| 释义 |
▪ I. coup, n.1 Now only Sc.|kaʊp|
Also 5 caupe, kaupe, 6 coupe, 9 cowp.
[In sense 1, a. OF. coup, cop, colp blow: see coup n.3 (The spelling caupe in Destr. Troy is not satisfactorily explained, but it varies with coupe: cf. cope v.2) Sense 2 may be the same word, connected by the notion of ‘a shock that overturns’, but it tends, at least in modern use, to the status of a verbal derivative. The remaining senses are almost certainly of later formation from the vb. (coup v.3).]
†1. A blow, stroke; the shock of a blow, engagement, or combat; = cope n.2 Obs.
c1400Destr. Troy 1237 The kyng with the caupe [was] caste to þe ground. Ibid. 10890 Ho knowen was for kene with kaupe of hir swerd. 1523Ld. Berners Froiss. I. ccclxxiii. 616 [They]..thrust so sore eche at other, that the speares flewe all to peces..and at the seconde coupe they dyde in lykewise. 1535Stewart Cron. Scot. (1858) I. 124 Sum gat ane coup gart all hir tymmaris crak.
2. A fall, upset, overturn. Sc.
1535Lyndesay Satyre 2430 Let se gif I can loup. I man rin fast, in cace I get ane coup. a1586? Montgomerie ‘My Ladyis Pulcritud’ 28 Albeit from cair to cair Thou catche my hairt in coup. 1823Galt Entail I. v. 40 Dear me..but ye hae gotten an unco cowp. I hope nae bones are broken?
3. A dislocation or fault by which a coal-seam is tilted up. Sc.
1795Statist. Acc. Scotl. (Campsie Par.) XV. 329 (Jam.) The coal in this district is full of irregularities stiled by the workmen coups, and hitches, and dykes..These coups and hitches..are found where the strata above and below the coal suddenly approach, or retreat from each other, by this means couping the coal out of its regular bed.
4. Sc.
a. The act of tilting or shooting rubbish from a cart, wheelbarrow, etc.; also the right or permission to do this at a specified place.
1887Jamieson Suppl., Coup, the act, right, or liberty of emptying a cart-load..Free-Coup, liberty to coup or deposit rubbish free of charge; also, a place where this liberty may be had. [Called also free toom.]
b. A place where rubbish is deposited; a rubbish dump or tip.
1886J. Barrowman Gloss. Scotch Mining Terms 20. 1899 J. B. Salmond My Man Sandy 66 The beach ootby at the Saut Pan, whaur thaur's a free coup for rubbitch. 1938St. Andrews Citizen 12 Feb. 10/5 Mr C.—, architect, stated that he would require a coup for material..and he indicated a site which he has in view for the purpose. 1967A. Warrack Scots Dict. 105/1 Coup..n. a tip-cart; a fall, upset;..a place for emptying cartloads of earth, ashes, rubbish, &c. 1972M. Kean Scottish–Eng. Eng.–Scottish 10 Coup (n.), rubbish tip.
▪ II. coup, coop, n.2 Obs. or dial.|kuːp|
[perh. the same word as coop n.1 (formerly coupe, coup). In German, as is pointed out by Hildebrand (in Grimm), kiepe, prop. a basket, is also applied in Saxony to a chest or box, and to a box-cart. We might suppose our word to be short for coup-cart (now taken in the sense of a cart that can be tilted), but the simple word appears much earlier than the compound.]
1. A cart or wagon with closed sides and ends, thus fitted for carting dung, lime, etc.
1582in T. West Antiq. Furness (1774) App. viii, Carriages, called cowps, of the tenants of the sd manor..in which they did take and carry..dung. 1674Ray N.C. Words (1691) 17 Coop, a Muck-coop, a Lime-coop; a Cart or Wain made close with Boards, to carry anything that otherwise would fall out. 1703Thoresby Let. to Ray (E.D.S.), Caup, as a muck caup. 1774T. West Antiq. Furness (1805) 48 A coup laden with magazeen, drawn by six oxen. 1788W. Marshall Rur. Econ. Yorksh. Gloss., Coop, an ox-cart, with a close body, and without ‘shelvings’, for carrying manure, etc., still in use. 1878Cumbrld. Gloss., Coop, Cowp, a small fell⁓side cart. 1888J. Ramsay Scotl. in 18th C. II. x. 199 Recourse was had to coups, i.e. panniers fixed upon a sledge.
b. Sometimes explained as a cart that can be ‘couped’ or tilted. (Pronounced kaʊp).
1875Lanc. Gloss., Coup, a cart that can be couped or tilted. (N. Lancash.)
2. The load of such a cart.
1679in Archæol. Collect. Ayr & Wigton (1884) IV. 149 For seven score sextine coups of fuilzie.
3. attrib. and Comb., as coup-load; coup-lining, the boards forming the sides of a ‘coup’. Also coup-cart.
1641Best Farm. Bks. (Surtees) 18 The best and readyest way for keepinge in of the water..is to sette downe broade and close doore or coupe-lynings against some hecke or bridge. Ibid. 107 As many coupe loades of redde clay.
▪ III. ‖ coup, n.3|kuː|
[F. coup (ku) blow, stroke:—OF. colp, cop = Pr. colp, cop, It. colpo:—late L. colpus (Salic Law), colapus (Law of the Alemanns) blow, stroke, for L. colaphus blow with the fist, cuff, a. Gr. κόλαϕος cuff, buffet. Adopted in ME. in a literal sense, and naturalized in pronunciation (see coup n.1); re-introduced in the 18th c. in fig. sense, as a non-naturalized word, with modern Fr. pronunciation (exc. that in Eng. the vowel is made long); it also occurs in many French phrases and expressions borrowed in English.]
1. A blow, a stroke (that one sustains). rare.
1793F. Burney Lett. 4 Oct., This is a terrible coup, so soon after your union.
2. a. A stroke, a move (that one makes); a successful move, a ‘hit’. † at one coup (= Fr. tout d'un coup): at one stroke, at once.
1791Gentl. Mag. LXI. ii. 829 A corrupt majority, who have at one coup overthrown all that is good. 1845Disraeli Sybil (1863) 280 Alfred is the only fellow who has made a coup. 1849Thackeray Pendennis xl, Henry Foker is engaged to his cousin..not a bad coup of Lady Rosherville's that. 1883D. C. Murray Hearts III. 77 He hailed the chance for a grand theatrical coup.
b. = coup d'état.
1852North Brit. Rev. XVI. 584 A tyranny..which it required the ..coup of the 9th Thermidor to overthrow. 1958Economist 26 July 267 The coup in which Nuri es-Said..and the Hashemite dynasty were destroyed.
3. Billiards. The act of holing a ball without its first striking another ball, which occasions a forfeit.
1770J. Love Cricket 5 Or when the Ball, close cushion'd, slides askew, And to the op'ning Pocket runs, a Cou. 1873Bennett & Cavendish Billiards 5 A miss lost one and a coup three.
4. Among North American Indians: A successful stroke; esp. one that captures the weapon or horse of an enemy. Also attrib., as coup-stick (see quot. 1876).
1841G. Catlin N. Amer. Indians I. 27 Each one..recited his exploits, and his ‘coups’ or deaths. 1876R. I. Dodge Plains G. West (Farmer Americanisms), Giving the Coup..the term indicates that it was..named by the old French trappers, predecessors of the Hudson Bay Company. When a foe has been struck down in a fight, the scalp belongs to him who shall first strike the body with knife or tomahawk. This is the coup. 1876J. G. Bourke Jrnl. 15 June (D.A.), Making ‘coup’ sticks, which are long willow branches, about 12 feet from end to end, stripped of leaves and bark and having each some distinctive mark in the way of feathers, bells, [etc.]{ddd}in dividing the spoil, each man claims the animals first struck by his ‘coup’ stick. 1921Glasgow Herald 12 Nov. 7 Chief Plenty Coos laid his coupstick (symbol of tribal authority) and his war bonnet on the tomb. 1963Beaver Summer 33/2 Befeathered coup stick (to touch an enemy or count coup was a braver act than killing him).
5. French phrases frequent in English use.
a. coup d'état |ku deta| [F. état state]: a sudden and decisive stroke of state policy; spec. a sudden and great change in the government carried out violently or illegally by the ruling power.
1646Howell Lewis XIII, Life of Richelieu 157 These were the two first Coups d'estat, stroaks of State that he made. 1811Wellington in Gurw. Desp. VIII. 352, I shall be sorry to commence the era of peace by a coup d'état such as that which I had in contemplation. 1859Gen. P. Thompson Audi Alt. II. xcviii. 87 A coup d'état as effectual for the time as that of Louis Napoleon [2 Dec. 1851].
b. coup de force |ku də fɔrs| [lit. stroke of force]: a sudden, violent action.
1835J. S. Mill in Lond. Rev. II. 277 Their tampering with that measure was a coup de force. 1949I. Deutscher Stalin xiii. 535 The only chance of breaking out of their impasse lay in a coup de force.
c. coup de foudre |ku də fudr| [lit. stroke of lightning]: a sudden unforeseen occurrence; a revelation; also, love at first sight.
1779Mrs. E. Boscawen Let. 23 June in C. Aspinall-Oglander Admiral's Widow (1942) xvii. 96 This sentence..was a perfect coup de foudre bursting amidst our tranquil scenes. 1936‘R. Hyde’ Check to your King xiv. 163 Rumours of similar French coups de foudre were everywhere. 1955Times 28 July 10/6 There is the first sight of it, virgin and gleaming from the makers, and the coup de foudre that makes us instantly one with it.
d. coup de glotte |ku də glɔt| [F. glotte glottis]: the glottal stop.
1909in Webster. 1922G. B. Shaw Let. 27 Jan. (1960) 16 Afterall and Westminsterabbey may have to be unlearned for the stage, as the coup de glotte before a vowel, German fashion, is often necessary for emphasis, audibility in a big house. 1962John o' London's 19 July 65/3 The much-abused, but little understood, coup de glotte.
e. coup de grâce |ku də gras| [lit. stroke of grace]: a blow by which one condemned or mortally wounded is ‘put out of his misery’ or dispatched quickly; hence fig. a finishing stroke, one that settles or puts an end to something.
1699Garth Dispens. iv. 43 Whilst Poor Pretenders trifle o're a Case, You but appear, and give the Coup de Grace. 1745P. Thomas Jrnl. Anson's Voy. 326 Not being indulged, like other Malefactors, with the Coup de Grace, the favourable Blow, to put an End to their Pain. 1820Blackw. Mag. VI. 481/1 Whenever the baker's stomach fails him, he meets his coup de grace in the adulterated drugs of his friend the apothecary.
f. coup de main |ku də mɛ̃| [lit. stroke of hand]: ‘a sudden and vigorous attack, for the purpose of instantaneously capturing a position’ (Stocqueler Mil. Encycl.); also transf.
1758Misc. in Ann. Reg. 373/2 Coup de main, and Manœuvre, might be excusable in Marshal Saxe. 1779J. Moore View Soc. Fr. II. liv. 46 Laudohn retook it..by the most brilliant coup-de-main that perhaps ever was struck. 1801Wellington in Gurw. Desp. I. 365 This place can be taken by a coup de main, and probably in no other manner. 1877Clery Min. Tact. xiii. 178 To secure the guns from the coup de main on the left.
g. coup d'œil |ku dœj| [F. œil eye]: (a) A glance taking in a general view; concr. a view or scene as it strikes the eye at a glance.
1739Gray Let. to West 21 Nov., This is the first coup d'œil, and is almost all I am yet able to give you an account of. 1785European Mag. VIII. 468 The spot is a beautiful coup d'œil, a woody recess. 1837Major Richardson Brit. Legion i. (ed. 2) 2 We embraced one of the most magnificent coup-d'œils it is possible to conceive. 1890Eng. Illustr. Mag. No. 87. 227 The first magnificent coup d'œil.
(b) Mil. The action or faculty of rapidly taking a general view of a position and estimating its advantages and disadvantages.
1839Sir C. Napier in W. N. Bruce Life iv. (1885) 127 This is my first coup d'œil, and may be a very erroneous one. 1853in Stocqueler Mil. Encycl. 1864H. Ainsworth J. Law i. iv. (1881) 91 He was but a mediocre general, lacking the coup d'œil of genius.
h. coup de poing |ku də pwɛ̃| [lit. stroke of fist]: a Chellean implement in the form of a shaped flint; a hand-axe; also attrib.
1912R. Munro Palæolithic Man ii. 30 The Saint Acheul deposits, which have yielded an enormous quantity of flint implements of the coup-de-poing type. 1923A. L. Kroeber Anthropol. xiv. 398 The coup-de-poing being a comparatively effective, regularly shaped, symmetrical implement involving both an ideal of form and a tolerable, rough skill to produce. 1932Antiquity VI. 190 These flake industries seem to be quite distinct from the coup-de-poing industries.
†i. coup de soleil |ku də sɔlɛj| [F. soleil sun]: a sunstroke. Obs.
1772Duchess of Northumberland Diary 23 Apr. (1926) 166 The use is to prevent the wearer from receiving a Coup de Soleil. 1794Sullivan View Nat. I. 260 Even a coup de soleil is to be counteracted by the external application of..volatile alkali. 1814Q. Rev. Oct. 202 Many European soldiers [in India] were struck dead by a coup de soleil. 1834Medwin Angler in Wales I. 4, I..got the malaria at Rome, a coup-de-soleil at Naples. 1867S. W. Baker Nile Tributaries xxii. 553 Bacheet had a slight coup de soleil.
j. coup de théâtre |ku də teɑtr|: a theatrical hit; a sensational turn or action in a play; transf. any sudden sensational act.
1747H. Walpole Lett. to Mann June 26, This coup de theâtre procured Knight his Irish coronet. 1889Morley Walpole xi. 225 The House of Commons is the worst place in the world for coups de théatre.
k. coup de vent |ku də vɑ̃| [F. vent wind]: a whirlwind; a gale.
1831Disraeli Yng. Duke I. i. xi. 93 Oh, what a coup-de-vent! 1853C. Brontë Villette I. xiii. 237 Monsieur went off like a coup de vent the other night.
l. In other phrases, now rare or obs. in Eng. use, as coup d'éclat, a stroke which makes a sensation; coup d'essai, a first attempt; coup de maître, an action worthy of a master, a master-stroke.
1668Dryden Dram. Poesie 54 Any Character or humour wherein he would show a Coup de Maistre, or his highest skill. 1676G. Etherege Man of Mode iv. ii, Sir Fop. I have been endeavouring at a song!.. 'Tis my Coup d' Essay in English. 1712Steele Spectator No. 324 ⁋1 To put the Watch to a total Rout, and mortify some of those inoffensive Militia, is reckon'd a Coup d'éclat. 1760Foote Minor i. (1798) 20 Ay, that will be a coup de maitre. 1768― Devil on 2 Sticks iii. (1794) 57 It may do for a coup d'essai, and prove no bad foundation for a future engagement. 1819T. E. Bowdich Mission to Ashantee i. vi. 123 It would be a coup d'éclat much more important and agreeable, if he could settle the Warsaw palaver as well. 1845J. W. Croker in Q. Rev. Sept. 526 This work seems..to be a respectable coup d'essai, written with some thought. 1893Conan Doyle Mem. Sherlock Holmes 270 There are limits..to our friend's intelligence. It would have been a coup-de-maître had he deduced what I would deduce and acted accordingly.
▪ IV. coup, cowp, v.1 Sc. and north. dial.|kaʊp|
[a. ON. kaup-a to buy, bargain, barter, exchange, = Gothic kaupôn to traffic, trade, buy and sell, OSax. côpôn, OHG. choufôn, OE. céapian: see cheap v. A northern word, the senses of which run parallel to those of the cognate cope from LG., of which it is often viewed as a mere dialectal variant.]
†1. trans. To buy; fig. to abye, pay for, suffer for. Obs.
c1300Havelok 1800 ‘No,’ quodh on, ‘þat shaltou coupe,’ And bigan til him to loupe.
2. To exchange, barter.
c1610Sir J. Melvil Mem. (1683) 2 He had been couped from hand to hand, sometimes kept against his will as a captive. 1674Ray N.C. Words (1691) 18 Coup, to exchange or swap; Horse coupers, Horse-buyers. 1808Jamieson, Coup, cowp, to exchange, to barter. 1855Robinson Whitby Gloss., To Coup, to exchange. ‘Will you coup seats with me?’.. To have the ‘couping word’, the last or decisive word which shall fix the bargain or exchange. 1863in Robson Bards of Tyne 356 There's Billy the Barber for coupin' see cliver. Mod. Sc. I'll coup knives with you.
▪ V. coup, coupe, v.2|kuːp|
Also 5 cope.
[a. F. couper to cut: cf. cope v.4, a doublet of this.]
†1. trans. To cut, slash. Obs. (Only in pa. pple.)
a1300Syr Degarre 790 His sschon i-couped as a kniȝt. 1377Langl. P. Pl. B. xviii. 14 To geten him gylte spores or galoches ycouped [C. y-coped, ykeped]. c1435Torr. Portugal 1193 Withoute couped shone.
2. Her. To cut off clean: see couped.
1610J. Guillim Heraldry iii. xiii. (1660) 160 Couping is when a part is cut off smooth. 1639Fuller Holy War v. xxiv. (1840) 285 Piercing, voiding, fimbriating, ingrailing, couping [the cross].
▪ VI. coup, v.3 Sc.|kaʊp|
Also 5 caupe, 8 cowp.
[prob. originally the same word as cope v.2 (which had variant forms coupe, caupe). From sense 1, we pass easily to that of ‘upset or overturn with a shock or impact’, and so to ‘upset, overturn, tilt’ generally; cf. the sense history of tilt v.]
†1. intr. To strike; to come to blows, meet in the shock of combat, tilt. Obs. See cope v.2
a1400Morte Arth. 2059 Thane the comlyche kynge..With a crewelle launce cowpez fulle euene..emange the schortte rybbys. c1400Rowland & O. 453 In scheldes þay cowped full euen.
2. trans. To overturn, upset, tilt; to empty out, as from a cart or wheelbarrow by suddenly tilting or the like; to toss off (a pot of liquor).
to coup the crans, or creels: Sc. Fishery phrases; also fig. to cause or sustain an upset, be upset, come to grief; in various applications. (See cran, creel.)
a1572Knox Hist. Ref. 203 (Jam.) The pure woman..coupit up his heilles so that his heid went down. c1610Sir J. Melvil Mem. (1735) 399 He is in hazard of being couped and wrecked. 1785Burns To J. Lapraik 13 Sept. ix, But stooks are cowpet wi' the blast. 1816Scott Old Mort. xxxviii, ‘The bairns would be left to..coup ane anither into the fire.’ 1818― Hrt. Midl. xlviii, ‘She only spaes fortunes, and does not..coup cadgers' carts, or ony sort of mischief.’ 1832–53Whistle-binkie (Sc. Songs) Ser. iii. 9 Let us coup aff our bicker, And toast meikle joy to the twa. 1874Sunday Mag. 823 He just brings a cartload of texts and cowps them in. Mod. Sc. The horse ran away and coupit the cart.
3. intr. To be overturned or upset; to fall or tumble over; to capsize.
1785Burns Dr. Hornbook xviii, I drew my scythe in sic a fury, I near-hand cowpit wi' my hurry. 1824Scott Redgauntlet Let. xi, ‘Ower he cowped as if he had been dead.’ 1853Reade Chr. Johnstone 228 ‘She'll hae coupit a mile wast Inch Keith, an' the tide rinning aff the island.’
▪ VII. coup
obs. form of coop, cope, cup. |