| 释义 |
▪ I. crag, n.1|kræg|
Forms: 3– crag, 3–8 cragg, (4 kragge), 4–7 cragge, (5 ? dial. crack); β. 4–6 Sc. crage, 6– Sc. craig |kreːg|.
[app. of Celtic origin: cf. Ir. and Gael. creag, Manx creg, cregg, Welsh craig rock. None of these, however, exactly gives the Eng. crag, cragg, found in north. dial. already before 1300, and app. of ancient use in the local nomenclature of the north of England and Scottish Lowlands. The mod.Sc. craig comes nearer in its vowel to the Celtic form; but it is app. a later development from an earlier crag (found in 14–15th c.): cf. Sc. naig = nag, etc.
The relations of the Celtic words themselves are obscure. W. craig is not the corresponding form to Ir. and Gael. creag, which would require crech in Welsh. W. has also carreg, OW. carrecc, a stone (sometimes also, a rock), Irish carruig, OI. carricc, rock, rocky headland, anglicized carrick.]
1. a. A steep or precipitous rugged rock.
a1300Cursor M. 9885 (Cott.) Þis castel..es hei sett a-pon þe crag [v.r. cragg]. c1350Will. Palerne 2240 Þat witty werwolf..kouchid him vnder a kragge. 1375Barbour Bruce vi. 211 Betuixe ane hye crag and the se. c1470Henry Wallace vii. 847 The Irland folk..On craggis clam. 1535Stewart Cron. Scot. II. 293 In ane craig that callit is the Bas. 1628Sir R. Le Grys tr. Barclay's Argenis 306 Nor..was there any..way to climbe vp those cragges. 1681Cotton Wond. Peak 76 Bleak Craggs, and naked Hills. 1786Gilpin Obs. Pict. Beauty, Cumbrld. (1788) II. 228 The bare sides of these lofty craggs on the right. 1792Burns Duncan Gray ii, Meg was deaf as Ailsa Craig. 1806Gazetteer Scot. 371 The awful and picturesque rocks called Minto craigs. 1842Tennyson ‘Break, break, break’ iv, Break, break, break, At the foot of thy crags, O Sea!
b. crag and tail (Geol.): see quot. 1865.
1815J. Hall in Trans. R. Soc. Edin. VII. 201 The district..in the neighbourhood of Noble-house, exhibits a series of low hills, possessing the characteristic forms of craig and tail. 1850W. B. Clarke Wreck of Favorite 217 The..island..presenting the form of what is usually called ‘crag and tail’—i.e. being rocky and precipitous on one side and gradually sloping to the water's edge on the other. 1865Page Handbk. Geol. Terms, Crag and Tail (properly ‘craig and tail’), applied to a form of Secondary hills common in Britain, where a bold precipitous front is exposed to the west or north-west, and a sloping declivity towards the east. The phenomenon..is evidently the result of the currents of the Drift epoch. 1960L. D. Stamp Britain's Struct. (ed. 5) x. 90 The crag has a ‘tail’ partly of rock, partly of superficial deposits. This crag-and-tail structure is perfectly illustrated by the Edinburgh example where the gentle slope up to the Castle from the eastern side represents the ‘tail’.
2. a. A detached or projecting rough piece of rock.
c1400Mandeville (Roxb.) vii. 24 Þer lies in ilke a hauen many grete cragges of stane. 1470–85Malory Arthur viii. xxxiv, He lepte oute and fylle vpon the crackys in the see. 1665J. Webb Stone-Heng (1725) 150 One only rude Row of broken Craggs about the Base of the Tumulus. 1760–72tr. Juan & Ulloa's Voy. (ed. 3) II. vii. xiv. 160 A crag of it [a mountain] being..struck from it by a flash of lightning. 1786Gilpin Obs. Pict. Beauty, Cumbrld. I. 193 Many of them are covered, like the steeps of Helvellin, with a continued pavement of craggs.
b. Applied to a curling-stone.
1789D. Davidson Thoughts on Seasons 16 Then rattled up the rocking crag.
†c. As a material: Rock. Obs. rare.
1482Paston Lett. No. 861 III. 285, I bequeth to Katerine his wiff..a stoon morter of cragge. [This, although from Norfolk, can hardly belong to 3.]
3. A local name for deposits of shelly sand found in Norfolk, Suffolk, and Essex, and used for manure; applied in Geol. to the Pliocene and Miocene strata to which these deposits belong, called, in order of age, the Coralline Crag, Red Crag, and Mammaliferous or Norwich Crag.[It is doubtful whether this is the same word; the connexion is not obvious.] 1735J. Kirby Suffolk Trav. (1764) 77 In Levington..was dug the first Crag or Shell, that has been found so useful for improving of Land. 1764Gen. Mag. June 282 There is in Suffolk a manure which the farmers call cragg. 1797A. Young Agric. Suffolk 77 An experiment on shell marle from Woodbridge-side, called there, crag. 1838G. A. Mantell Wond. Geol. (1848) I. 223 In England a very interesting assemblage of pliocene and miocene strata..is called the Crag; a provincial term, signifying gravel. Ibid. 224 Coralline or lowermost Crag. 1885Lyell's Elem. Geol. xiii. (ed. 4) 160 The Red Crag..often rests immediately on the London clay, as in the county of Essex.
attrib.1735J. Kirby Suffolk Trav. (1764) 78 Whoever looks into any of these Cragg-Pitts cannot but observe how they lie Layer upon Layer. 1832H. T. De la Beche Geol. Man. 210 Sections of the crag strata. 1873Geikie Gt. Ice Age App. 521 It is a crag-fossil. 1885Lyell's Elem. Geol. xiii. (ed. 4) 167 The commonest of the Crag shells.
4. Comb., as crag-built, crag-carven, crag-covered adjs., crag-hawk, crag-platform, crag-work, etc.; crag-bound a. = crag-fast; crag-fast a., said of a sheep which in climbing among crags gets into a position whence it can neither ascend nor descend; also of men.
c1440Promp. Parv. 100 Craggestone [P. crag stone], rupa, scopula, cepido, saxum. 1807Byron Ho. Idleness, ‘When I roved’ ii, As I felt when a boy on the crag-cover'd wild. 1821Shelley Prometh. Unb. iii. iii. 122 The crag-built desarts of the barren deep. 1832Tennyson Pal. Art ii, A huge crag-platform. 1872― Gareth & Lynette 1172 In letters like to those..crag-carven o'er the streaming Gelt. 1861Neale Notes Eccl. Dalmatia 110 Crag-hawks wheeling..round the peaks. 1886Pall Mall G. 9 Aug. 4/2 The sheep..along the rock ledges..seek the freshest grass. And in search of this they sometimes become crag-fast. 1888Ibid. 3 Aug. 5/2 A steep descent covered with screes, but..there is little or no crag-work. 1908Westm. Gaz. 15 Oct. 9/4 It was presumed that the missing men might have become what is known as ‘crag-fast’... A sound came back as though from..the Pillar... It suggested..that it was from someone crag-bound on the Pillar. 1936L. MacNeice tr. Aeschylus' Agamemnon 35 Nor ran to splinters on the crag-bound coast. 1940F. S. Chapman Helv. to Himalaya ii. 22 Soon we heard the shouts of what appeared to be a cragfast tourist.
▪ II. † crag, n.2 Obs. exc. Sc. and dial.|kræg|
Forms: α. 4–5 crage, 5–8 crag, 7 cragg, 7–8 cragge; β. Sc. 6 kraig, 6–8 craige, 7 craigge, 6– craig |kreːg|.
[Chiefly northern: in Sc. from 14th c., and may be older. It corresponds to Du. kraag, MDu. crāghe (Kilian kraeghe) m. and fem., Ger. kragen, MHG. krage masc., EFris. krage, WFris. kreage, neck, collar; also to Icel. kragi, Norw. and Sw. krage, Da. krave collar.
The WGer. type is *krago; but the non-appearance of the word in the earlier stages of the languages is notable. The general opinion of etymologists also is that the Norse and Scandinavian words are from German, since they show only the secondary sense ‘collar’; in that case our word is prob. from some Low German source: no OE. *craga is recorded, and, if it existed, it could only give craw q.v.]
1. The neck. (Chiefly Sc., but also north. Eng.)
c1375Barbour Troy-bk. ii. 2926 He his crage straik ewyne ine two. c1470Henry Wallace ii. 400 Apon the crag with his suerd has him tayne. 1513Douglas æneis xi. xv. 151 Hir sowpil crag inclynand. 1535Stewart Cron. Scot. (1858) I. 7 With cumlie craig that wes bayth greit and fair. 1579Spenser Sheph. Cal. Feb. 82 Like wailefull widdowes hangen their crags. 1607T. Walkington Opt. Glass 135 Atlas..would..breake his cragge. 1661K. W. Conf. Charac., Informers (1860) 46 Extending his noddle, and straining his crag. 1704R. Kingston Hist. Man 41, I will command him to be Hanged by the Cragge. 1823Scott Quentin D. vi, Were I to be hanged myself, no other should tie tippet about my craig. 1878Cumbrld. Gloss., Crag, the neck or countenance. ‘He hang a lang crag when t' news com'.
b. The throat. (So G. kragen.)
a1774Fergusson Poems (1789) II. 92 (Jam.) Couthy chiels at e'ening meet Their bizzing craigs and mous to weet. Mod. Sc. ‘Pit that ower yer craig’ [= swallow that]. ‘It's all away down Craig's Close’, i.e. swallowed.
c. The craw or crop of a fowl. dial.
a1825Forby Voc. E. Anglia, Crag, the craw. 1883Almondb. & Huddersf. Gloss., Craig or Craigh, the craw, or crop of a fowl.
†2. A neck of mutton or veal, as a joint. Obs. [Cf. scrag, which appears to be a perversion of crag in this sense.]
1469Ord. Dk. Clarence in Househ. Ord. (1790) 95 The cragges of veele and moton. 1767B. Thornton tr. Plautus I. 327 How I shall chop the crags from off the chines.
3. Comb. crag-bone (Sc. -bane), the bone of the neck, the cervical vertebræ; crag-cloth (Sc. craig-claith), a neck-cloth; crag-end, the neckend of a ‘neck’ of mutton; now scrag-end.
c1470Henry Wallace ii. 54 His crag bayne was brokyn. a1648Digby Closet Open. (1677) 127 A crag-end or two of necks of Mutton. 1685in Depred. Clan Campbell (1816) 114 Item, twenty craig-cloaths and cravatts for men. 1714J. Walker Suff. Clergy ii. 61/2 That he did eat the Cragg Ends of the Neck of Mutton himself, that he might leave the Poor the Shoulders. 1725Cock-laird in Orpheus Caled., Craig-claiths and lug-babs.
▪ III. † crag, n.3 Obs. rare—1.
[A variant of scrag: cf. prec., sense 2.]
A lean scraggy person.
1542Udall Erasm. Apoph. 131 a, Anaximenes..had a panche..fatte and great..to whome Diogenes came, and spake in this maner, I pray you geue to vs lene craggues some bealy to.
▪ IV. crag, v.1 local.
trans. To dress (land) with crag (see crag n.1 3).
1771A. Young Farmer's Tour E. Eng. II. 176 There is a strong notion..that the land can be cragged but once.
▪ V. † crag, v.2 Obs. or dial.
intr. (See quot.)
1641Best Farm. Bks. (Surtees) 60 To hawme wheate and rye stubble..to thatch our stackes, and then our manner is to mix haver-strawe with it to make it cragge well, that is to drawe out and lappe about the ende of the wipses, to keepe them fast. |