| 释义 |
spiritualist|ˈspɪrɪtjuːəlɪst|
[f. as prec. + -ist. Cf. F. spiritualiste, Sp. and Pg. espiritualista.]
1. a. One who regards things from a spiritual point of view or interprets them in a spiritual sense; one whose ideas or doctrines have a purely spiritual basis or tendency.
In early use sometimes with depreciatory force.
1649H. Lawrence Some Consid. Vind. Scriptures 37 Certaine demands, which these pretended spiritualists will be sure to make to me. 1673H. Hallywell Acc. Familism 19 Those high-flown Spiritualists the Quakers are of the same mind. 1716M. Davies Athen. Brit. II. 42 This is the great Rule the reform'd Order of Protestant Spiritualists, call'd Quakers and others, seem to walk by. 1800C. Butler Life A. Butler xii, Approved of by St. Francis of Sales and other spiritualists. 1845G. Oliver Coll. Biogr. Soc. Jes. 50 As a Spiritualist also, he must have been pre-eminent, judging from many of his letters now before me. 1865Mill Exam. Hamilton 492 Proofs that the most sincere Spiritualists may consistently hold the doctrine of so-called necessity.
b. spec. (See quots. and cf. spiritual n. 2 b.)
1716M. Davies Athen. Brit. II. 225 Those Montanists were call'd also Cataphrygians, Spiritualists, Apostolicks, [etc.]. 1862G. H. Townsend Man. Dates s.v., Spiritualists, called also the Zealous,..formed a portion of the great order of Franciscans, who, about 1245, under the name of Spiritualists, advocated the strict observance of the rule and vow of poverty, which had been one of their fundamental laws. 1882–3Schaff Encycl. Relig. Knowl. 832 The Spiritualists, as the severer party [of Franciscans] was called, were cruelly persecuted.
†2. One who supports the spiritual or ecclesiastical authority as against the secular or temporal.
1651Hobbes Leviath. iii. xxxix. 248* That Governor must be one; or else there must needs follow Faction, and Civil war in the Common-wealth, between the Church and State; between Spiritualists, and Temporalists.
3. A believer in, or adherent of, spiritualism as a philosophical doctrine.
1796F. A. Nitsch Kant's Princ. concerning Man 153 The Spiritualists having discovered immaterial objects convert the mind into a spirit, and so on. 1836I. Taylor Phys. The. Anoth. Life i. 15 The spiritualist will retain the advantage he has gained over his opponent [the materialist]. 1876P. G. Tait Rec. Adv. Phys. Sci. i. (ed. 2) 25 Whether it show itself in the comparatively harmless folly of the spiritualist or in the pernicious nonsense of the materialist.
4. A believer in modern spiritualism or spiritism; a spiritist.
1852E. B. Browning Let. 13–14 May in Lett. Brownings to George Barrett (1958) 181 Lady Elgin is a great spiritualist with a leaning to Irvingism & a belief in every sort of incredible thing. 1859Bartlett Dict. Amer. (ed. 2) 435 Spiritualist, a believer in the doctrine of spiritualism. 1860O. W. Holmes Prof. Breakf.-t. i. 13 The Spiritualists have some pretty strong instincts to pry over. 1881Froude Short Stud. IV. ii. 227 A spiritualist assured me that I could work a miracle myself if I had but faith.
5. attrib. or as adj. Spiritualistic.
1837J. S. Mill in Westm. Rev. XXVII. 17 Many sterling thoughts are..disguised in phraseology borrowed from the spiritualist school of German poets and metaphysicians. 1860Farrar Orig. Lang. i. 20 The spiritualist school of the nineteenth century. 1898Watts-Dunton Aylwin x. i, The studio of the famous spiritualist-painter. |