| 释义 |
southern, a. and n.|ˈsʌðən|
Forms: 1, 3 suðerne, 1 suþerne, 4 soþern, sotherin, 5 sothryn, -(e)ren, soþeren, -erne; 4 souþerne, -erin, -eren, 4–7 southerne (5 sow-), 5– southern; 5–6 southrene, 5–7 southren, 7 -rine.
[OE. súðerne (f. súð south adv. + -ern), = ON. suðrœ́nn, OHG. sundrôni. See also southron.]
A. adj.
1. a. Of persons: Living or originating in, coming from, the south, esp. of Great Britain (= English), of England, or of Europe.
c950Lindisf. Gosp. Matt., Int. 19 Ðy cwoen suðerne ᵹemyndᵹade. c1386Chaucer Pars. Prol. 42 But trusteth wel, I am a southren man. 1610[see northern a. 1]. 1646J. Hall Poems i. 10 As feathers on a Southern-hacneys head. 1802G. Ellis Let. in Lockhart Scott (1837) I. x. 346 In the only situation which can enable a Southern reader to estimate their merits. 1871Skeat in Joseph of Arimathie p. xi, The southern forms in the poem being due to a southern scribe.
b. U.S. Belonging to the Southern States. Southern Baptist, a Baptist who is a member of a church belonging to the Southern Baptist Convention, first organized in 1845; also attrib.
1789Deb. Congress U.S. 28 Apr. (1834) 215 Suppose a member from Massachusetts was to propose an impost on negroes, what would you hear from the Southern gentlemen, if fifty dollars was the sum to be laid? 1839W. E. Channing Wks. (1884) 553/1 Congress must be an arena in which Northern and Southern parties will be arrayed against each other. 1846J. Soule in Jrnls. Gen. Conf. Methodist Episcopal Church, South (1851) I. 105 Southern Methodists were able so far to conciliate public opinion, and quiet popular apprehension, as to carry on..the ordinary operations of church enterprise and discipline. 1849[see northern a. 1 b]. 1866in W. L. Flemming Documentary Hist. Reconstruction (1907) II. 247 In 1845, when the Southern Baptist Convention was organized,..in proportion to the population there were more negroes than white people who were members of our churches. 1888Gunter Mr. Potter xii. 144 The most desperate charge ever made in the war by Southern troops. 1932N.Y. Times 3 Nov. 19/3 The Southern Baptist handbook for 1932 declares Southern Baptists are ‘still wasting money in riotous living’. 1936M. Mitchell Gone with Wind ix. 195 A delicately nurtured Southern belle with her Irish up. 1964‘E. McBain’ Ax ii. 32 A simpering smile on her lips, as though she were a Southern belle waiting to be asked for a dance. 1978N. Longmate Hungry Mills i. 21 The ‘Southern gentlemen’, a breed already famous for their independence and arrogance, owned the large plantations. 1979Arizona Daily Star 1 Apr. e7/4 Television station WFAA, which aired his program, said Robison's remarks crossed over from religious to political proselytizing and then canceled the half-hour program. The result has been a wave of support for the popular Southern Baptist evangelist.
2. Of the wind: Blowing from the south.
c888K. ælfred Boeth. vi, Swa eac se suðerna wind hwilum mid miclum storme ᵹedrefeð þa sæ. c1000Sax. Leechd. III. 276 Ealne ðone cwyld ðe se suðerna wind auster acænð. c1205Lay. 32038 Com þe wind suðerne, þa sæt an heore wille. c1290S. Eng. Leg. I. 232 Þo cam sone a souþerne wynd, þat northþe-ward drof heom faste. 1382Wyclif Ps. lxxvii. 26 He..broȝte in his vertue the southerne wynd. c1440Pallad. on Husb. i. 1104 The southern wynd is best, as wist Is wel. 1548Elyot, Notus, the southerne wynde. 1565Cooper Thesaurus s.v. Notus, The southerne windes puffe vp the sayles. 1626Bacon Sylva §217 The Thinner or Drier Aire, carrieth not the Sound so well, as the more Dense: As appeareth..in moist Weather, and Southern Winds. 1697Dryden æneid iii. 96 But southern gales invite us to the main. 1748Anson's Voy. ii. i. 116 The southern winds..blow off the land in violent gusts.., which seems to be owing to the obstruction of the southern gale, by the hills in the neighbourhood. 1835Penny Cycl. III. 27/1 The southern trade-wind..always preserves its direction.
3. a. Situated or lying to the southward or in the south; having a position relatively south.
c1000ælfric Hom. II. 584 Heo..com fram ðam suðernum ᵹemærum to Salomone binnon Hierusalem. 1594[see southernly adv. 1]. 1604E. G[rimstone] D'Acosta's Hist. Indies i. ii. 5 The other Antarticke or Southerne Pole. 1658Dryden Stanzas O. Cromwell xxxi, We boldly cross'd the Line, And bravely fought where Southern Stars arise. 1713Pope Windsor Forest 391 Under southern skies. 1774Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) IV. 49 The Agouti..is found in great abundance in the southern parts of America. 1841Elphinstone Hist. Ind. I. 475 The disappearance of the Greeks after the overthrow of their southern kingdom. 1868Rep. U.S. Commissioner Agric. (1869) 21 A large proportion of this advance was in the southern States.
Comb.1719De Foe Crusoe i. (Globe) 193 The Current..did not so hurry me as the Southern Side Current had done.
b. Astr. In the names of constellations, as Southern Crown, Southern Fish, Southern Triangle. Southern Cross: also transf., the Australian national flag.
1594Blundevil Exerc. iv. xix. (1597) 223 b, The Southerne Crowne, called Corona Australis. Ibid. 224 The hinder part of the Southerne fish hauing diuers starres without name. 1700–[see cross n. 12]. 1771Encycl. Brit. I. 487 The ancient Constellations [include]..Corona Australis, The Southern Crown,..[and] Piscis Australis, The Southern Fish. 1845Gosse Ocean iv. (1849) 178 Of all the constellations that stud the sky of the southern hemisphere, there is none that more strikes a stranger than the Southern Cross. 1855R. Carboni Eureka Stockade xxxvii. 50 There is no flag in old Europe half so beautiful as the ‘Southern Cross’ of the Ballaarat miners. 1875Encycl. Brit. II. 817/1 The constellations added by Hevelius [include]..Sextans, The Sextant;..Triangulum Australe, The Southern Triangle. 1917‘H. H. Richardson’ Richard Mahoney ii. i. 96 The ‘Southern Cross’ hoisted—a blue bunting that bore the silver stars of the constellation after which it was named.
4. a. Of things: Pertaining or belonging to, produced by, found in, characteristic of, the south.
c1000Sax. Leechd. II. 224 Þæt is suþerne læcedom. c1000ælfric Hom. II. 584 And hire olfendas bæron suðerne wyrta, and deorwurðe gymstanas. a1300Cursor M. 20061 In a writt þis ilk i fand... In sotherin englis was it draun. 1387[see B. 1]. c1440Promp. Parv. 467/1 Sowtherne, idem quod sowthely. a1548Hall Chron., Hen. VI, 101 Meanynge to haue..a southerne byl, to conteruayle a Northren bastard. 1591Sylvester Du Bartas i. v. 877 To seek adventure In Southren Climates for a milder Winter. 1622in Foster Eng. Factories Ind. (1908) II. 43 Which..brings them quantetyes of southrine commodities. 1709Pope Ess. Crit. 400 That sun..not alone the southern wit sublimes, But ripens spirits in cold northern climes. 1748[see northern a. 3]. 1801Farmer's Mag. Jan. 108 The great demand for the southern markets in the Autumn. 1886T. L. Kington-Oliphant New English I. 68 A curious medley of Northern and Southern pronouns.
b. southern lights, the Aurora Australis.
1775Phil. Trans. LXVIII. 409 Some Southern lights, very rare and motionless. 1777G. Forster Voy. round World I. 116 The stars were sometimes hid by..these southern lights (aurora australis). 1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk. 62 Cook was the first navigator who recorded the southern lights.
c. U.S. spec. Pertaining to or belonging to the southern States of America (cf. south n. 2 c). Southern Comfort, the proprietary name of a brand of alcoholic drink, based on whisky and orig. manufactured in the U.S.
1819D. Thomas Trav. through Western Country 100 The mistress..treated us to milk, in the true spirit of southern hospitality. 1836Southern Lit. Messenger II. 111/2 We have known a New Englander laugh at the Southern use of the word clever. 1860Charleston (S. Carolina) Mercury 15 Nov. 2/5 The ‘Lone Star’ was very suggestive of the additions which may hereafter be made to the Independent Southern Confederacy. 1877C. Hallock Sportsman's Gazetteer 96 The Southern Fox Squirrel inhabits the Southern States from North Carolina to Texas. 1880‘Mark Twain’ Tramp Abroad xlix. 574 Hot wheat-bread, Southern style. 1925G. P. Krapp Eng. Lang. in Amer. I. 40 It is..much easier for an American to call up in his mind a kind of image of the Eastern and Southern types of American speech than of the Western or General type. 1934Official Gaz. (U.S. Patent Office) 24 July 786/2 Midland Distilleries, Incorporated, St. Louis, Mo...Southern Comfort. For Cordial. 1947Trade Marks Jrnl. 12 Nov. 707/1 Southern Comfort B647,105. Wines, spirits (beverages) and liqueurs. Southern Comfort Corporation.., 2121, Olive Street, St. Louis,..Missouri, United States of America; Manufacturers. 1962A. Lurie Love & Friendship iv. 60 He had a slight Southern accent. 1978M. G. Eberhart Nine O'Clock Tide i. 21 I'll take a little drink..Southern Comfort. 1979United States 1980/81 (Penguin Travel Guides) 280 The corn bread, fried chicken..and the like are served buffet-style in a big Southern-style mansion. 1980Blair & Ketchum's Country Jrnl. Oct. 142 (Advt.), Grandma Johnston's southern fruit cake.
5. a. In the specific names of animals, birds, or fishes: (see quots. and the ns.).
Other examples occur in Shaw's Gen. Zool. (1800–24) and in Lydekker's Roy. Nat. Hist. (1894–96).
1813Shaw Nat. Misc. XXIV. 1058 The *Southern Apteryx.
1690Lond. Gaz. No. 2614/4 A Pack of *Southern Beagles to be sold.
1781Latham Gen. Synop. Birds I. i. 264 *Southern Brown Parrot... Inhabits New Zealand.
c1880Cassell's Nat. Hist. III. 264 The *Southern Caracaras (Ibycter australis) are said to run with extreme quickness.
Ibid. 144 The *Southern Cavy (Cavia australis)..inhabits Patagonia.
1890Cent. Dict., Micropterus... Bass of this genus are variously known as..white-trout, *southern or Roanoke chub [etc.].
1790J. White Jrnl. Voy. N.S. Wales 266 *Southern Cottus, Cottus Australis... This fish did not exceed four inches in length.
c1880Cassell's Nat. Hist. III. 116 The little *Southern Field Vole (Arvicola arvalis).
1843Penny Cycl. XXVII. 283/1 The bifid cæcum in the *Southern Manatee.
1882Jordan & Gilbert Syn. Fishes N. Amer. 929 Argyrops chrysops, *Southern Porgee.
1785Latham Gen. Synop. Birds III. i. 187 *Southern Sandpiper..inhabits Cayenne.
Ibid. ii. 365 *Southern Tern..inhabits Christmas Island.
1823― Gen. Hist. Birds VI. 322 *Southern Wagtail... Inhabits New-Holland, and has the air and manners of our Common Wagtail.
1868Chambers's Encycl. X. 151/2 The *Southern or Cape Whale (Balæna australis) is now regarded as a distinct species.
b. In the specific names of plants. southern beech = nothofagus.
Cf. OE. súðerne popiᵹ, rædic, wermód.
1914W. J. Bean Trees & Shrubs Hardy in Brit. Isles II. 97 The *southern beeches are only adapted for the milder parts of the country. 1957M. Hadfield Brit. Trees 189 The so-called ‘southern beeches’..represent the beech family in South America, south-east Australia, and New Zealand. 1974[see nothofagus].
1856A. Gray Man. Bot. (1860) 267 Bumelia lycioides... *Southern Buckthorn... Moist ground, S[outh] Kentucky and southward.
Ibid. 78 Vitis vulpina. Muscadine or *Southern Fox-Grape.
1845–50A. H. Lincoln Lect. Bot. App. 121/1 Lilium catesbæi, *Southern lily.
1607Markham Cavelarie iii. 17 Not like your *southerne Oates light and emptie, which in the north wee call skeggs.
1840Penny Cycl. XVIII. 171/2 The *southern Pine (Pinus australis or P. palustris)... A native of Virginia and the neighbouring states of America.
1856A. Gray Man. Bot. (1860) 470 Lilium Catesbæi, *Southern Red Lily.
6. Facing or directed towards the south.
1706London & Wise Retir'd Gard'ner 19 What fruit best agrees with a Southern Wall. Ibid. 20 The Southern Exposition. 1781Cowper Retirem. 494 There, prison'd in a parlour snug and small, Like bottled wasps upon a southern wall. 1900Bp. W. How Lighter Moments 37 A very good garden with a southern slope.
7. Performed or done in the south.
1748Anson's Voy. i. ix. 92 This..would render all that southern navigation infinitely securer than at present.
8. As adv. Towards the south.
1678Dryden All for Love i. i, All Southern, from yon Hills, the Roman Camp Hangs o'er us black and threatning.
9. Comb., as southern-headed, southern-shaped, southern-tinted; southern-fried U.S., cooked in a manner characteristic of the southern states; also fig.
1972St. Louis Post-Dispatch 5 Nov. c1/4 ‘Ah sure thought we were gonna win,’ he said in his Southern-fried drawl. ‘Ah really did.’ 1973Sat. Rev. World (U.S.) 6 Nov. 43/1 Southern-fried chicken..with bananas, sweet corn, and tomatoes. 1976N. Thornburg Cutter & Bone vi. 142 Not hillbilly really. Just a good ole boy, southern fried. 1982Times 19 June 7/5 Southern fried chicken really is a speciality.
1678Lond. Gaz. No. 1308/4 A broad squot white beagle Bitch,..southern-headed.
1922D. H. Lawrence Aaron's Rod xiv. 195 There was..something inhuman and possessed-looking in their foreign, southern-shaped faces, so much more formed and demon-looking than northern faces.
1890‘R. Boldrewood’ Col. Reformer (1891) 341 The nut-brown maid, blushing through her southern-tinted skin in a very visible manner.
B. n.
1. Southern men. rare.
1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) II. 163 Men of myddel Engelond..vnderstondeþ bettre þe side langages, norþerne and souþerne, þan norþerne and souþerne vnderstondeþ eiþer oþer. c1470Henry Wallace iv. 609 Ane awfull salt the Sothren son began. Ibid. 665 Thocht Sotheren had it suorn. 1622Drayton Poly-olb. xxii. 903 The Southern on this side, for Yorke ‘a Warwicke’ cry. Ibid. 1127 The Southern expert were, in all to war belong. 1818Scott Hrt. Midl. viii, A sturdy Scotsman, with all sort of prejudices against the southern, and the spawn of the southern.
2. A native of the south:
a. Of Great Britain, or of parts of the United Kingdom.
1721Ramsay Prospect of Plenty 82 The Southerns will with pith your project bauk. 1814Scott Ld. of Isles vi. xxvi, Both Southern fierce and hardy Scot. a1849H. Coleridge Ess. (1851) I. 190 The Southerns, and some of you Northerns too, have a strange idea of the lakes. 1874S. Wilberforce Ess. I. 26 Poor stay-at-home Southerns whose nerves were not being braced by the invigorating air of the eastern Highlands.
b. Of Europe.
1830H. N. Coleridge Greek Poets 18 That the old Greek and Roman poets were..Southerns, or Inhabitants of the South of Europe. 1856N. Brit. Rev. XXVI. 127 Vegetable oil in lamps lights the Southerns now as in old classical days. 1870Miss L. Toulmin Smith Eng. Gilds Introd. p. lxxiii, When..these Southerns brought Christianity into the North.
c. In general use.
1846G. Warburton Hochelaga II. 314 There were Hamburg Jews, Spaniards from the Havannah, Northerns and Southerns, Westerns, English, Canadians, and a few who had no country in particular. 1885Sir H. Taylor Autobiog. I. 353 The trading interests of the Southerns [of China] were identical with our own.
3. U.S. The dialect of English spoken in the southern states.
1935,1951[see New England a]. 1975New Yorker 21 Apr. 33/3, I listened to the Governor's lady talking for some minutes to some of her South Delaware friends, and they were talking Southern. 1981J. Scott Distant View of Death x. 147 Saying in her comedy Southern: ‘Why, Colonel..you jest spoil lil' ol' me.’
Hence ˈsouthern v., to become more southerly.
1870Daily News 12 May, At 7.30 a.m. the wind was S.E., but southerning fast. 1894Times 6 Aug. 5/2 The breeze southerned and came fresher.
Add:[4.] d. Southern Oscillation Meteorol., an approximately cyclic variation in the position and intensity of the principal anticyclones and depressions of the southern hemisphere.
1923G. T. Walker in Mem. Indian Meteorol. Dept. XXIV. 285 In summer it [sc. Vienna] is a weak adherent of the second group in the ‘southern’ oscillation, having negative associations with Samoa and Peninsula rain. Ibid. 323 By the southern oscillation is implied the tendency of pressure at stations in the Pacific..and of rainfall in India and Java..to increase, while pressure in the region of the Indian Ocean..decreases. 1976Nature 13 May 94/1 The Southern Oscillation is not..some local or even hemispheric phenomenon, but rather a..manifestation of the general tendency of the atmosphere/ocean system to vary on this kind of timescale. 1990J. Gribbin Hothouse Earth vii. 162 When the temperature pattern over the oceans reverses, the winds also reverse, a phenomenon known to meteorologists as the Southern Oscillation.
▸ Southern Gothic adj. and n. (also with lower-case initial in the second element) (a) adj. of, designating, or reminiscent of a genre of fiction set in the southern United States, characterized by plots involving violence or hidden trauma, eccentric and often psychologically troubled characters, and a general atmosphere of repression and decay; cf. Gothic adj. and n. Additions; (b) n. this genre, or a work in this genre.
1935E. Glasgow in Sat. Rev. 4 May 4/2, I am not asking the novelist of the *Southern Gothic school to change his material. 1958F. O'Connor Let. 26 Oct. (1979) 301, I suppose my novel too will be called another Southern Gothic. 1991Time 25 Nov. 82/2 He spins out his story..recounting Southern-gothic tales of abuse, alcoholism and incest as examples of dysfunctional family behavior. 1997Vanity Fair Dec. 128/2 Other Voices, Other Rooms has been severely marked down in recent decades..part of a general devaluation of the whole school of Southern Gothic. |