| 释义 |
specialization|ˌspɛʃəlaɪˈzeɪʃən|
[f. specialize v. + -ation.]
1. The action or process of specializing or of becoming specialized.
a. Of language, legislation, etc.
1843Mill Logic iv. v. II. 270 We have seen above, in the words pagan and villain, remarkable examples of the specialization of the meaning of words. 1864Max Müller Sci. Lang. Ser. ii. viii. 352 note, The specialization of general roots is more common than the generalization of special roots. 1891Driver Introd. Lit. O.T. (1892) 26 A noticeable difference is the greater specialization and strictness of the provisions contained in the former narrative.
b. Biol. Of animals or plants, or of the parts or organs of these.
1862Dana Man. Geology 599 This law of specialization—the general before the special—is the law of all development. 1869Spencer Princ. Psychol. (1872) I. iii. vi. 330 Change from a general diffusion of food to a localization of food, involves a further specialization. 1880A. R. Wallace Island Life v. 75 The cause..is, undoubtedly, the extreme specialisation of most insects.
c. Of employments, studies, etc.
1865Mill Comte 94 The increasing specialisation of all employments..is not without inconveniences. 1868M. Pattison Academ. Org. v. 273 The principle of the improvement which appears to me possible in our system of studies is that of specialisation. 1890Gross Gild Merch. I. 116 The rapid development and specialisation of industry. 1891Lancet 3 Oct. 774 We are opposed to the specialisation of hospitals.
2. Biol. A specialized character or adaptive feature in an organism.
1918F. W. Jones Probl. Man's Ancestry 30 Pithecoid specializations vary so much in their manifestations in the different groups of monkeys. 1978Nature 26 Jan. 353/1 It seems that both intermuscular and subcutaneous lipid accumulation and a reduction in skeletal ossification have evolved as specialisations to reduce density in Pleuragramma, a pelagic Antarctic fish without a swim bladder. |