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▪ I. crusade|kruːˈseɪd|
Forms: α. 6 croisad, croysade, (croissard), 6–8 croisade, (7 crossiade); β. 7 croisada, (croy-), cruysado, (crossado), 7–8 croisado, croy-; γ. 7–8 crusada, cruz-, 6–8 crusado, cruz-; δ. 8– crusade.
[= mod.F. croisade (= OF. croisee), Pr. crozada, Sp. cruzada, It. crociata, med.L. cruciata (cruzata), being in the various langs. the fem. noun of action formed on pa. pple. of cruciāre, crociare, cruzar, croiser to cross, lit. a being crossed, a crossing or marking with the cross, a taking the cross: cf. the early F. croisement. The earliest and only ME. equivalents were croiserie (13th–15th c.), and croisee (15–17th c.), from the corresponding OF. words. In 16th c. French, croisée was displaced by croisade, with the new ending -ade, adapted from the -ada of Provençal and Spanish. This croisade appeared in Eng. c. 1575, and continued to be the leading form till c. 1760 (see Johnson's Dict.). About 1600, the Sp. cruzada made its appearance under the forms crusada and crusado (see -ado); a blending of this with croisade produced two hybrid forms, viz. croisado (-ada), with French stem and Spanish ending, frequent from c. 1611 to 1725, and crusade, with Spanish stem and French ending, mentioned by Johnson, 1755, only as a by-form of croisade, but used by Goldsmith and Gibbon, and now universal. From 15th to 17th c. occasional attempts to adopt the med.L. and other Romanic forms, as cruciat, -ada, -ade, cruceat, were made: see cruciade.]
1. Hist. A military expedition undertaken by the Christians of Europe in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims.
α1577Harrison England iii. iv. (1878) ii. 29 At such time as Baldwine archbishop of Canturburie preached the Croisad there. 1616Jas. I. Remonstr. Right of Kings Wks. 445 All such..as undertooke the Croisade became the Pope's meere vassals. 1753Chesterfield Lett. (1774) IV. 6 His history of the Croisades. 1769Blackstone Comm. iv. 416 The knight errantry of a croisade against the Saracens.
β1611Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. xx. (1632) 965 A Croisado against the Turkes. c1645Howell Lett. iv. xix. (1892) 592 A Croisada to the Holy Land. 1758Chesterfield Lett. cxxxi, This gave rise to the Croisadoes, and carried such swarms of people from Europe to the..Holy Land.
γ1631Weever Anc. Fun. Mon. 793 To preach the Crusado. a1678Marvell Poems, Britannia & Raleigh, Her true Crusada shall at last pull down The Turkish crescent and the Persian sun. 1765H. Walpole Otranto v. (1834) 249 Until his return from the crusado.
δ1706Phillips, Croisado or Crusade. c1750Shenstone Ruined Abbey 118 Here the cowl'd zealots..Urg'd the crusade. 1755–73Johnson, Crusade, Crusado: see Croisade. 1781Gibbon Decl. & F. III. lxi. 546 The principle of the crusades was a savage fanaticism. 1841W. Spalding Italy & It. Isl. II. 318 A single campaign of the first crusade, that of 1099. 1856Emerson Eng. Traits, Relig. Wks. (Bohn) II. 96 The power of the religious sentiment..inspired the crusades.
b. transf. Any war instigated and blessed by the Church for alleged religious ends, a ‘holy war’; applied esp. to expeditions undertaken under papal sanction against infidels or heretics.
1603Florio Montaigne ii. xxvii. (1632) 393 George Sechell..who under the title of a Croysada, wrought so many mischiefes. 1624Bp. R. Montagu Gagg 95 Urban the eight, that now Popeth it, may proclaime a Croisado if hee will. 1681Burnet Hist. Ref. II. 122 Afterwards croisades came in use; against such princes as were deposed by popes. 1875Stubbs Const. Hist. III. xviii. 106 Commander of a crusade against the Hussites.
2. fig. An aggressive movement or enterprise against some public evil, or some institution or class of persons considered as evil.
1786T. Jefferson Writ. (1859) II. 8 Preach, my dear Sir, a crusade against ignorance. 1839De Quincey Recoll. Lakes Wks. 1862 II. 184 This new crusade against the evils of the world. 1855Milman Lat. Chr. (1864) IV. vii. i. 25 Dunstan's life was a crusade..against the married clergy. Mod. The Temperance crusade.
†3. A papal bull or commission authorizing a crusade, or expedition against infidels or heretics.
1588(title), The Holy Bull and Crusado of Rome, first published by the Holy Father, Gregory the XIII. 1643Prynne Sov. Power Parl. App 64 They concluded to crave ayd from all Christian Princes, and a Crossado from the Pope against the Moores. a1677Barrow Popes Suprem. Wks. 1859 VIII. 50 To summon or commissionate soldiers by croisade, &c. to fight against infidels. 1724T. Richers Hist. R. Geneal. Spain 247 The Pope, willing to help the King to sustain this War, sent him the Croisade, by which Means he raised 300,000 Ducats. 1771Goldsm. Hist. Eng. I. 317 The pope published a crusade against the deposed monarch.
†4. Span. Hist. A levy of money, or a sum raised by the sale of indulgences, under a document called Bula de la cruzada, originally for aggression or defence against the Moors, but afterwards diverted to other purposes. Obs.
The sale of the indulgences granted under the Bula became a permanent source of revenue, held by the kings of Spain in consideration of expenses incurred by them as champions of Catholicism and in the conversion of the American Indians. A board for the collection and administration of these revenues was created in the 16th c. called Consejo de la Cruzada, the court or tribunal of the Crusade.
1579Fenton Guicciard. i. (1599) 30 The moneys gathered in Spaine..vnder colour of the Croysade. Ibid. xii. 566 The Pope had transferred to the king of Aragon for two yeares the moneys and collections called the Croissards of the realme of Spaine. 1630R. Johnson's Kingd. & Commw. 531 His Subsidies which he levieth extraordinarily (of late times for the most part turned into ordinary, as his Croisados). 1655Digges Compl. Ambass. 288 To suffer a levy of money to be made within his Dominions, termed by the name Crusado, for the maintenance of the Turkish Wars. 1716in Lond. Gaz. No. 5480/3 The President of the Cruzada is ordered to draw up a perfect Account of the intire Produce of the Cruzada, as well in Spain as in the Indies. 1760–72tr. Juan & Ulloa's Voy. (ed. 3) II. vii. xii. 132 Here [Peru] is also a court of inquisition, and of the croisade.
†5. A marking with the cross; the symbol of the cross, the badge borne by crusaders. Obs.
1613Zouch Dove 43 Like the rich Croisade on th' Imperiall Ball. 1641Prynne Antip. 299 He tooke up the Crossado and went..with King Richard..to the warres in the holy Land. 1700Tyrrell Hist. Eng. II. 772 He took upon him the Crusado, i.e. Vowed an Expedition to the Holy-Land.
†b. fig. (with allusion to ‘cross’ in the sense of trial or affliction). Obs.
1654Whitlock Zootomia 531 The Noble Order of the Cruysado Heaven bestoweth not on Milk-sops. Ibid. 533 The Cruysado, or Crosse of Christ, above all Orders taken up by the Potentates of the World.
6. attrib.
1750Carte Hist. Eng. II. 706 The crusado troops of Cardinal Beaufort. 1764Harmer Observ. xviii. i. 43 The Croisade army arrived there in the end of May.
▪ II. crusade
obs. f. crusado, Portuguese coin.
▪ III. crusade, v.|kruːˈseɪd|
Also croizade.
[f. prec. n.]
intr. To engage in a crusade, go on a crusade. Also to crusade it.
1732M. Green Grotto 215 Cease crusading against sense. 1737Ozell Rabelais III. 40 He's going to croizade it. 1765Sterne Tr. Shandy VII. xviii, When..you have crusaded it thro' all their parish-churches. 1834Gen. P. Thompson Exerc. III. 111 Burning heretics at home, except when he was busy crusading abroad. 1873Browning Red Cotton Night-Cap Country 955 ‘Duke, once your sires crusaded it, we know.’ |