| 释义 |
▪ I. -some
suffix1, representing OE. -sum, = OFris. -sum, related by ablaut to OS. and OHG. -sam (G. -sam, Du. -zaam), ON. -samr (Sw. -sam, Da. -som), Goth. -sams, used in OE. to form adjs. from nouns and adjs., as friðsum peaceful, ᵹenyhtsum abundant, ánsum whole, langsum lasting, rarely from verbs, as hýrsum, héarsum obedient. A few of the OE. formations survived in early ME., but only two or three are now in use, as longsome, lovesome, winsome. In ME. a number of new examples appear, some of which soon became obsolete, as beisome, folȝsome, friendsome, lustsome, wlatsome, while others (chiefly dating from the 14th century) have remained current, as cumbersome, fulsome, gamesome, gladsome, handsome, lightsome, loathsome, noisome, wholesome. The early ME. buhsum, buxum is now represented by buxom, in which the suffix is disguised. In the 16th century appear awesome, brightsome, darksome, healthsome, heartsome, quarrelsome, and the unusual formation timorsome. Of later date are adventuresome, bothersome, fearsome, frightsome, lonesome, plaguesome, etc., and various nonce-formations as clipsome, cuddlesome, dabblesome, divertsome, some of which have a passive, others an active, sense.
▪ II. -some
suffix2, representing OE. sum after numerals in the genitive plural: see some indef. pron. 3. In ME. the inflexion disappeared, and the pronoun was finally treated as a suffix to the numeral, chiefly with the simple numbers from two to ten; for the history of these see twosome, threesome, etc. Other examples are rare, and the some may be written as a separate word.
In OS. and OFris. sum was similarly used with the gen. pl., as OS. fahora sum (one of a few), OFris. twira-, thrira-, fiuwerasum, etc.; the latter are still represented by WFris. tware-, trijere-, fjouweresom, etc.
a1300Cursor M. 5233 Quen þai war gedir al to-gedir, Sex and sexti sum o liues Þai war. c1400Brut 236 And also he commandede..þat þai shulde bene put in tuenty⁓some and in hundredsome. c1470Henry Wallace ix. 440 Off Scottis men thai semblyt hastely Nyne hundyr sum off worthi chewalry.
▪ III. -some
suffix3, later var. of -sum suffix, occurring in a few words, as whatsome, wheresome, whosome. Cf. somever.
▪ IV. -some, suffix4
f. Gr. σῶµα body; (a) used with this sense, as in ectosome s.v. ecto-, trophosome s.v. tropho-; (b) used to form words denoting an intracellular particle, as in acrosome, chromosome, lysosome; (c) used to repr. chromosome, as in disome, monosome 1.
1921[see hexasome s.v. hexa-]. |