| 释义 |
cross-
in comb. is used in many relations, substantive, adjective, adverbial, and prepositional (rarely verbal), sometimes difficult to separate, and in various senses. In some of these the combination is very loose, the use of the hyphen being almost optional.
This is especially so when cross is capable of being viewed as an adjective, in which construction the hyphen would not be used, e.g. cross road or cross-road, cross reference or cross-reference. As a rule, the use of the hyphen implies specialization of the combination, either usually, or in the particular instance in which it occurs.
A. General uses in combination.
I. From cross n.
1. objective:
a. with pres. pples., forming adjs., as cross-adoring, cross-kissing;
b. with vbl. ns., forming ns., as cross-bearing;
c. with agent-n., as cross-adorer, cross-keeper; cross-bearer.
a1631Drayton Wks. IV. 1311 (Jod.) The cross-adoring fowls. 1637Whiting Albino & Bell. 16 The cross-adorers he, with crossing, catches. 1728Morgan Algiers II. v. 310 Cross-kissing Christians. 1824Southey Bk. of Ch. (1841) 243 Latimer was ..Cross-Keeper in the University.
2. instrumental and locative, with pples., and adjs. forming adjs., as cross-crowned, cross-marked; cross-fixed.
1839Bailey Festus xix. (1848) 206 A winged orb, cross-crowned.
3. attrib.
a. Of or pertaining to the Cross or a cross, as cross-legend, cross-shaft, cross-side, cross-step, cross-worship; cross-cloth 1, -days, -week, etc.;
b. Of the shape, appearance, or nature of a cross; having a cross-bar or transverse part; as cross-bow, -fish, -garnet, -stitch, etc.;
c. Marked or stamped with the figure of a cross, as † cross-back; cross-bun, -dollar, -fox, etc.
c1330[see cross n. 20]. 1611Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. vii. ii. 199 [They] wore continually vpon their backes a red Crosse, whereby the name Crosse-back..was to them attributed. 1827Clare Sheph. Cal. Aug. 75 Placed on the circling Cross-steps. 1889Archæol. æliana XIII. 265 The Birtley cross-slab.
II. From cross a.
4. a. gen. Having a transverse direction; transverse; going across something; as cross-arm, cross-band, cross-brace, cross-bracing, cross-gate, cross-pole, cross-rod, cross-strap; cross-bar, -beam, -piece, -sail, etc.; b. spec. Transverse to the direction in which the main or principal thing of the kind lies, and thus often a branch of it, or otherwise subordinate to it, as cross-barrel, cross-drain, cross-furrow, cross-lane, cross-lode, cross-passage, cross-timber, cross-trench, cross-turnpike, cross-vein, cross-wall; cross-course, -path, -road, -street, -way, etc.; c. Crossing or intersecting each other, as cross-hand, cross-reef; cross-bones, -keys.
1590Sir J. Smyth Disc. Weapons *** iij, With trenches, cross-trenches, gabions, and diverse other. 1626Bacon Sylva §120 As if you should make a Cross-barrel hollow, thorow the Barrel of a Piece. 1725Manchester Rec. (U.S.) I. 165 Southerly by the Towns land cal'd the Pasonage land as the Cross wall now stands. 1757Da Costa in Phil. Trans. L. 233 These cross-loads are generally filled with fragments of..minerals. 1760Patrington Haven Act 13 Pass through the said turnpikes or cross gates. 1787Wolcott (P. Pindar) Ode Upon Ode Wks. 1794 I. 401 Great in tattoo..and cross-hand roll. 1823Cobbett Rur. Rides (1885) I. 377 We did not take the cross-turnpike till we came to Whitchurch. a1826Farey Steam Eng. (1827) 678 On the upper end of the piston rod..a horizontal cross-rod..is fixed. 1829Southey Pilgr. to Compostella 111, Perch'd on a cross-pole hoisted high. 1834Stephens in Brit. Husb. I. 474 A drain must be carried along..with outlets to the cross-drains. 1845Gloss. Gothic Archit. I. 317 A variety of cross-braces above the tie-beams. 1849Ruskin Sev. Lamps ii. §10. 38 Set as stays and cross-bands. 1853Hickie tr. Aristoph. (1872) II. 409 The cross-straps pinch the little toe of my wife's foot. 1866T. Howard Hist. Inglewood Reefs ix. 51 What is known as a cross reef, that is two reefs, the one intersecting the other. 1881Jowett Thucyd. I. 20 Strengthening the old ships with cross-timbers. 1884F. F. Miller Life Ht. Martineau 148 She set up a cross-pole fence around her estate. 1906D. V. Allen in P. Galvin N.Z. Mining Handbook 54 At the intersection of cross-reefs carrying sulphides. 1908Westm. Gaz. 1 Aug. 7/2 He attempted to run back, but the cross-wall was immediately behind him. 1909Cent. Dict. Suppl., Cross-arm. 1909Webster, Cross bracing. 1925Bell Syst. Techn. Jrnl. IV. 524 Individual wires mounted on separate insulators attached to cross-arms on poles. 1926F. W. Crofts Insp. French & Cheyne Myst. x. 134 They reached the cross-lane at Earlswood. 1940Chambers's Techn. Dict. 204/1 Counter-bracing, the provision of two diagonal tie-rods in the panels of a frame girder or other structure. Also called cross-bracing. 1951Archit. Rev. CIX. 140/2 An uncompromising system of concrete cross-walls is used, based on a method of construction developed in Denmark during the war. 1958C. Tomlinson Seeing is Believing (1960) 19 The wind eludes them Streaking its cross-lanes over the uneasy water. 1964Listener 11 June 950/1 Each pier of each ring is led back to the others by brick cross-bracing, making up as it were the spokes of a set of colossal wheels.
5. Also said of things in motion or involving motion, as cross-current (also fig. and attrib.), cross-ice, cross-traffic, cross-train; cross-post.
1598Florio Worlde of Wordes 430/3 Trauérsa,..a crosse currant of waters. 1823Scoresby Jrnl. 469 Cross-ice, loose ice, affording a dubious and difficult passage to a ship. 1849Mrs. Carlyle Lett. II. 57, I had to wait..for the cross-train to Haddington. 1891Meredith One of our Conq. II. x. 254 It was a happy cross-current recollection. 1899Morley in Westm. Gaz. 18 Jan. 5/1 There have been cross-currents, and it was impossible either inside the House of Commons or elsewhere that Sir William Harcourt could speak with the authority of a united party. 1899Westm. Gaz. 26 Jan. 2/2 Cross-current politics. 1925T. Dreiser Amer. Trag. (1926) I. xix. 140 Several precious moments were lost as the cross-traffic went by. 1948[see cross-town a.]. 1952C. Day Lewis tr. Virgil's Aeneid xi. 242 In the middle of these cross-currents, when partisan feeling had reached High pressure..the envoys returned.
¶ With vbl. ns. and nouns involving action: see 9.
III. From cross adv.
6. With vbs., forming compound verbs, meaning to do something
a. across, or cross-wise, or in a direction or way traversing another, as cross-bond, cross-carve, cross-fetter, cross-pile, cross-swim, cross-tie; cross-cut, -plough, etc.;
b. in a way that crosses recognized or ordinary lines of affinity, as cross-pollinate; cross-breed, -couple, -fertilize;
c. in a way that crosses or traverses another action, as cross-examine, -question, etc.;
d. so that two actions mutually cross each other, the one being the counterpart of the other, or done in return or reciprocation for the other, as cross-disguise, cross-invite, cross-petition.
1590Sylvester Du Bartas Yvry Wks. (Grosart) II. 249 And fiery-fierce and stout, A hundred wayes cross-carves the Field about. a1618― Mottoes 329 The world and Death one day them cross-disguised To cosen Man. 1613T. Milles Treas. Anc. & Mod. Times 75/1 Although the Seas were very..tempestuous, yet he would Crosse-swim them, without any feare. 1645J. Bond Occasus Occid. 35 Hee doth fetter, and..crosse-fetter him. a1734North Lives II. 62 His lordship chose to be so far rude as not to cross invite, rather than bear the like consequences of such another intercourse. 1761Sterne Tr. Shandy III. viii. 25 He tied and cross-tied them all fast together. 1862Smiles Engineers II. 429 These [stones] were to be carefully set by hand, with the broadest ends downwards, all crossbonded or jointed. 1878Lumberman's Gaz. 25 Dec. 446 The amount of lumber now cross-piled on the several mill docks. 1904Westm. Gaz. 7 Dec. 7/2 The husband denied various acts described as cruelty by the wife, and cross-petitioned for judicial separation. 1920Chambers's Jrnl. 13 Mar. 238/1 Budding and cross-pollenating. 1923Daily Mail 28 Feb. 5 Her husband..cross-petitions for the dissolution of his marriage.
7. With pres. pples., or adjs. of this form, forming adjs., as cross-flowing, cross-jingling, cross-pulling, cross-running.
1634Milton Comus 832 The flood That stayed her flight with his cross-flowing course. 1641― Reform. i. (1851) 31 The fantastick, and declamatory flashes; the crosse-jingling periods which cannot but disturb, and come thwart a setl'd devotion. 1835Marryat Pirate iv, This gale and cross-running sea are rather too much for boats. 1854–6Patmore Angel in Ho. i. i. x, Cross-pulling vices, tied Like Samson's foxes, by the tails.
8. With pa. pples., or adjs. so formed, forming adjs., as cross-batted (cf. cross a. 1 e), cross-fissured, cross-folded, cross-gagged, cross-laced, cross-latticed, cross-striped; cross-bred, -gartered, etc.
(Often approaching or passing into 11.)
1577B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. i. (1586) 23 b, The Harrowe, is an instrument crosse lettused, to breake the Cloddes. 1599Nashe Lenten Stuffe (1871) 49 They would..stand cross-gagged, with knives in their mouths. 1624T. Scott Vox Dei 41 To sitt with our armes crosse-folded. 1649G. Daniel Trinarch., Hen. V, clxxvi, Clad..in cross-stript Motley. 1865Kingsley Herew. iv, Scarlet stockings cross-laced with gold braid up to the knee. 1869Phillips Vesuv. vii. 198 It was originally more cross-fissured than the other. 1955Miller & Whitington Cricket Typhoon xii. 230 Caught at deep mid-on from a cross-batted swipe. 1955Times 12 July 12/1 An astonishing cross batted slash through the covers. 1968Listener 11 July 61/2 It is a passive, cross-batted reaction to the short ball from a fast bowler.
9. With vbl. ns. and nouns involving action, in the various senses found with the vb. (see 6), as cross-alliteration, cross-peal, cross-planking, cross-striation, cross-stroke, cross-tabulation, cross-ventilation; cross-appeal, cross-association, cross-belief, cross-claim, cross-suit, cross-summons; cross-blow, cross-protection, cross-raiding, cross-resistance; cross-entry, etc.
Here cross- becomes practically equivalent to an adjective, though originating, as in 6, 7, 8, in the adverb.
1684R. H. Sch. Recreat. 91 There are two kinds of Changes, viz. Plain Changes, and Cross-peals..the second is called Cross, so are its methods cross and intricate. 1749G. Lavington Enthusiasm (1754) I. 151 All the ridiculous Ceremonies of Puff, Cross-Puff, Impuff, and Expuff. 1819Edin. Rev. XXXII. 124 That cross-play of selfishness and vanity. 1869E. A. Parker Pract. Hygiene (ed. 3) 128 A thorough cross-ventilation by opposite windows. 1884Law Reports 9 App. Cases 571 Appeal and cross-appeal from a judgment of the Supreme Court. 1885H. T. Atkinson in Law Rep. 14 Q. Bench Div. 923 Cross-claims for damages could only be set up in different actions. 1890J. Corbett Sir F. Drake ix. 124 It was no mere cross-raiding on which he was bent. 1892J. C. Blomfield Hist. Heyford 4 A couple of trees were laid down, and a cross-planking fixed upon them. 1899W. James Talks x. 98 As cross-associations multiply and habits of familiarity and practice grow, the entire system of our objects of thought consolidates. 1923Daily Mail 28 Feb. 5 In this case there are cross-suits. One, by the wife.., her husband..cross-petitions for the dissolution of his marriage. 1926J. S. Huxley Ess. Pop. Sci. xviii. 282 The histological character of the cells had changed, cross-striations arising in them. 1927Daily Express 17 Aug. 7 I hope that I shall live to see the day when motorists will be able to take out cross-summonses against careless pedestrians. 1934Priebsch & Collinson German Lang. x. 375 Ingeniously adapting b, by a cross-stroke, e.g. geƀan..to designate the voiced labial spirant (v). 1938R. Graves Coll. Poems p. xv, I found the strictly matching consonantal sequences of Welsh bardic poetry too crabbed for English, but modified them to cross-alliteration. 1949R. K. Merton Social Theory 15 Paradigms, by their very arrangement, suggest the systematic cross-tabulation of presumably significant concepts. 1951Whitby & Hynes Med. Bacteriol. (ed. 5) xii. 195 Sera prepared against either organism will..afford cross-protection in mice. 1956Ibid. (ed. 6) x. 135 Tetracycline Derivatives... Acquired resistance common, with cross-resistance to all members of group. 1961Lancet 2 Sept. 521/1 Cross-resistance between different penicillins is not necessarily absolute.
IV. From cross prep.
10. With obj. ns., forming adjs., with sense
a. Crossing, across, as cross-channel (see B), cross-river; cross-town, cross-country;
b. Adverse to, as † cross-bliss; cross course a.
1589Warner Alb. Eng. v. xxvii. 135 This crosse-blisse world of ours. 1888Pall Mall G. 15 Feb. 12/1 The Greenwich Ferry Company..Cross-river communication for vehicular traffic.
V.
11. Parasynthetic derivatives, as a. cross-handled; cross-shaped, having the shape of a cross; cross-headed, -hilted; b. cross-armed, cross-fingered, having the arms, etc. crossed; cross-handed, -legged, etc.
1601Holland Pliny II. 304 With hand in hand, cross-fingered one between another. 1621Lady M. Wroth Urania 485 Then I..walked cross armed, sighed, cast vp mine eyes. 1670Moral State Eng. 83 Cross-arm'd Lovers. 17..Tollet On Shaks. (Jod.), The cross-shaped flower on the head of this figure. 1881Daily News 8 Nov. 5/7 In the cross-armed and somewhat downcast attitude which he has assumed throughout the trial. 1896Daily News 15 June 7/1 The familiar cross-handled baskets of the fruit. 1912T. Okey Art of Basket-making vii. 74 The basket is to be covered as well as cross-handled.
B. Special combinations (with quots. in alphabetical order): cross-accent Mus. = syncopation 3; cross-action (Law), an action brought by the defendant against the plaintiff or a co-defendant in the same action: cf. cross-bill; cross-and-jostle, applied to a race in which the riders cross each other's paths and jostle each other, getting to the winning-post as they like, by fair riding or foul; also fig.; † cross-arrow, an arrow shot from a cross-bow; cross-axle (see quot.); cross-banded (Carpentry), see quot.; cross-bedding (Geol.), apparent lines of stratification crossing the real ones, false bedding; † cross-bell, the bell rung at the Elevation of the Host; cross-belt, orig. a belt worn over both shoulders, and crossing in front of the breast; also, in later use, a single belt passing obliquely across the breast; hence cross-belted a.; cross-birth, a birth in which the child is presented in a position transverse to the uterus; cross-bit = cross-piece; † cross-blow, a counter-blow; also a blow indirectly dealt; cross-border a., that forms a border across a fabric, etc.; so cross-bordered adj.; cross-break, a break across a lode of ore or strata of rocks; cross-catalogue v., to catalogue under a heading or division that crosses another; to cross-index; cross cause, (a) a hindrance (Obs. rare); (b) Law, a cause in which each of the litigants has a suit against the other; cross-channel a., passing or situated across the (English or other) channel; cross-check v. trans., (a) Ice Hockey, to obstruct by holding one's stick across an opponent (Webster, 1934); (b) to check (an observation, theory, etc.) by an alternative method of verification; so as n.; cross-chock (see quot.); cross-colouring Geol., colour-markings in strata caused by the introduction of extraneous matter by the action of water; cross-correlation, a correlation between two distinct series of measurements, events, etc., ordered in time or space; cross-correspondence Spiritualism (see quot. 1909); cross-court a., of a stroke in tennis, rackets, etc.: hit diagonally across the court; so as v. trans., to hit diagonally across the court; cross-cousin, one of two cousins who are the children of a brother and a sister respectively; also attrib. in cross-cousin marriage; cross-cropping (see quot.); cross-cultural a., pertaining to or involving different cultures or comparison between them; † cross-dagger, an obsolete coin; cross-dating, the establishment of the date of one archæological site or level by correlation with another; also in dendrochronology (see quot. 1946); so cross-date v. trans. and intr.; cross-dog (see dog); cross-dressing = transvestism; hence (as back-formation) cross-dress v. intr., to dress in clothes of the opposite sex, as a transvestite; cross-dresser; cross-fade v. trans. and intr. (Broadcasting and Cinemat.), to ‘fade in’ one sound or picture while ‘fading out’ another; so as n.; so cross-fading vbl. n.; cross-fam v. slang (see quot.); cross-fault Geol., a fault which crosses the strike of the displaced strata; cross-ferry = ferry n.1 2, 3; cross-file (see quot.); cross-fishing , fishing with a line with many hooks attached extending across a stream; cf. cross-line 2; cross-flute, a transverse flute (see flute n.1 1); cross-frog, the arrangement where one line of rails crosses another, each of the rails being notched to admit the flanges of wheels on the crossing rail; † cross-grinded a., cross-vaulted, having two arches or vaults intersecting each other; cross-guard, a sword-guard consisting of a short transverse bar; † cross-hack v., to hack or cut with crossing lines; hence † cross-hacking; cross-hair = spider-line; cross-hap, adverse fortune or occurrence; cross-house, a house at or by a cross; a house standing crosswise to others; also fig.; cross-index v., to index under another heading as a cross-reference; cross-influence, interchange of influences or tendencies; cross-kick v. intr., in football, to kick the ball across the field; also as n.; cross-legs, (a) crossed legs; also quasi-adv.; (b) (Obs. slang) a tailor (cf. quot. 1602 s.v. cross a. 1 b); † cross-letter, a letter crossing the main routes, and carried by the cross-post; cross-license v. trans., ‘to give a license to another to use (a patent or invention) in return for a similar license’ (Webster, 1961); also intr. and as n.; hence cross-licensing vbl. n.; cross-lift v. (see quot.); † cross-like a., like or resembling a cross; cross-linguistic a., pertaining to or involving different languages or comparison between them; cross-link n., -linkage Chem., a chemical bond, or an atom or short chain of atoms, which connects two (long) chains in a polymer or other complex molecule; so cross-link v. trans., to connect by cross-links, to bring about cross-linking in; intr., to form a cross-link (with); cross-linked ppl. a.; cross-linking, vbl. n., the formation of cross-links; also, a network or system of cross-links; cross-lock a., applied to an invention by which a carriage, etc. is enabled to ‘lock’ or turn on the main-pin in a particular way; cross-lode (see 4); cross-loop, a loop-hole in a fort in the form of a cross so as to give free range horizontally and vertically to an archer, etc.; cross-match v. trans. (Med.), to test the compatibility of (the blood of a blood-donor and a recipient); also said of the individuals; so as n.; hence cross-matching vbl. n.; cross-member, a strut fastened across the width of the chassis of a motor-car, etc.; cross-mint, the species Mentha crispa; cross-modulation, electrical intermodulation; esp. the introduction into one signal of new frequencies from another, unwanted, modulated signal; cross-mouth a., having a transverse mouth; cross-mouth chisel, a cylindrical boring chisel with a diametrical blade; also cross-mouthed chisel; † cross-naming, metonymy; cross-oylet = cross-loop; cross-pass, a pass across the field in football; cross-peen (also -pane, -pein), a hammer in which the peen runs crosswise to the direction of the handle; † cross-penny, a (silver) penny bearing a cross (cf. cross n. 19); a kreutzer; cross-ply a., designating a tyre in which the layers of fabric are laid with the cords at right angles across one another; also ellipt. as n.; † cross-providence, an adverse dispensation or dealing of providence; cross-quarters (Arch.), an ornament of tracery in the form of a cruciform flower; cross-rail, a horizontal rail of a door or other framework; cross-reel v. trans., to wind (yarn) on a reel with a reciprocating movement; so cross-reeling vbl. n.; cross-rhythm Mus., the simultaneous use of more than one rhythm; cross-rib, (a) Arch. (see quots.); (b) in a side of beef, a sternal rib running crosswise to the body; cross-saddle, a saddle on which the rider sits astride; also as adv., on a cross-saddle, astride; cross-sea (see cross a. 1); cross-seizing Naut., a seizing in which a number of turns of rope cross an equal number in the opposite direction; cross-shed (see quot. a 1877); cross-shoot, -shooting, a shooting or shot at anything moving across the field of sight; cross-shot, (a) = prec.; (b) Lawn Tennis, a shot that sends the ball diagonally across the court; cross-sleeper, a sleeper laid transversely across a tramway or railway track as a support for the rails; also as adj.; cross-spider, the common British garden spider Epeira diadema, so called from the cross-like mark on its anterior surface; cross-talk (Teleph.), (a) see quot. 1887; in wider use, any unwanted transfer of signals from one circuit, channel, etc., to another; also, in Radio, a reproduced signal due to waves that are not of the frequency to which the receiver is tuned; (b) altercation, repartee, back-chat; conversation; also attrib.; so cross-talker; cross-tig, a variety of the game ‘tig’ in which another player running across between pursuer and pursued is pursued in his turn; cross-tining (dial.), cross-harrowing: see cross v. 7 b; cross-tube (see quot. 1888); cross-valve, a valve placed where a pipe has two cross-branches; cross-vigil (see quot.); cross-vine, a climber of the southern U.S., in which a section of the stem shows a cross-like appearance; cross-volley Lawn Tennis, a volley that sends the ball diagonally across the court; cross-voting, voting not according to party lines, in which some of the votes of each party are given on the other side; cross-ward, a cross-shaped ward of a lock; cross-weaving, weaving in which the warp-threads are crossed in regular order; cross-webbing, webbing drawn over the saddle-tree to strengthen the seat of a saddle; cross-winding, (a) a twisting of the surface of masonry, or the like; (b) the winding of yarn on a reel in such a way that the strands of one layer cross those of the previous layer at an acute angle; cross-wire, a wire that crosses; spec. = cross-hair; cross-wood, a West Indian shrub Jacquinia ruscifolia; † cross-work, transverse work; adverse action; † work with crosses; † cross-wounded ppl. a., pierced through with a wound; cross-yard, a pole or spar fastened cross-wise.
1934C. Lambert Music Ho! iii. 219 It is often suggested that jazz rhythm..ends by becoming monotonous through its being merely a series of irregular groupings and *cross-accents over a steady and unyielding pulse. 1959D. Cooke Lang. Music v. 265 Driving duple rhythm (with triplets in chaotic cross-accent). 1962Listener 31 May 969/3 Cross-accents and polyrhythms frequently suggest a concerto-like opposition of the various instrumental sounds individually or in groups.
1868J. H. Blunt Ref. Ch. Eng. I. 393 He had begun a *cross action..against the clergyman.
1841Gen. Thompson Exerc. (1842) VI. 52 And because there would be no use in two thousand men agreeing to die upon half the food that can keep soul and body together, they either toss up for it or play a *cross-and-jostle match.
1611Beaum. & Fl. King & No K. ii. i, I was run twice through the body, and shot i' th' head with a *cross arrow.
1874Knight Dict. Mech., *Cross-axle, 1. a shaft, windlass, or roller worked by opposite levers; as the copper-plate printing-press, etc.; 2. (Railroad Engineering) a driving-axle with cranks set at an angle of 90° with each other.
1875Gwilt Archit. Gloss. s.v., Handrailing..is said to be *cross-banded when a veneer is laid upon its upper side, with the grain of the wood crossing that of the rail, and the extension of the veneer in the direction of its fibres is less than the breadth of the rail.
c1450Lydg. Mer. Missæ 69 Whan he ryngythe the *crosbelle.
1797Nelson in Nicolas Disp. II. 416 It is recommended..that all [the seamen] should have canvas *cross-belts. 1858W. Ellis Visits Madagascar xiii. 372 The men wore the white cloth..round their loins, with cross-belts, and cartouche boxes over their naked shoulders.
1590Nashe Pasquil's Apol. i. D iij, Theyr *crosse-blowe of Fellowe labourers will not saue theyr ribbes, if they be no better Fencers. 1607Hieron Wks. I. 449 A counter-buffe, or crosse-blow, to the plots..of carnall and worldly⁓wise men.
1894T. W. Fox Mech. Weaving 156 If a *cross-border machine is employed, a considerable saving in cards results in the manufacture of handkerchiefs..with a border all round. Ibid., Certain classes of fabrics, such as cross-bordered, swivel, and compound.
1909Westm. Gaz. 30 Mar. 11/4 Low values caused by *cross-breaks.
1890G. Saintsbury Ess. 17 [He] catalogues books as folio, quarto, octavo, and so forth, and then *cross-catalogues them as law, physic, divinity and the rest. 1891Athenæum 18 July 94/2 Librarians should therefore cross-catalogue..the work under these headings.
1696J. Sergeant Meth. Sci. iii. viii. 323 Multitudes of *Cross-causes may intervene, hindering that Effect from following. 1768Blackstone Comm. III. xxvii. 451 When there are cross causes, on a cross bill filed by the defendant against the plaintiff in the original cause, they are generally contrived to be brought on together, that the same hearing and the same decree may serve for both of them.
1891Scot. Leader 12 Dec. 4 Heavy weather was experienced by the *cross-channel steamers. 1892Daily News 8 Oct. 7/4 Belfast..White linens for home and cross-Channel markets.
1940Economist 24 Feb. 341/1 Certain *cross checks operated by the authorities suggest that the extent of evasion of the Regulations..has been commendably small. 1951N.Y. Times 24 June E9/7 Experiments designed to cross-check important results. 1953Ibid. 18 Jan. S3/6 An Associated Press cross-check..showed them..in support of the..action. 1960E. H. Gombrich Art & Illusion viii. 274 We now know that touch is only one of a whole battery of cross checks at our disposal. 1962A. Nisbett Technique Sound Studio xiii. 225 This front-line audience can be of immense value to him in cross-checking his calculation or intuition. 1968Globe & Mail (Toronto) 5 Feb. 20/3 Penalties..Watson (P) (cross⁓checking).
1823Crabbe Technological Dict., *Cross-chocks (Mar.)..pieces of timber fayed across the dead-wood in midships, to make good the deficiency of the lower heels of the futtock.
1901Science 31 May 869/2, I scarcely dare assert that it might not be secondary *cross-coloring.
1920H. E. Howard Territory in Bird Life iv. 133 Here we have a direct relationship..which at first sight appears to be exclusive of *cross-correlation. 1965Math. in Biol. & Med. (Med. Res. Council) i. 37 The computer is being used to apply the mathematical techniques of autocorrelation and cross-correlation to the interpretation of the EEG in the treatment of temporal lobe epilepsy. 1970Nature 26 Dec. 1299/1 A simple check for the effects of such coupling is to look for differences in the cross correlation between records from different aerials.
1904J. G. Piddington in Proc. Soc. Psychical Res. XVIII. 294 (heading) *Cross-correspondences between the trance-utterances and script of Mrs. Thompson and those of other mediums. 1909O. Lodge Survival of Man xii. 182 Cross-correspondence—that is, the reception of part of a message through one medium and part through another—is good evidence of one intelligence dominating both automatists. 1938H. F. Saltmarsh (title) Evidence of personal survival from cross correspondences.
1915M. E. McLoughlin Tennis as I play It (1916) xi. 235 The net-man is in line with the angle of almost all *cross-court shots. 1923Daily Mail 30 June 11 He cross-courted both returns with his backhand. 1960Times 10 June 18/6 He..hit his cross-court drive..to within inches of the line.
1889E. Tylor in Jrnl. Anthrop. Inst. XVIII. 263 The child of the brother may marry the child of the sister. It seems obvious that this ‘*cross-cousin marriage’, as it may be called, must be the direct result of the simplest form of exogamy. 1932Brit. Jrnl. Psychol. Jan. 265 All ortho-cousins are forbidden, while cross-cousins are considered suitable mates. 1970E. Leach Lévi-Strauss 121 A cross-cousin is a cousin of the type ‘mother's brother's child’ or ‘father's sister's child’.
1847Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc. VIII. i. 34 The miserable system of *cross-cropping, or taking two or more white straw crops in succession.
a1942B. Malinowski Sci. Theory Culture (1944) iii. 18 There is the comparative method, in which the student is primarily interested in gathering extensive *cross-cultural documentations. 1949M. Mead Male & Female ii. 26 All people who have had the good fortune to learn several languages in childhood have a precious degree of..cross-cultural understanding.
1701S. Jeake Body Arith. 142 *Cross Daggers of Scotland, New Value 11s. 8d.
1937W. S. Glock Princ. & Methods Tree-Ring Analysis i. 16 Two ring sequences that *cross-date were synchronous in formation and effectively duplicate each other in whole or in part... Cross-dating as generally practiced is the establishment of the time identity in ring groups in two different trees by means of very high and convincing structural correlation between them. 1939G. Clark Archaeol. & Society v. 142 As a basis he studied living trees, cross-dating many trees of the same age to make sure of eliminating individual or purely topographical variations. 1946F. E. Zeuner Dating the Past i. 11 Cross-dating. Having constructed a number of plots of individual trees one proceeds to ‘cross-date’ them. This is the term used by dendrochronologists for correlating the ring-series of one tree with that of another. 1950G. E. Daniel 100 Yrs. Archaeol. iv. 148 The synchronological technique of cross-dating.
1862Smiles Engineers I. 283 The workmen erected another pier, using much timber in *cross-dogs, bars, and braces.
1966H. Benjamin Transsexual Phenomenon ii. 12 Men in whom the desire to *cross-dress is often combined with other deviations. 1979P. Ackroyd Dressing Up i. 27/2 When cross-dressed, the transvestite..‘achieves a completely emotional identification which is sexually abnormal but aesthetically correct’. 1984Listener 12 July 7/3 She had never accepted his desire to cross-dress, regarding him as ‘perverted’ and ‘disgusting’.
1976National Observer (U.S.) 16 Oct. 10/3 Not all of these ‘*cross-dressers’, however, are satisfied just to wear feminine finery and assume female mannerisms.
1911E. Carpenter in Amer. Jrnl. Relig. Psychol. & Educ. July 228 *Cross-dressing must be taken as a general indication of, and a cognate phenomenon to, homosexuality. 1928H. Ellis Studies Psychol. Sex VII. 12 But Hirschfeld's conception of the anomaly scarcely appeared to me altogether satisfactory. Transvestism or cross-dressing fails to cover the whole of the ground. 1950London & Caprio Sexual Deviations i. 20 Moll classified various varieties of transvestism as follows:..(2) homosexual cases, in which cross-dressings constituted part of the contrary state; (3) heterosexual cases, where the sexual impulse is normal and in which cross-dressing constitutes part of a contrary sexual state [etc.]. 1971Daily Tel. (Colour Suppl.) 10 Dec. 21/4 Many transexuals are also transvestites, with cross-dressing an essential part of their all-out desire to assume the opposite role. 1985Times 21 Jan. 8/6 Androgynous clothing is a challenge to fixed concepts of femininity/masculinity, and once that demarcation line was established in Christian society, cross-dressing became subversive.
1937Printers' Ink Monthly Apr. 50/2 *Cross-fade, where one section of sound (musical or otherwise) is faded in while another is faded out. 1940Publishers' Weekly 5 Oct. 1405 Cross fade on cue. 1953K. Reisz Technique Film Editing ii. 187 The dubbing editor should be able to cross⁓fade from the dialogue to the music track at any time. 1957Manvell & Huntley Film Music iii. 78 The turning of the page at a crossfade or cut can be helped by music's power.
1931T. H. Pear Voice & Personality vi. 61 The process called by radio-play producers ‘*cross-fading’.
1812J. H. Vaux Flash Dict., To *cross-fam a person, is to pick his pocket by crossing your arms in a particular position.
1900Geogr. Jrnl. XVI. 461 Both longitudinal and *cross-faults..in the Eastern Alps. 1964L. U. de Sitter Struct. Geol. (ed. 2) xiv. 193 The simplest kind of fault is the normal cross-fault, perpendicular to the axis.
1900Westm. Gaz. 2 May 10/1 Nine *cross-ferries, two of which carry vehicular traffic. 1903Daily Chron. 20 Feb. 6/7 Vehicular cross-ferry traffic was suspended.
1874Knight Dict. Mech., *Cross-file, a file used in dressing out the arms or crosses of fine wheels. It has two convex faces of different curvatures.
1867B. Osborne in Morn. Star 9 Apr., There is a thing called *cross-fishing, where one line is used with different coloured baits, and where both sides of the stream are swept.
1876Stainer & Barrett Dict. Mus. Terms 172/2 *Cross-flutes were known to the Greeks by the name plagiaulos (πλαγίαυλος), and to the Romans as tibia obliqua. 1902Westm. Gaz. 2 July 2/3 How this the flute, and that the cross-flute wrought.
1715Leoni Palladio's Archit. (1742) I. 62 The Portico with a *cross-grinded Arch.
1874Boutell Arms & Arm. ix. 173 The simplest variety of hilt..has..the pommel..the barrel..and the *cross-guard.
1608Plat Garden of Eden (1653) 158 *Crossehack your cherry trees..in the new moon next after Christmas.
Ibid. 159 All the *cross-hackings here mentioned.
a1884Knight Dict. Mech. Suppl. 322/1 A telescope fitted with a *cross hair. 1917J. H. McConkey End of Age 50 The cross-hairs of God's telescope of prophecy are centered upon it.
1881A. J. Duffield Don Quix. I. 142 You need not fear any *cross-hap.
a1625Boys Wks. (1629) 165 Many are so blinded with the sunshine of prosperity that they see..no such schoole as the *Crosse-house. 1875W. McIlwraith Guide Wigtownshire 58 At either end of the wide part of this street there is a cross-house.
1892Law Times XCII. 196/1 ‘Mayor's Court’ should be *cross-indexed as ‘Lord Mayor's Court’.
1931G. Stern Meaning & Change of Meaning i. 13 The ‘big’ words are especially liable to sense-loans and *cross-influences. 1942A. Koestler in Horizon V. 390 The revolution in physics has certainly affected the artist..and similar cross-influences are easy to discover.
1927Daily Tel. 10 Feb. 16/7 You must swerve..or feint (or even *cross-kick) at an unexpected moment. 1954J. B. G. Thomas On Tour vi. 66 Dobbin..cross-kicked into the middle. 1960T. McLean Kings of Rugby xi. 179 A crosskick by Brown.
1823in Spirit of Public Jrnls. 1823 (1825) 59 Although the world has with one assent, agreed to consider the race of *cross-legs as the most peacable and innocent set of people. 1889Wilde House of Pomegranates (1891) 39 Sitting down cross-legs, in a circle. 1912W. de la Mare Listeners 9 Then from his crosslegs he gets down. 1921D. H. Lawrence Let. in E. & A. Brewster Reminisc. & Corresp. (1934) 24 If only you crossed the spoon and fork in front to look like two cross-legs.
1787Hist. Eur. in Ann. Reg. 134 The *cross letter postage, which had been for many years let out to Mr. Allen.
1964M. Gowing Brit. & Atomic Energy 1939–1945 vii. 208 He did not believe that any agreement between Governments for free *cross-licensing was necessary. 1965Economist 18 Dec. 1330/3 Part of the cross-licensing agreement.
1859F. A. Griffiths Artil. Man. (ed. 9) 110 To *cross lift a gun, or carriage is to move it in a direction nearly at right angles to its axis.
1649tr. Behmen's Epist. (1886) v. §29 It maketh a *cross-like birth. 1685H. More Paralip. Prophet. 290 Otherwise the Perimeter of the House had been Cruciform or Cross-like.
1954J. H. Greenberg in H. Hoijer Lang. in Culture i. 6 A matter which might be tested by *cross-linguistic comparisons. 1964R. H. Robins Gen. Linguistics 208 Cross-linguistic appeals to equivalents or earlier forms in other languages are wholly irrelevant.
1936Blaikie & Crozier in Ind. Engin. Chem. XXVIII. 1159/2 The number of *cross links in different soluble polymers will vary and be less than in the insoluble variety. 1937Norrish & Brookman in Proc. R. Soc. A. CLXIII. 207 The production of these cross-linkages as determined by the formation of insoluble polymers appears to depend upon the electron attracting or repelling properties. Ibid. 207 Isoprene was used in an attempt to obtain a cross-linked polymer with styrene, since isoprene must possess this cross-linking property. Ibid. 219 Styrene will not form an insoluble co⁓polymer with the ether, although a small amount of cross-linking must occur. 1941P. J. Flory in Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LXIII. 3100/2 Gelation occurs when the cross-linking index y (equal to the number of structural units which are cross-linked per chain) is equal to unity. 1963J. Osborne Dental Mech. (ed. 5) xi. 240 A cross-linking agent may be added to the monomer. On polymerization such a substance cross-links in at least two directions with methyl methacrylate. 1970Nature 6 June 939/2 This results in cross-linking which binds together the polymer chains within the enlarged crystallites. Ibid., Cross-linking polymers by γ-irradiation is known to decrease crystallinity.
1843Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc. IV. ii. 492 Spring-waggon on the equirotal *cross-lock principle.
1930Ann. Surg. XCI. 487 In five cases, in which the donor and the recipient were of the same group, there was agglutination when the bloods were *cross-matched. 1937Kracke & Garver Dis. Blood xxxix. 433 It is..advisable to cross match the prospective donor and recipient to eliminate any possibility of an untoward reaction... In performing a cross match either the slide or the test tube method..may be used. Ibid., The latter [is ascertained] by cross matching (donor vs. recipient). 1961Lancet 19 Aug. 381/1 Early assessment allows more time for accurate cross-matching, and makes emergency transfusion safer.
1922Autocar 10 Nov. 982 Another feature is the mounting of the steering box on the front *cross-member of the chassis. 1962Which? (Car Suppl.) Oct. 138/1 We had to replace the front suspension cross-member.
1597Gerarde Herbal ii. ccxv. §2. 552 Mentha cruciata, *Crosse Mint, or curled Mint.
1933J. M. Stinchfield in K. Henney Radio Engin. Handbk. viii. 204 *Cross-modulation and modulation distortion in the r–f stages of a receiver. 1942Electronic Engin. XV. 285 This method..prevents cross-modulation of the two input voltages due to a common cathode impedance. 1958W. F. Lovering Radio Communication xiii. 319 The cross-modulation component is..most likely to occur when the interfering signal is that from a strong local station.
a1877Knight Dict. Mech. I. 650/1 *Cross-mouth chisel, a boring-chisel of a cylindrical form with a diametrical blade. 1896Daily News 26 Sept. 3/5 Cross-mouthed chisels of hardest tool steel.
1589Puttenham Eng. Poesie iii. (Arb.) 189 Single words haue their sence and vnderstanding altered and figured many wayes, to wit, by transport, abuse, *crosse-naming..change of name.
1857Turner Dom. Archit. III. ii. vii. 341 In each side of the central buttress is a slit, and above it a *cross-oylet.
1929Daily Express 7 Nov. 19/2 A *cross-pass from right-winger T. Maskell was retrieved just beyond the far post by his opposite number. 1961Times 25 May 4/2 Hitchens headed into the top corner on the bounce a long cross-pass from Armfield.
a1877Knight Dict. Mech. II. 1647/2 (caption) *Cross peen for coopers. 1957R. Lister Decor. Wrought Ironwork ii. 11 If the pane is placed in a position running relatively across this hole instead of running parallel to it, it is called a cross⁓pane. 1958Listener 24 July 143/1 Do not buy a crosspein hammer that is too small.
1847Secr. Soc. Mid. Ages 343 He then threw a *cross-penny..to the court, and went his way.
1965Gough & Udall Radial Ply Tyres 1 (caption) A conventional *cross-ply tyre in section. 1968Listener 18 July 95/2 Try not to mix radials with cross-plies. 1970M. Edwards Car Handyman viii. 104 A cross-ply tyre is one in which the plies of the tyre, or the beads, cross over... Usually, if the marking is in inches, say 5·20×10, then the tyre is a cross-ply.
1720Welton Suffer. Son of God II. xiv. 377 Looking upon Afflictions and *Cross-Providence with Esteem.
1836Dickens Sk. Boz II. 95 A tent bedstead without hangings or *cross-rails. 1880Spon's Encycl. Industr. Arts II. 739 In the interior of the framework, is fitted a conical grid, having its apex downwards, and resting on a cross-rail at a short distance from the bottom. 1902How to make Useful Things 13/2 The bottom cross-rail is..3½ in. less in length than the width of the end of the fowl-house.
1890J. Nasmith Mod. Cotton Spinning Mach. xiii. 267 The hanks being reeled, they are, if *cross reeled, dyed or bleached, and, if in leas, bundled.
1926Whiteman & McBride Jazz xi. 231 Six hundred fox-trotters..automatically were dancing in *cross rhythm. 1927Melody Maker Sept. 845/3 Brahms..employed syncopation and cross-rhythms about a century before modern ‘syncopated orchestras’ were dreamed of. 1946A. Hutchings in A. L. Bacharach Brit. Music of our Time xvi. 205 They lacked the vigour which comes from cross-rhythm, or counterpoint.
1858Dict. Archit. (Archit. Publ. Soc.), *Cross rib (Fr. arc doubleau), a rib from one pier or pillar across to its respond, square with the vault to which the rib belongs... Willis calls it the transverse rib, and it is often called the arch rib. 1902R. Sturgis Dict. Archit. III. 289 The wall ribs (formerets) and cross ribs (arcs doubleaux) were..pointed.
1897W. E. Norris Clarissa Furiosa xxxiii. 293 His daughter..would..ride to hounds in a *cross-saddle. 1897Westm. Gaz. 22 Dec. 4/2 The cross-saddle position assumed by women on ‘bikes’. 1905Daily Chron. 1 Aug. 3/3 One of our Royal Princesses is to be taught to ride cross-saddle. 1930S. G. Goldschmidt Fellowship of Horse ix. 131 Cross-saddle riding for women is not making the progress it should. Ibid. 136 The prejudice against the cross-saddle.
1883Man. Seamanship for Boys 109 A *Cross Seizing is used when the rigging is turned in with the end up.
a1877Knight Dict. Mech. I. 650/1 *Cross-shed, the upper shed of a gauze-loom. 1894T. W. Fox Mech. Weaving 225 O shows the lifting for an open shed, and c that for a cross shed.
1766T. Page Art of Shooting 35 If you take aim a foot before a *cross shoot at forty yards. Ibid. 34 A hint concerning cross-shooting.
1789Ess. Shooting (1791) 215 To avoid missing a *cross shot, whether it be flying or running. 1889H. W. W. Wilberforce Lawn Tennis xii. 43 It may be a difficult cross-shot. 1902Westm. Gaz. 1 July 4/3 His cross-shots to the left-hand corner swift and sure.
1841Penny Cycl. XIX. 255/1 The use of *cross-sleepers..needs little remark. 1888Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 506/2 The rail was spiked through to a longitudinal timber laid on cross sleepers. 1892Pall Mall G. 14 May 4/3 We have what we call upon certain sections the cross-sleeper road.
1883J. G. Wood in Gd. Words Dec. 761/1 A Diadem or *Cross Spider comes running over her web.
1887Soc. Telegr. Engin. Jrnl. XVI. 433 The annoyance caused by induction, known commonly by the name of ‘*cross-talk’. 1891Times 12 Jan., To suppress the sputtering noises, or ‘cross-talk’, induced in the line by currents passing through some neighbouring telegraph or telephone line. 1909‘I. Hay’ Man's Man viii. 132 A carefully rehearsed ‘cross-talk’ dialogue between two knock-about artistes of the Variety firmament. 1910Hawkins's Electr. Dict., Cross talk, conversation over one telephone circuit overheard in the telephone of another circuit, when their wires run side by side. This fault is due almost entirely to electrostatic induction. 1917‘I. Hay’ Carrying On i. 18 Each bus is in charge of the identical pair of cross-talk comedians who controlled its destinies in more peaceful days. 1923Wodehouse Adventures of Sally xv. 184 As brisk and snappy as any cross-talk between vaudeville comedians. 1930Times Lit. Suppl. 27 Mar. 276/3 Some of the crosstalk of the American shop-girls is entertaining. 1932F. E. Terman Radio Engin. xiii. 470 The first kind of cross-talk is produced by heterodyne detection of two signals having a frequency difference lying within the tuning range of the receiver. Ibid. 471 Cross-talk [of the second kind] is caused by the unwanted signal modulating the carrier wave of the desired signal. 1955Times 27 July 8/2 There was a good deal of cross-talk on the origin of recent rumours about sterling. 1957R. W. G. Hunt Reproduction of Colour xii. 163 Hence cross-talk (that is, interference between the luminance and chrominance signals) in band-sharing systems..is minimized. 1961A. Wilson Old Men at Zoo vi. 306, I thought that I should scream if I had to live with this cross talk act for long. 1970Which? Apr. 114 The crosstalk rating shows how well the stereo channels were separated, so that signals on one channel did not affect the other.
1907Daily Chron. 1 May 6/4 Those pioneer *cross-talkers, the Christy Minstrels.
1876Grant Burgh Sch. Scotl. ii. v. 180 ‘*Cross-tig’, and ‘Scotch and English Jackson’..are played at Arbroath high school.
a1884Knight Dict. Mech. Suppl. 232/1 *Cross tube boiler. In the usual vertical form, this boiler has one or more horizontal cross tubes..placed across the fire-box. 1888Lockwood's Dict. Mech. Engin., Cross tubes, the heating tubes in a steam boiler—usually applied to boilers of the vertical type.
1932Times Lit. Suppl. 28 Jan. 55/3 The *Cross-vigil (cros⁓figell), that is, praying for lengthened periods with the arms outstretched in the form of a cross.
1905Daily Chron. 20 Mar. 3/3 The American *cross-volleys which may bring the English players a little nearer the net in doubles.
1884Manch. Exam. 9 Apr. 5/2 The *cross voting was so exceptionally slight that only one Liberal voted with the Conservatives.
1703Moxon Mech. Exerc. 29 You may easily file your *Cross, or Hook-wards, wider or deeper.
1843Penny Cycl. XXVII. 179/1 *Cross weaving.—This term may be conveniently applied to those varieties of woven fabric in which the warp-threads..cross over or twist around one another, thus forming a plexus or interlacing independent of that produced by the weft. a1877Knight Dict. Mech. I. 650/2 Cross-weaving loom, a loom for weaving with a crossed warp.
1816J. Smith Panorama Sc. & Art I. 27 Those twistings of the surface which are technically termed *cross-windings. 1823P. Nicholson Pract. Build. 341 A thin board, planed true, to point out cross-windings and other inequalities of surface. 1892J. Nasmith Students' Cotton Spinning 360 Cross winding is resorted to when the hank is to be dyed.
1866*Cross wire [see spider-line].
1882J. Smith Economic Plants 143 It derives its name of *Crosswood from..its branches being produced in whorls of four, thus forming a cross.
1434E.E. Wills (1882) 101 A good bordcloth with *crosse werk. 1627F. E. Hist. Edw. II (1680) 12 There might be some cross-work might blast his project.
1582T. Watson Centurie of Loue lxi, My Hart *croswounded with desire.
1634Sir T. Herbert Trav. 193 They erect a Tree, with a *crosse-yard fastned to it. |