Q. Mab viii. 139 Lending their power to pleasure and to pain, Yet raising, sharpening, and refining each.
c. To brighten (colours), esp. in dyeing.
1814Jane Austen Lady Susan xxiii. (1879) 253 His complexion was raised and he spoke with great emotion. 1874Crookes Dyeing & Calico-printing 607 Steam-greens after printing are frequently brightened, or ‘raised’ as it is technically called. 1884Girl's Own Paper 8 Mar. 353 The first pigment..when mingled with any other colour raises its tone—that is to say, lightens it.
d. To cause (the pulse) to beat faster; to make (a fire) burn up better; to make hotter; etc.
1707Floyer Physic. Pulse-Watch 222 Burning heats a part, and raises the Pulse. 1715–20Pope Iliad ix. 277 Meanwhile Patroclus sweats the fire to raise. 1758Reid tr. Macquer's Chym. I. 381 After you raise the fire in order to melt the mixture. 1863Tyndall Heat i. 10 Raised to incandescence by friction against our atmosphere.
V.
37. intr. To rise, in various senses. Obs. exc. U.S.
1470–85Malory Arthur xx. xxii, Syr Gauwayns hors fete reysed and so the hors and he fyl to the erthe. 1490Caxton Eneydos vii. 32 The delectable name of hir cyte grewe & reysed in praysing. 1654Gayton Pleas. Notes iv. xxii. 273 Iust as imprison'd windes, when once broke forth, One against the other raiseth. 1666Ormonde MSS. in 10th Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. v. 12 They never raised in rebellion against his Majestie. 1702Eng. Theophrast. 240 His reputation abroad will raise or sink as his affairs go well or ill at home. 1727Philip Quarll (1816) 57 The fowl..launched itself into the pond, but raised more easily, which gave him time to take his aim. 1761Hume Hist. Eng. II. xxix. 145 The artisans, finding their profits to raise by the favour of their Customers, increase..their skill. 1770C. Carroll Let. 5 Sept. in Maryland Hist. Mag. (1918) XIII. 61, I am quite indifferent whether Stephenson takes or Refuses the tob[acc]o, as I think the Price will raise again. 1785G. Washington Diary 22 Sept. (1925) II. 415 The Water having raised,..I could form no accurate judgment of the progress. 1808in J. H. Beadle Undevel. West (1873) xxi. 410 Should the accused person or persons raise up with arms in his or their hands. 1819T. Forsyth in Minnesota Hist. Coll. (1880) III. 143 As the Mississippi was raising, the current was very strong. 1861Trans. Illinois Agric. Soc. IV. 102 The milk sours before the cream all raises. 1911H. P. Fairchild Greek Immigration to U.S. 70 About 1,000 houses are vacant in Athens, and yet the prices of rent have raised 15 to 20 per cent.
38. raising = being raised.
1642Royal Commission in Buccleuch MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) I. 527 There are now..moneys raising by way of contribution and otherwise. 1743T. Jones ibid. 405 'Tis said magazines are raising for us at Coblentz. 1758Goldsm. Mem. Protestant (1895) I. 225 There was raising a new Regiment in his Province. 1802H. Martin Helen of Glenross II. 180, I see money is raising in all possible ways—by all possible means. 1864Tennyson En. Ard. 175 Annie seemed to hear Her own death-scaffold raising.
39. intr. Mining. To drive a raise (raise n.1 3).
1898S. J. Truscott Witwatersrand Goldfields xiii. 294 With machine drills it costs slightly more to sink a winze than to raise. 1973L. J. Thomas Introd. Mining i. 9 The connections may be made by driving upwards, known as rising or raising, or working downwards, known as winzing.
Add:[9.] c. Immunol. To stimulate production of (an antiserum, antibody, or other biologically active substance). Freq. const. against or to the appropriate target cell or substance.
1971I. M. Roitt Essent. Immunol. i. 7 In one experiment, antibodies raised to m-aminobenzene sulphonate were tested for their ability to combine with ortho, meta and para isomers of the hapten and related molecules. Ibid. 12 Each antiserum raised by immunisation against a given antigen..tends to contain a variety of different antibodies. 1978Nature 23 Mar. 355/1 Rabbit antiserum was raised against human plasma fibronectin and was also reactive against murine cell surface fibronectin. 1983Oxf. Textbk. Med. I. v. 392/1 Specific antisera can be raised in rabbits. 1987Ibid. (ed. 2) I. iv. 53/1 A number of B cell differentiation antigens have been found using murine monoclonal antibodies raised against human lymphocytes.
▪ V. † raise, v.2 Obs.
Also 5 Sc. rais, 6 rayse.
[var. of rase v.1; the spelling may be partly due to association with prec.; cf. raised ppl. a.2]
1. trans. To tear; to scratch, to cut.
In some cases perh. with idea of ‘raising’ or lifting a portion of the surface.
c1475Rauf Coilȝear 550, I sall rais thy Ryall array. 1590R. Harvey Pl. Perc. 6 If you strike his face, you can raise no skin, for his forhead is brasse. 1601Hakluyt tr. Galvano's Discov. 23 They tilled and raised the ground with oxe hornes. 1641Best Farm. Bks. (Surtees) 48 That hee lay strawe in the barne floore..to prevent the wheeles from breakinge and raysinge the floore. 1677Lond. Gaz. No. 1223/3 [Having] his Skin only raised.
2. To erase or raze.
1530–1Act 22 Hen VIII, c. 15 Excepted always..all raysynge of recordes. 1588A. King in Cath. Tract. (S.T.S.) 216/16 To raise the diett of ane instrument. 1601R. Johnson Kingd. & Commw. (1603) 165 In the year 1241 they raised [1630 razed] Kiouia the chiefe city of the Rutheni. 1645Answ. to Pref. 130 If there had been any such church robberie of raising the recordes.
3. To graze, touch.
1591Spenser Vision Bellay xiv, It seem'd her top the firmament did rayse.
▪ VI. raise
obs. pa. tense rise v. |