| 释义 |
▪ I. spall, n.1|spɔːl|
Also 5 spalle, spolle, 8– spawl.
[Of doubtful origin: perh. related to G. spellen to split, but cf. spale n.2]
A chip or splinter, esp. of stone or ore.
αc1440Promp. Parv. 467/1 Spalle, or chyppe (K. spolle), quisquilia, assula. 1585Higins tr. Junius' Nomencl. 411/2 Segmenta, the spalls or broken peeces of marble comming off in grauing and hewing. 1611Cotgr., Retailles, the spalls, or shards; the peeces which flie from stone in the hewing thereof. 1706Phillips (ed. Kersey), Spalls, Chips of Wood. 1875Knight Dict. Mech. 2252/1 Spall, a chip of stone, removed by the hammer. 1892Daily News 22 Oct. 5/4 A stock of granite spalls could be had in.
β1793Smeaton Edystone L. §35 The great tendency of the Laminæ whereof the rock is composed, to rise in spawls. Ibid. §112 note, Observing how soon the quarrymen would cut half a ton of Spawls from an unformed block. 1897T. Hardy Well-Beloved 8 Like all the gardens in the isle it was surrounded by a wall of dry-jointed spawls.
▪ II. spall, n.2 rare.
[ad. It. spalla, or (in quot. 1827) var. of Sc. spaul spauld.]
Shoulder.
1590Spenser F.Q. ii. vi. 29 Their mightie strokes their haberieons dismayld, And naked made each others manly spalles. 1827Carlyle Germ. Rom. I. 60, [I] catch the noodle by the spall,..and pack him out of doors.
▪ III. spall, n.3|spɔːl|
Also spawl.
[Of obscure origin: cf. spale n.3]
A cross-spall; a cross-piece used in staging.
1895Whitby Gaz. 12 July 4/1 Boys frequently went up the spawls instead of the gangway because it was a shorter way on to the ship. 1898Westm. Gaz. 23 June 5/2 These were fixed together at the top by spalls, and strengthened by struts.
▪ IV. spall, v.1|spɔːl|
Also 8 spal, 9 spaul, spawl.
[Related to spall n.1]
1. trans.
a. Mining. To break (ore) into smaller pieces.
1758[see spalling vbl. n. 1]. 1778Pryce Min. Cornub. 215 Tin-stuff..is first spalled or broken to the size of a man's fist or less. Ibid. 233 They..spal or break them [sc. the larger stones] to a less size. 1855[J. R. Leifchild] Cornwall 52 The ore..is..drawn up, after being ‘spalled’ or broken. 1875J. H. Collins Met. Mining 106 The ores, if in large masses, are first ‘spalled’, or broken up by means of heavy ‘spalling hammers’.
absol.1855[J. R. Leifchild] Cornwall 164 There they sit, ‘spalling, jigging,’ ‘buddling and trunking,’ and doing all manner of mining mysteries.
b. To dress (stones) roughly with a hammer.
1793–[see spalled ppl. a.]. a1925F. S. Anthony Follow Call (1936) ii. 22, I landed..on a patch of broken stone I had spalled up..for metalling in front of the stand.
2. a. To split or chip; also, to detach as small fragments or particles. Also with off.
1841Hartshorne Salop. Ant. Gloss., Spauled, split, cleft, as wood. 1846Holtzapffel Turning II. 501 Should the fibres have been split, or spalled off in shooting the ends, the removal of the edge b..would correct the evil. 1971Sci. Amer. June 29/2 As the shock wave traversed a gas bubble some of its energy would go into spalling liquid from the inner surface of the bubble and projecting it through the void to strike the bubble wall at the other side. 1973J. G. Tweeddale Materials Technol. II. vi. 154 Thermal fracturing is a somewhat crude way in which material may be ‘spalled’ off the surface of a brittle material which has low thermal-shock resistance. 1980M. Napier Blind Chance xii. 109 She looked at the huge chip of stone spalled off by a bullet.
b. Nuclear Physics. To cause spallation of (a nucleus).
1976Nature 16 Sept. 201/1 Stronger shock waves..spall nearly all the nuclei to free nucleons.
3. intr. To break off in fragments or chips. Also without off.
1853Kane Grinnell Exp. xl. (1856) 363 Spawling off under the axe in dangerous little chips. 1881Young Every Man his own Mechanic §423 If this precaution is not taken the corners will ‘spawl’ off. 1940K. Rexroth In what Hour 33 Novelty emerges after centuries, a rock spalls from the cliff. 1968Engineering 26 July 171/3 These alloys would spall after enamelling. 1977Sci. Amer. Feb. 35/1 High-energy impacts cause large pieces of the target to spall off. 1980National Trust Autumn 14/2 Damp has penetrated the stone..and the corners have broken off or spalled.
▪ V. spall, v.2|spɔːl|
[Related to spall n.3]
trans. To fix (ship-frames) at the proper breadth by means of cross-spalls.
c1850Rudim. Navig. (Weale) 112 The main and top-timber breadths are the heights mostly taken for spalling the frames.
▪ VI. spall
obs. form of spawl, to spit. |