| 释义 |
spiritualism|ˈspɪrɪtjuːəlɪz(ə)m|
[f. spiritual a. + -ism. Cf. F. spiritualisme, It. spiritualismo.]
1. The exercise of the mental or intellectual faculties, or their predominance over body. rare.
1831Carlyle Sart. Res. ii. viii, Savage Animalism is nothing, inventive Spiritualism is all.
2. a. Tendency towards, or advocacy of, a spiritual view or estimate of things, esp. as a leading principle in philosophy or religion.
1796[see ideal n. 1]. 1836Lytton Athens (1837) II. 408 The serene and lofty spiritualism of Anaxagoras. 1857Robertson Serm. Ser. iii. i. (1857) 6 We find the Unitarian of the old school denouncing the spiritualism of the new and rising school. 1869Seeley Ess. & Lect. v. 133 Religion re-assumed its ancient Judaic form of austere and ardent spiritualism. 1884Contemp. Rev. Feb. 264 The very source of [Dante's] inspiration is the austere spiritualism of the Catholic creed.
b. A spiritual view or aspiration.
1850Carlyle Latter-d. Pamph. vii. (1872) 224 Like a set of grisly undertakers come to bury the dead spiritualisms of mankind.
c. Spiritual nature or quality.
1855Milman Lat. Chr. xiv. ii. (1864) IX. 96 Dante [could] represent such things with the most objective truth, yet without disturbing their fine spiritualism.
3. The belief that the spirits of the dead can hold communication with the living, or make their presence known to them in some way, esp. through a ‘medium’; the system of doctrines or practices founded on this belief. Cf. spiritism.
Also specifically called modern spiritualism by way of distinction from sense 2.
1853J. Dix Transatlantic Tracings xiv. 244 Every two or three years the Americans have a paroxysm of humbug—..at the present time it is Spiritual-ism. 1855E. W. Capron (title), Modern Spiritualism, its Facts and Fanaticisms, its Consistencies and Contradictions. 1860All Year Round No. 66. 370 Witchcraft, demonology, possession, and the like, revived in the modest phrase of Spiritualism. 1878T. Sinclair Mount 37 Spiritualism, or, as its advocates name it now on both sides of the Atlantic, Spiritism. 1886Myers Phant. Living I. Introd. p. lix, On this basis the creed of ‘Modern Spiritualism’ has been upbuilt.
4. Belief in the existence and influence of spiritual beings.
1850J. R. Logan in Jrnl. Indian Archipelago IV. 552, I would proceed at once to facts illustrative of the different forms of spiritualism which prevail in Eastern Asia and Asianesia. 1867E. B. Tylor in Proc. R. Inst. V. 90 A slight acquaintance with the spiritualism of the savage has sometimes led to its being considered as the result of a degeneration from the opinions of more cultured races. 1871Tylor Prim. Cult. I. 385 The sense of Spiritualism in its wider acceptation, the general doctrine of spiritual beings, is here given to Animism. |