| 释义 |
▪ I. spine, n.1|spaɪn|
Also 5 spyne, spin.
[ad. OF. espine (mod.F. épine, = Prov. espina, Sp. espina, Pg. espinha, It. spina), or directly ad. L. spīna thorn, prickle, backbone, etc.]
I.
1. a. Bot. A stiff, sharp-pointed process produced or growing from the wood of a plant, consisting of a hardened or irregularly developed branch, petiole, stipule, or other part; a thorn; a similar process developed on fruits or leaves.
Botanically distinguished from a prickle (q.v.), and sometimes also from a thorn, the latter being then restricted to processes originating from the epidermis only.
1430–40Lydg. Bochas ii. xxxi. (1554) 67 Serue the Lorde.. Which for thy sake was crouned with a spine, His heart eke perced to saue thee fro ruine. 1601Dent Pathw. Heaven (1617) 36 The crab-stock spines, which grow out of the root of the very best apple tree. 1612Two Noble K. i. i, Roses, their sharpe spines being gon. 1656in Blount. a1722Lisle Husb. (1757) 449 The spine, to which the pea adheres by a thread, is preserved entire. 1813Sir H. Davy Agric. Chem. (1814) 63 The tendrils, the spines, and other similar parts of plants. 1839Darwin Voy. Nat. xiv. 318 [A cactus] which, including the spines, was six feet and four inches in circumference. 1860Ruskin Mod. Paint. V. vi. viii. §14. 75 note, A branch of blackthorn with its spines. 1867H. Macmillan Bible Teach. vii. (1870) 145 In the holly..the leaves which grow nearest the ground are thickly furnished with spines.
b. transf. = needle n. 11.
1859Boyd Recreat. Country Parson ii. 28 There was not a breath of air through the spines of the firs. 1869Chambers's Jrnl. Sept. 623 A few years ago, no one imagined that the spines (foliage) of pine-trees could be converted into wool.
†2. The sting of a bee. Obs.—0
1656in Blount Glossogr.
3. Anat. One or other of several sharp-pointed slender processes of various bones.
1706Phillips (ed. Kersey) s.v. Pectinis Os, The upper Part of this Bone is call'd its Spine. 1726Monro Anat. 107 Thro' the Middle of the Two Arches a small sharp Ridge runs, which has the Name of Spine bestowed on it by some, as indeed Anatomists commonly do apply this Name to all the long narrow-edged Protuberances of Bones. 1808Med. Jrnl. XIX. 212 A very troublesome sensation near the spine of the left ilium. 1831R. Knox Cloquet's Anat. 99 At the middle part it is much diminished, and is limited by the two nasal spines. 1870Rolleston Animal Life 7 The spines of the dorsal vertebræ.
4. Zool. A stiff, pointed, thorn-like process or appendage developed on the integument of certain fishes, insects, or lower forms of animal life.
1721Bradley Philos. Acc. Wks. Nat. 148 On the forepart of its [an insect's] Body, near the Head, are placed two Branches..from which proceed several capillary Spines. 1748J. Hill Hist. Fossils 652 The various species of bodies allow'd to have been spines of the Echini. 1815Stephens in Shaw's Gen. Zool. IX. i. 42 At the bend of the wing, just within, is a horn-coloured spine, about one-eighth of an inch long, and blunt at the end. 1835J. Duncan Beetles 110 The tibiæ..are frequently beset with stiff bristles, and armed more or less with spines or spurs. 1888Rolleston & Jackson Anim. Life 190 [In star-fish] the edges of a groove are bordered immediately by a series of fine moveable spines.
b. One of the prickles of a hedgehog, the quills of a porcupine, or similar growth on other animals.
1753Chambers' Cycl. Suppl., Erinaceus,..the common hedgehog... Its head, back, and sides, are covered with sharp spines. 1770G. White Selborne xxvii, No doubt their spines are soft and flexible at the time of their birth. 1774Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1824) II. 104 In the one [species of porcupine], the spines are about an inch long; in the other, a foot. 1828Stark Elem. Nat. Hist. I. 128 Crested Porcupine. With very long spines on the back. 1840Cuvier's Anim. Kingd. 113 Some [rats] have spines mingled with their fur, as the Cairo Mouse.., which has spines on the back in place of hairs. 1870Yeats Nat. Hist. Comm. 298 Bristles, hedgehog spines, and porcupine quills, are all modifications of hair.
c. Ichth. A spinous or spiny fin-ray; a fin-spine.
1774Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) VI. 189 These fins differ very much from those of other fishes, which are formed of straight spines. 1828Stark Elem. Nat. Hist. I. 476 Banstickle or Stickleback. Three spines on the back. 1867F. Francis Angling iii. (1880) 98 Master Perch has sharp spines.
d. Conch. A sharp projection of a shell.
1822J. Parkinson Outl. Oryctol. 156 A subfusiform univalve;..the spine longish. Ibid. 203 Lip alæform; bent upwards on the spine.
5. a. Any natural formation having a slender sharp-pointed form.
1750tr. Leonardus' Mirr. Stones 89 Its broad head..being put before the light, the Spine appears within. 1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VI. 490 The dendrons are possessed of numerous minute lateral projections, gemmules, spines, or ‘thorns’, as they have been variously called.
b. Needlework. (See quot.)
1882Caulfeild & Saward Dict. Needlework 458/1 Spines..are also called Pinworks, and are used to trim the raised Cordonnets that surround Spanish and Venetian Point Lace, and also other kinds of Point Lace. The Spines are long straight points that stick out from the edge of the Cordonnet.
c. A tall mass of lava projecting upwards from the mouth of a volcano.
1903Amer. Jrnl. Sci. CLXVI. 270 The ancient summit of the mountain [sc. Mont Pelée] has lost most of its former prominence above the rim of the crater, but within the old Caldera a cone has risen which overtops the surrounding walls and terminates in a spine rising hundreds of feet above the main mass of the new cone. 1954W. D. Thornbury Princ. Geomorphol. xix. 500 The rapid growth of plug domes is further illustrated by one on Santa Maria volcano on Guatemala... It had a spine which attained a height of 66 meters. 1976P. Francis Volcanoes iii. 124 Evidence of just how viscous the lavas are,..was provided by the great spine which was pushed up out of the vent of Mt Pelée, reaching over 300 metres in height.
II.
6. a. The spinal or vertebral column in man and vertebrates; the backbone. Also spine of the back; now dial.
(a)c1400Lanfranc's Cirurg. 358 Of curis of woundis of þe spine ouþir spondilium.
1615Crooke Body of Man xiii. xx. (1631) 974 Vnder the name of the Spine we comprehend all that which is extended from the first Racke bone of the Necke vnto the Coccyx or Rumpe. 1646Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. iv. i. 180 So cannot other animals lye upon their backs; though the spine lye parallell with the Horizon, yet will their legs incline, and lye at angles unto it. 1661Lovell Hist. Anim. & Min. Isagoge v, Amongst Fishes..The Psettaceous, or plain and spinose, have a spine that seemeth to be divided in the midd'st. 1794Cowper Needless Alarm 7 Many a neighb'ring squire..Contusion hazarding of neck or spine. 1827N. Arnott Physics I. 223 The head rests on the elastic column of the spine. 1834McMurtrie Cuvier's Anim. Kingd. 27 The spine, most commonly, is continued into a tail. 1866G. Macdonald Ann. Q. Neighb. i. (1878) 5 The horses stand..with their spines in a straight line.
(b)1651Sir W. Raleigh's Ghost 87 From the head, it..is extended through the spine of the back. 1815J. Smith Panorama Sci. & Art II. 272 Having suspended some frogs..by means of metallic hooks fixed in the spines of their backs. 1884–in dial. glossaries and texts (Worcs., Glouc., Oxf., Berks., Herts., Cornw.).
b. transf. and fig. A part or formation having the function of a backbone.
1665Hooke Microgr. 117 The leaf being..set into the Pedunculus,..receiveth from that not onely a Spine, as I may call it, which, passing through the leaf, divides its [etc.]. 1807J. Barlow Columb. ix. 96 Yet what an age her shell-rock ribs attest! Her sparry spines, her coal-encumber'd breast! 1855Tennyson Maud ii. ii. iv, The shock Of cataract seas that snap The three decker's oaken spine. 1889Pall Mall G. 23 Apr. 2/1 The span is the great arch that supports the first floor. The spine is the iron upright which runs outside the Tower from the second floor to the summit. 1912Galsworthy Inn of Tranquility 189 The vice of drawing these distorted morals has permeated the Drama to its spine. 1977New Yorker 9 May 126/2 A beauty called Laura..who is the spine of the place. 1977P. Scupham Hinterland 44 Doors shake on their jambs: the spine of the house Thrills as the sprung wood quivers, and goes still. 1979Tucson Mag. Mar. 8/2 No one cares or has the spine to sound off. 1981F. Inglis Promise of Happiness i. 3 We try to say what some of the best books are like, so that we can hand them on... This expression of the gift relationship..gives spine and structure to this study.
c. A line or mark along the back.
1791W. H. Marshall W. England (1796) II. 243 The Cattle..chiefly of a dark red color; a few of them with white Glocestershire spines.
7. The heart-wood or duramen of a tree.
1630–1[implied in spine-lath: see 11]. 1703R. Neve City & C. Purchaser 261 If the Elm be fell'd between November and February, it will be all Spine, or Heart. 1825–63[see spine-oak in 11]. 1883M. P. Bale Saw-Mills 336 Spine, is the name given to the mature wood of a tree, the outer layer being called alburnum or sapwood.
8. A ridge or elevated stretch of ground, rock, etc., having a position analogous to that of the backbone, or resembling it in some way.
1796Morse Amer. Geog. I. 567 The spine, or highest ridge of the peninsula. 1852Munday Antipodes (1857) 4 These spines of land, or rather rock, subdivide the south shore of Port Jackson. 1860Tyndall Glac. i. xxi. 148 These blocks ride upon a spine of ice, and form a moraine. 1895Meredith Amazing Marriage xxxiv, Mickleham, where the Surrey chalk runs its final turfy spine North-Eastward.
9. a. techn. A longitudinal ridge; a fin; a longitudinal slat of a riddle.
1875in Knight Dict. Mech. 2269/2.
b. The back of a book, that is, the part bearing the title, etc., which is visible when the book is standing on a shelf; also, the corresponding part of a dust-jacket or a shallow box.
1922M. Sadleir Vict. Bibliogr. 14 Be wary of books in cloth which bear no publisher's imprint on the spine. 1931Publisher & Bookseller 20 Feb. 345/2 The utility of having the selling price printed on the spine of a book jacket. 1952V. Canning House of Seven Flies i. 24 He stared at the coloured spines of the books in the rack. 1962A. Nisbett Technique Sound Studio vi. 113 Programme details are written..on the spine of the box in which it [sc. a tape] is kept. 1976S. Brett So much Blood i. 16 Brown velvet upholstery and the leather spines of books gave the quality of an old sepia photograph.
III. attrib. and Comb.
10. a. In sense 6, as spine-ache, spine-case, spine-chisel, spine-pad, etc.; spinebreaker; spine-breaking, spine-broken adjs.; spine-wise advb.
1822–7Good Study Med. (1829) III. 221 In no instance do I find the back-bone ache, or spine-ache, from which rhachialgia derives its name. Ibid. IV. 682 Baron Larrey speaks in terms of high commendation of the first, and especially in spine-cases, or paraplegia. 1823Campbell Sp. Patriots iii, Smile o'er the gaspings of spine-broken men. 1851H. Melville Moby Dick III. xlviii. 281 Launch me, spine-wise, on the sea. 1882Floyer Unexpl. Baluchistan 120 We bumped, stumbled, and jolted in a most horribly spine-breaking, bone-dislocating manner. 1895Arnold & Sons' Catal. Surg. Instrum. 93 Spine Chisel. Ibid. 96 Spine Saw. Ibid. 513 Spine Hook. 1900I. Savory Sportsw. India viii. 256 Not only [to] wear a large solá topi, but have a spine pad sewn inside the coat. 1947Dylan Thomas Let. 11 June (1966) 314 The hill to the nearest village is a spinebreaker.
b. In senses 1 and 4, as spine-clad, spine-covered, spine-finned, spine-headed, spine-like, spine-pointed, spine-tailed, adjs.; spine-cushion.
1846Patterson Zool. 43 In the harder, or *spine-clad species [of Echinodermata].
1849Sk. Nat. Hist., Mammalia IV. 115 The Common Porcupine... This *spine-covered animal is found in Italy [etc.].
1884Bower & Scott De Bary's Phaner. 310 The leaf-bundles run..almost horizontally upwards towards the lower margin of the *spine-cushion.
1896Lydekker Roy. Nat. Hist. V. 335 The *spine-finned fishes..are distinguished..by some of the anterior rays of the dorsal, anal, and pelvic fins usually taking the form of strong, unjointed, bony spines. Ibid. 547 The extinct Spine-finned Sharks,—order Acanthodii.
1804Shaw Gen. Zool. V. ii. 396 *Spine-headed Sucker, Cyclopterus Bispinosus.
c1880Cassell's Nat. Hist. IV. 301 All the species of the Snake family..have minute vestiges of hind limbs, scale-like or *spine-like. 1882Vines tr. Sach's Bot. 457 The four cells are attached to each other by means of rigid spine-like projections.
1829T. Castle Introd. Bot. 63 The apex of a leaf may..be..*spine-pointed or cuspidate. 1866Treas. Bot. 1062/2 A Peruvian shrub, with elliptic spine-pointed leaves.
1802Shaw Gen. Zool. III. i. 216 *Spine-tailed Lizard, Lacerta Acanthura. 1860G. Bennett Gatherings Naturalist 180 That remarkable little bird, the..Spine-tailed Orthonyx. 1872Coues N. Amer. Birds 183 Chæturinæ. Spine-tailed Swifts.
11. Special Combs.: spine-basher Austral. slang, a loafer; so spine-bashing vbl. n. (and pres. pple.); spine-bill, one or other of two species of Australian honey-eaters of the genus Acanthorhynchus, characterized by their long spine-like bills; spine-bone, the spine; also transf.; spine-chiller, something (rarely someone) that inspires excitement and terror; esp. a horror or suspense story, film, etc.; spine-chilling ppl. a. and vbl. n., inspiring excitement and terror, horrifying; spine-eel, a spiny eel; spine-fish, a fish having sharp spines; spine-freezer, -freezing ppl. a., = spine-chiller, -chilling ppl. a. above; † spine-lath, a heart-lath; spine-machine, a device for supporting or strengthening the human spine; spine-oak, the heart-wood of an oak (cf. 7); spine road, a major road linking other important routes or points; spine-thriller, -tingler, something pleasurably frightening; esp. an exciting story, etc.; spine-tingling ppl. a., pleasurably frightening or disturbing; spine-chilling; spine wall Building (see quot. 1963). See also spine-tail.
1946R. Rivett Behind Bamboo 399 *Spinebasher, one always on his back, always resting. 1976Sydney Morning Herald 20 Mar. 14 The elbow-benders, spine-bashers, eternal babblers keep one ear to the loudspeakers, an ear to the ground.
1941Argus (Melbourne) Week-End Mag. 15 Nov. 1/4 *Spine bashing, having a rest; loafing. 1944L. Glassop We were Rats 208 ‘She's sweet,’ I said. ‘Go and do some spine bashing.’ 1966G. W. Turner Eng. Lang. in Austral. & N.Z. vi. 135 Lying down and doing nothing, what the Australian calls spinebashing.
1848Gould Birds Australia IV. Pl. 61 Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris. Slender-billed *Spine-bill. Ibid. Pl. 62 A. superciliosus. White-eyebrowed Spine-bill. 1911A. E. Mack Bush Days 52 Spine-bills flashed by. 1977Daily News (Perth, Austral.) 19 Jan. 11/2 Weighing only 10 grams the spinebill can put on an extra 10 per cent body weight in one day.
c1400Lanfranc's Cirurg. 148 Þei strecchen doun to þe eeris [v.r. ers] in lenkþe biside þe *spin boon [v.r. spyne bon]. 1621Lodge Summary of Du Bartas i. 273 The marrow of the Spine-bone. a1892Tennyson in Mem. (1897) I. 20, I used to stand on this sand-built ridge,..and think that it was the spine-bone of the world.
1940Amer. Speech XV. 205/1 *Spine-chiller, a mystery film or play. 1942Berrey & Van den Bark Amer. Thes. Slang §202/4 Sensational story or book,..spine chiller or tingler. 1957London Mag. Aug. 59 Elective Affinities is a far more important novel than Walpole's Castle of Otranto, and yet there has only been one edition of it in the past hundred years, compared to the dozen or so of Walpole's unreadable spine-chiller. 1969E. Lemarchand Alibi for Corpse xv. 189 Even now the idea of her..gives me the willies. And Twentyman was a spine-chiller. 1976Listener 21 Oct. 509/2 The arrival of a mysterious stranger, murder, a dumb-struck child, suicide. This was a spine-chiller, and no mistake.
1946‘M. Innes’ From London Far i. ii. 20 A sweet and—as he hoped—wholly *spine-chilling smile. 1958New Statesman 25 Jan. 103/1 With unerring instinct H. G. Clouzot, the spine-chilling specialist of The Wages of Fear and The Fiends, has sought a new tension in Picasso. 1958Times Lit. Suppl. 11 July 389/3 As an exercise in spine-chilling and blood-curdling, Caves of Night is masterly. 1960H. Agar Saving Remnant v. 127 ‘What, still so many Jews?’—that spine-chilling comment. 1983Listener 10 Feb. 16/3 She realised that I was retailing an antiquarian donnish history instead of the mildly spine-chilling ghost story she expected.
1883Day Indian Fish 30 Few are of much economic importance, if we except the common goby, *spine-eels (Mastacembelidæ).
1827Hood Hero & Leander xxvi, Let no fierce sharks destroy him with their teeth, Nor *spine-fish wound him with their venom'd thorns.
1960Wodehouse Jeeves in Offing iii. 41 Mrs. Cream..worked in her room every afternoon on her new *spine-freezer. 1961― Ice in Bedroom i. 9, I dipped into one of her products once, misled by the title into supposing it to be a spine-freezer.
1937Discovery Dec. 373/1 The *spine-freezing howl of the kiret. 1961Guardian 3 Apr. 5/4 The spine-freezing wail of sirens.
1630–1in Swayne Sarum Churchw. Acc. (1896) 192 Three hundred of *spind lathes, 2s. 6d. 1635–6Ibid. 204, ij hundred of spine lathes to mend ouer the North dore of the Ch.
1803Hey Pract. Obs. Surg. Pref. p. vii, Mr. E. makes excellent *Spine-machines, upon the true principle of supporting the weak part from the ground.
1825Cobbett Rur. Rides (1885) II. 31 The best of *spine oak is generally chosen for these pins. 1863Wise New Forest Gloss., Spine-oak, the heart of oak.
1961New Left Rev. July/Aug. 56/1 A *spine road runs east–west between these blocks. 1971Guardian 12 Oct. 28/4 Oxford city's consultants drew up an alternative for a spine road feeding into large car parks.
1912Maclean's Mag. Nov. 135 (heading) Producing *spine thrillers. How successful melodramas are furnished—some confessions about art of capitalizing spines. 1962Listener 21 June 1085/3 It ranges over the whole field of spine-thrillers, from puppets to poisons.
1942*Spine tingler [see spine-chiller above]. 1978TV Times 28 Jan.–3 Feb. 19/1 This week's The South Bank Show homes in on..the best Shakespearian actor alive today. Also on view: little spine-tinglers from his Henry V, Henry VI and Coriolanus.
1955E. Caldwell Love & Money 206 A *spine-tingling historical romance. 1968Blues Unlimited Dec. 4 John Lee's spine-tingling guitar. 1978J. B. Hilton Some run Crooked xi. 118 He spoke the words quietly..and there was something spine-tingling about them.
1949Archit. Rev. CV. 236 Construction is box⁓frame with continuous reinforced concrete slabs, and with load-bearing *spine walls of reinforced concrete. 1963Gloss. Gen. Building Terms (B.S.I.) 22 Spine wall, an internal loadbearing wall running in the direction of the main axis of a building or structure.
▪ II. spine, n.2 s.w. dial.|spaɪn|
Also 7–8 spind.
[OE. spind fat, = WFris. spyn, OS. spind (MLG. spint), MDu. and Du. spint, OHG. and G. dial. spind, spint, fat, sapwood. In Devon and Cornw. the forms spend, spen are also in use.]
1. Greensward, sward; turf. Also attrib.
1786Young's Annals Agric. VII. 60, I would recommend some heaps to be made of the sward or spind, in the nature of denshiring or burnbaiting. 1791W. H. Marshall W. England (1796) II. 264 Paring off and subverting, apparently with a Breast Plow, the ‘spine’ or rough sod of an orchard. 1807Vancouver Agric. Devon (1813) 116 Cutting..the spine or green sward to a feather-edge. 1823J. Badcock Dom. Amusem. 29 These planks subsequently covered with the spine of earth well kept. 1889Reports Provinces, Devon. (E.D.D.), You can't grow a good spine under those trees.
2. The rind of pork or other meat; the layer of fat or meat adhering to the skin. Also attrib. in spine-pork, (see quot. 1886).
1847Halliwell, Spine, the hide of an animal; the fat on the surface of a joint of meat. 1886Elworthy W. Somerset Word-bk., Spine-pork, the meat of small pigs, on which the bacon is left with the skin; hence the ‘crackling’.
▪ III. spine, v. rare.|spaɪn|
[f. spine n.1]
†1. intr. To grow or develop like a spine. Obs.—1
1621G. Sandys Ovid's Met. v. (1626) 101 A taile withall Spines from his changed shape.
2. trans. To shoot or hit in the spine.
1888J. Inglis Tent Life Tigerland 340 It was ‘spined’ (the shot had been a lucky one). |