| 释义 |
radio-|ˈreɪdɪəʊ|
1. Comb. form of radius n. Anat. Belonging to the radius in conjunction with some other part, as ˌradio-ˈcarpal, -ˈdigital, -ˈhumeral, -ˈmuscular, -ˈpalmar, -ˈulnar adjs.
1831R. Knox Cloquet's Anat. 133 The external lateral ligament of the radio-carpal articulation. 1845Todd & Bowman Phys. Anat. I. 137 Another example is the superior radio-ulnar articulation. 1858Holden Hum. Osteol. (1878) 160 The lower end of the bones of the fore-arm forms the radio-carpal joint.
2. Comb. form of radiate v. or radiation. Physics. Connected with rays or radiation, esp. connected with ionizing radiation, as radioˈdensity, the degree to which a material will absorb ionizing radiation; radio-opacity; ˌradiodermaˈtitis, dermatitis caused by X-rays or other ionizing radiation; ˌradiodiagˈnosis, the diagnosis of disease by means of X-rays or other ionizing radiation; hence ˌradiodiagˈnostic a.; radio-eˈcology, the study of the ecological effects of radioactive materials and ionizing radiation; hence ˌradio-ecoˈlogical a.; radio-eˈcologist; radiogeˈnetics, the study of the genetic effects of ionizing radiation; hence radiogeˈnetic, -ical adjs.; ˌradiolumiˈnescence, luminescence caused by ionizing radiation; hence ˌradiolumiˈnescent a.; ˌradio-miˈcrometer, an instrument for measuring minute degrees of infra-red or microwave radiation; radiomiˈmetic a., of (the action or properties of) a substance: producing effects upon living cells resembling those produced by ionizing radiation; ˌradioneˈcrosis Med., necrosis caused by excessive exposure to ionizing radiation; ˌradio-pasteuriˈzation, pasteurization of food by exposure to ionizing radiation; so radio-ˈpasteurized a.; ˌradiopharmaˈceutical a. and n., (being or pertaining to) any radioactive compound or preparation which is administered to a patient for the purpose of radiotherapy or diagnosis; ˌradiopharmaˈcology, the use of drugs in radiology; also, the study of physiology and the metabolism of drugs by means of radiopharmaceuticals; so ˌradiopharmacoˈlogical a., -pharmaˈcologist; radioˈpharmacy, the preparation and use of radiopharmaceuticals; a laboratory for this work; so radioˈpharmacist; ˌradio-proˈtection, the prevention or countering by chemical means of the harmful effects produced in living tissues by ionizing radiation; so ˌradio-proˈtective a., being or possessing this property; ˌradio-proˈtector, a substance possessing this property; radio-reˈsistant a., resistant to the action of ionizing radiation; so radio-reˈsistance; radioˈsensitive a., sensitive to the action of ionizing radiation; so † radioˈsensitiveness, radiosensiˈtivity; radioˈsensitize v. trans., to make (more) radiosensitive; so radioˈsensitizing vbl. n.; also ˌradiosensitiˈzation; radioˈsensitizer, a substance which is used to increase the sensitivity of particular organisms or tissues to ionizing radiation; ˌradiosteriliˈzation, (a) the process of rendering sterile by means of ionizing radiation; (b) the process of rendering free from micro-organisms by means of ionizing radiation; also (in either sense) radioˈsterilized a.; radioˈsurgery, the use of beams of ionizing radiation in surgery; so radioˈsurgical a.; ˌradiotransˈlucent a. = radiolucent a.; hence ˌradiotransˈlucency.
1936B. J. M. Harrison Textbk. Roentgenol. iii. 62 Of the media of greater radiodensity than the tissues the most commonly used is sulphate of barium. 1977Proc. R. Soc. Med. LXX. 518/2 If the stone is still in situ then the chemical composition may be assessed by the radiodensity.
1903Progressive Med. III. 161 Heidingsfeld's case was a bullous radiodermatitis. 1930Times Educ. Suppl. 2 Aug. p. iv/3 The Cross of the Legion of Honour has been conferred on Dr. Jean Chabry, whose experimental work in radiology has resulted in an attack of radiodermatitis, necessitating amputation of his right arm. 1968A. Rook et al. Textbk. Dermatol. xv. 359/2 Chronic radiodermatitis is not an inflammatory process and should strictly be termed roentgen atrophy or perhaps roentgen poikiloderma.
1904F. P. Foster Appleton's Med. Dict. 1676/2 Radiodiagnosis, diagnosis by means of Röntgen ray examination. 1910A. Abrams Diagnostic Therapeutics iv. 627 Radio-diagnosis is more accurate than percussion in defining the dimensions of the organ. 1978Lancet 25 Feb. 434/1 The current practice of treating radiodiagnosis as cost-free, risk-free, and done in a flash has seriously affected medical standards over the past three decades.
1907Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 17 Nov. 1392/2 (heading) The correlation of clinical and radio⁓diagnostic findings. 1961Lancet 29 July 257/1 Dr. C. Pickard..was..critical of past and future planning for radiodiagnostic departments.
1956E. P. Odum in Conf. Radioactive Isotopes in Agric. (U.S. Atomic Energy Comm.) 102/2 Radio-ecological research at AEC installations..has been handicapped by (1) lack of prior knowledge of the environment, and (2) uncontrolled experimental conditions. 1975Nature 3 Jan. p. xiii (Advt.), The successful candidate should have knowledge and some experience in marine radioecological research and related techniques.
1959E. P. & H. T. Odum Fund. Ecol. (ed. 2) xiv. 477 This rather surprising finding, repeatedly documented by radioecologists working at the Nevada Test Site.., is apparently to be explained by the fact that the smaller particles which fall at a distance stick to the leaves of plants and dissolve more readily.
1956E. P. Odum in Conf. Radioactive Isotopes in Agric. (U.S. Atomic Energy Comm.) 100/1 Only now that we have some familiarity with the functional aspects of our ecosystem are we ready to begin controlled experiments in radio-ecology. 1964Oceanogr. & Marine Biol. II. 256 Radioecology or radiation ecology is the branch of ecology which concerns itself with the dispersion and interaction of radionuclides in and with the physical, chemical, and biological environment. 1974Nature 13 Dec. 618/2 The two fundamental problems in radioecology are to determine how radionuclides migrate within biogeological systems and how ionising radiations affect microorganisms, plants and animals.
1971Radiation Bot. XI. 119 (heading) Radiogenetic effects of gamma- and fast neutron irradiation on different ontogenetic stages of the tomato. Ibid., Pollen, which has advantages for radiogenetical studies, seems to hold little promise for mutation breeding purposes.
1950Genetics XXXV. 56 (heading) On the interpretation of the dose⁓frequency in radiogenetics. 1955[see radiobiology]. 1963Biol. Abstr. XLI. 642/2 Valuable data have been obtained in the field of radiogenetics.
1911Chem. Abstr. V. 3059 The intensity of the radioluminescence is proportional to the distance in mm. 1946Thorpe's Dict. Appl. Chem. (ed. 4) VII. 405/2 Radioluminescence of solids induced by X-rays finds considerable technical application in industrial and medical fields. 1966G. F. J. Garlick in P. Goldberg Luminescence of Inorg. Solids xii. 689 It was the existence of the particle-excited radioluminescence of uranyl salts that led Becquerel to the discovery of radioactivity in 1896.
1919Chem. Abstr. XIII. 2806 A long discourse on the underlying principles and the preparation of radioluminescent paints.
1887C. V. Boys in Proc. Royal Soc. XLII. 189 (title) Preliminary Note on the ‘Radio-Micrometer’. 1888Times 10 May 5/5 Mr. C. V. Boys's Radiomicrometer..consists of a circuit made of antimony, bismuth, and copper.
1908Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 1907 621 The first thing is to tune up the receiver accurately. This can be done by a Duddell radio-micrometer, which measures the received [radio] energy satisfactorily although it is very small. 1966McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. XI. 319/1 The radiomicrometer was invented by C. V. Boys in 1887 to avoid the limitations of a separate thermocouple and galvanometer. However, because it is delicate and inconvenient, it has virtually gone out of use.
1947P. Dustin in Nature 14 June 796/2 These effects are remarkably similar to those of ionizing radiations: the mitotic poisons of the trypaflavine type are radio⁓mimetic. 1965New Scientist 25 Nov. 586/2 The still unidentified agent causing the haemorrhage is a radiomimetic compound—that is, it poisons the bone-marrow very much as radiation does. 1974R. M. Kirk et al. Surgery ii. 9/2 Irradiation and radiomimetic drugs..administered in the treatment of neoplasms, cause delay in wound healing by their damaging effects on dividing cells.
1933Ward & Smith Rec. Adv. Radium viii. 85 In this way radio-necrosis may result in the more radio-resistant tumours without destruction of the tumour. 1963New Scientist 9 May 334/3 Early treatment of certain irradiation accident cases with ‘vasodilators’ may prevent radionecrosis altogether. 1977Lancet 27 Aug. 460/1 Radionecrosis of the brain may follow therapeutic irradiation of the pituitary.
1959Internat. Jrnl. Appl. Radiation & Isotopes VI. 128/1 Extensive investigations..will be necessary before radio-pasteurization without refrigeration can be recommended for meats. 1968Biol. Abstr. XLIX. 2446/2 Freshly killed pre-rigor fish respond better toward the radio-pasteurization process than do post-rigor fish.
1966E. R. Killam et al. in Proc. Internat. Symposium Food Irradiation 839 A petition was submitted to the FDA on April 29, 1966 for the approval of radio⁓pasteurized strawberries for public consumption. 1971Jrnl. Food Technol. VI. 82 Blackening in radio-pasteurized shrimps can be effectively controlled by pre-blanching treatment.
1960Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 10 Sept. 162/1 The production of radiopharmaceutical compounds that concentrate in organs, such as colloidal gold in the liver and chlormerodrin..in the kidneys. 1963P. F. Belcastro in H. M. Burlage et al. Physical & Technical Pharmacy xvii. 701 Radiopharmaceuticals can be used as therapeutic agents for treating specific diseases more efficiently than by traditional methods. 1966G. V. LeRoy in G. A. Andrews et al. Radioactive Pharmaceuticals xxxvii. 669 There is a continuing disagreement about the appropriate dose of almost all the radiopharmaceutical agents currently in use. 1977Lancet 23 Apr. 907/2 Adverse reactions to radio⁓pharmaceuticals are rare, and are generally due to the carrier portion rather than to the isotope itself.
1973Radiopharmacist [see radiochemist].
1963Biol. Abstr. XLIV. 479/2 (heading) Radio-pharmacological investigations of the mechanism of action of sympathetic alpha and beta receptors in the region of the cardia of the rabbit.
1960Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 10 Sept. 165/2 The clinician, biochemist, physiologist, or radiopharmacologist will eventually discover substances that will concentrate in the pancreas and adrenal and parathyroid glands. 1968Australasian Radiol. XII. 239/1 Pancoast, in 1914, appears to have initiated radiopharmacology when he used morphine to stimulate gastric peristalsis. 1976M. Tubis in Tubis & Wolf Radiopharmacy xv. 406 Radiopharmacology..is concerned with the use of labeled compounds, the ‘radiophores’ carriers of radioactivity, to demonstrate the distribution, deposition, kinetics of metabolism, turnover, and the excretion. Ibid., Radiopharmacy..is the science and art of preparing and dispensing the labeled compounds of pharmaceutical quality that are used in nuclear medicine for diagnosis and therapy. 1977K. Kristensen et al. Quality Control in Nuclear Med. xxxiii. 271/1 The radiopharmacy should be designed so that dispensing and radioactive waste handling do not interfere with or contaminate each other.
1957Brit. Jrnl. Radiol. XXX. 97/1 This..underlines the importance of the liver in radio-protection. 1975Internat. Jrnl. Radiation Biol. XXVIII. 41 It appears that cystamine may be limiting the availability of reducing equivalents and thus providing radioprotection to lipogenesis.
1956Brit. Jrnl. Radiol. XXIX. 623/1 Scientists..have studied the radio-protective activity of cysteamine and cystamine. 1958Ibid. XXXI. 339/2 All the radio-protective substances effective in mice have the common action of lowering body temperature. 1975Biochem. & Biophys. Res. Communications LXVII. 1170 The increase..in the amount of exogenous superoxide dismutase associated with the eluted bone marrow stem cells was also accompanied by an enhancement in the radioprotective effect of the enzyme on the proliferative capacity of the cells.
1960Internat. Jrnl. Radiation Biol. II. 231 (heading) Sub[s]trates as radioprotectors of hexokinase. 1977Nature 3 Nov. 15/3 A significant contribution to radiobiology was the demonstration that SOD is an effective radioprotector exerting a protective role even when administered after radiation doses have been delivered.
1927Cancer Rev. II. 397 The degree of radio-resistance seems to be more marked in proportion as the treatment has been unwisely prolonged. 1957Brit. Jrnl. Radiol. XXX. 97/1 A higher concentration of cysteamine in the liver increases radio-resistance.
1929Radiology XIII. 316/2 Squamous carcinoma, malignancy of varying grades, radioresistant. 1959Internat. Jrnl. Appl. Radiation & Isotopes VI. 157/1 The alkaline phosphatase of milk is extremely radio⁓resistant. 1977Lancet 27 Aug. 460/1 The endocrine-active adenomas are characteristically more radio-resistant than the endocrine-inactive variety.
1920Amer. Jrnl. Roentgenol. VII. 53/1 Remarkable examples of radio-sensitive tumors are ectodermal and basal-celled epitheliomata derived from the basal-celled layers of the epidermis. 1956C. Auerbach Genetics in Atomic Age viii. 80 Tissues in which division is going on are so much more radiosensitive than tissues in which cell division has ceased. 1976Nature 17 June 588/1 If these cells are less radiosensitive, ionising radiation could favour their overgrowth.
1921Arch. Radiol. & Electrotherapy XXV. 348 A further factor in tissues is the blood or lymph content; the more this is, the more is the radio-sensitiveness. 1924Brit. Jrnl. Radiol. XXIX. 270 The radio-sensitivity was found to vary greatly according to the stage of cellular division. 1971G. G. Luce Body Time v. 167 Perhaps the rhythm of radiosensitivity may be traced to cycles of activity in the bone marrow and spleen where blood is formed.
1951Jrnl. Chem. Educ. XXVIII. 414/2 Radiosensitization may be significant in radiation chemistry. 1976Radiology CXIX. 221 This..would ostensibly lead to some degree of tumor reoxygenation (‘radiosensitization’) as well as direct chemotherapeutic effects. Ibid. 725/1 Cetylpyridinium chloride did not radiosensitize bacteria suspended in nutrient broth.
1953Brit. Jrnl. Cancer VII. 316 This compound (Synkavit) has a small but useful effect as a clinical radiosensitiser. 1972Lancet 22 Sept. 638/2 A true radiosensitiser is a chemical which increases the cell-killing effect of a given dose of radiation.
1936Biol. Abstr. X. 1905/1 His researches concern the radio-sensitizing effect of metabolic exchanges and the degree to which substances modifying the metabolism also modify the radiosensitivity. 1953Brit. Jrnl. Cancer VII. 314 A radiosensitising chemical agent..in combination with radiotherapy should produce a mean survival time after treatment double that after radiotherapy only. 1978Jrnl. R. Soc. Med. LXXI. 672 The radiosensitizing properties of the group of nitroimidazoles.
1964Jrnl. Econ. Entomol. LVII. 756/1 For mosquito sterilization..the desired goal of highly competitive, yet permanently sterile, males is more readily attainable with chemosterilization than radiosterilization. 1966E. R. Killam et al. in Proc. Internat. Symposium Food Irradiation viii. 842 The radiosterilization of certain cuts of beef may require irradiation at this temperature [sc. -80°C]. Ibid., Future developments in cryogenics should lower the..cost of radiosterilized meat products. 1967Jrnl. Econ. Entomol. LX. 696 (heading) Mating competitiveness in radiosterilized males. 1975Ibid. LXVIII. 595/2, 300 radiosterilized {female} and 4200 radiosterilized {male} were released each evening.
1933O.E.D. Suppl. s.v. Radio- 2, Radio-surgery. 1963New England Jrnl. Med. 19 Sept. 597/2 In 1954 we set out upon a study in clinical medicine in which these high-energy protons and alpha particles have been used in various forms of so-called ‘bloodless’ surgery, or radiosurgery. 1973Internat. Jrnl. Radiation Biol. XXIV. 229 (heading) Split⁓brain cats prepared for radiosurgery.
1929Daily Express 16 Jan. 9/6 Even if the growth should have extended to the glands, radio-surgical methods would offer a good prospect of eradication. 1959Probl. Oncol. V. 98 (heading) Radio⁓surgical treatment of skin cancer involving a free skin graft. 1973Internat. Jrnl. Radiation Biol. XXIV. 239 A 3 mm beam of protons is too wide for safe radiosurgical use in the rat brain. 1974A. Henry in R. M. Kirk et al. Surgery xv. 295/2 X-rays show an area of radiotranslucency in the metaphysis, which may cross the growth plate to involve the epiphysis.
1959New Biol. XXX. 25 If the process is observed radiologically, the solid lungs become radio⁓translucent rapidly, as if a light has been turned on. 1964L. Martin Clin. Endocrinol. (ed. 4) iv. 149 Destructive bone lesions..cause sharply demarcated radiotranslucent areas in affected bones.
3. a. Connected with radioactivity, as ˌradioallergoˈsorbent a. [allergy + -o + sorbent n. (a.)], in radioallergosorbent test, a form of radioimmunoassay for measuring antibodies to an allergen (see quot. 1967); radioˈassay n., an assay performed by measuring radioactivity from a radioisotope; also as v. trans.; ˈradio-atom, an atom of a radioactive substance; radioˈautograph = autoradiograph; also ˌradioautoˈgraphic a.; radioauˈtography; ˌradiochroˈmatogram, a chromatogram of a radioactively labelled preparation which is recorded or measured by means of a radiological technique; radioˈcolloid, a radioactive substance in colloidal form; hence radiocoˈlloidal a.; radio-ˈdating vbl. n., isotopic dating; ˈradio-element, a radioactive element; radioˈhalo = pleochroic halo; radio-ˈiodinate v. trans., to label (a substance) with radio-iodine; so radio-ˈiodinated ppl. a.; ˌradio-iodiˈnation; ˈradioligand, a radio-labelled compound that has a strong chemical affinity for a particular receptor; radio-ˈnuclide, a radioactive nuclide; radioˈpurity = radiochemical purity; ˈradioscan, a determination of the distribution of radioactive material (esp. a tracer) in a sample, an organ, etc.; ˌradioˌstereoˈassay, any biological assay technique in which the test substance is determined by allowing it to bind to a suitable protein or antibody in competition with a known quantity of radioactively labelled material, the extent of reaction being measured radiologically; (usu. applied to non-immunological methods: cf. radioimmunoassay s.v. radioimmuno-); radiotoˈxicity, the property of a radioactive substance of being injurious to a living organism when present in its tissue; hence radioˈtoxic a.; radioˈtracer, a radioactive tracer.
1967L. Wide et al. in Lancet 25 Nov. 1105/2 An in-vitro method, called the radioallergosorbent test, has been developed for the detection of allergen-specific antibodies of a new immunoglobulin class, provisionally called IgND. Ibid. 1106/1 The principle of the method, the radioallergosorbent test (r.a.s.t.) is as follows: an allergen coupled to an insoluble polymer is added to the serum to be investigated, if antibodies to the allergen are present they should react with the conjugate; after the removal of all unbound serum components 125I-labelled anti-IgND antibodies are then added, they will bind to the antibodies of the IgND class which have reacted with the polymer-coupled allergen; the uptake of labelled antibodies, measured in terms of radioactivity, on the particles is essentially proportional to the IgND allergen antibodies. 1971Internat. Arch. Allergy & Appl. Immunol. XLI. 443 The radioallergosorbent test (RAST) was applied for quantitative estimation of IgE antibodies to various common allergens. 1977Lancet 22 Oct. 847/2 Radioallergosorbent tests..for specific IgE antibody were also positive.
1951Nucleonics Nov. 60 (heading) A simple inexpensive sample changer for the radioassay of..simple samples. 1963Analytical Biochem. V. 89 The radioassay of cholesterol-C14 digitonide by gas flow technique..using methanol as the solvent for solution and plating. 1970Steroids XV. 470 The method..requires only a simple extraction and an alumina thin layer chromatographic separation prior to radioassay. 1972Nature 22 Dec. 463/2 Out of a series of a hundred [silver] bars, we have radio⁓assayed seven bars picked at random.
1905Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A. CCIV. 209 It may..be supposed that occasionally one of the outlying revolving electrons, comprising the radio-atom, lapses into a position which results in a slow loss of energy from the atom in the form of radiation. 1947Instruments XX. 712/1 The qualities which make radio⁓atoms (‘hot’ atoms) useful to science and industry make them hazardous to handle.
1941Jrnl. Appl. Physics XII. 328 Slides of radio-autographs showing the distribution of phosphorus in various plant tissues will be shown. 1956Sci. Amer. Nov. 144/2 (caption) Radioautographs indicate how Isoniazid is concentrated in brain tissue. 1974K. N. Prasad Human Radiation Biol. xxi. 426 For the radioautographs of soluble materials, the tissue sections must be cut in a frozen state and then dried in a vacuum.
1947Radiology XLIX. 327/2 Extensive radioautographic studies were made of these organs in which a high degree of selective localization took place. 1967F. O. Schmitt in G. C. Quarton et al. Neurosciences 211/2 The radioautographic method using tritiated precursors lends itself well to the determination of the fate of axoplasm moving cellulofugally, both down the axon and possibly out along the dendrites. 1978Bull. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci. Feb. 17 These radioautographic experiments have revealed that in normal female somatic cells, one member of each pair of X chromosomes always replicates much later than all the other chromosomes including the second X chromosome.
1941Jrnl. Appl. Physics XII. 446/1 Stout and his co-workers have followed the metabolism of inorganic phosphate in the leaves and fruit of the tomato plant by..the technique of radio-autography. 1973Nature 20 Apr. 523/2 Whole-body radioautography is a useful method for studying the distribution of radio-labelled compounds among all the organs and tissues of an experimental animal.
1952F. P. W. Winteringham et al. in Nucleonics Mar. 56/1 When the radiochromatogram is plotted as net rate of count against distance along the strip, w [sc. the total weight of labelled component] is proportional to the area enclosed by the relevant part of the curve. 1972Physics Bull. May 298/1 At the 1971 Physics Exhibition Panax showed a unique rapid imaging system which promised to shorten the time to locate the radioactive regions on thin layer radiochromatograms.
1930Chem. Abstr. XXIV. 1279 Recent expts. on solns. of the ‘radiocolloid’ Th C (Bi). 1956Nature 28 Jan. 184/1 It is more likely..that the high concentration of chromate ions in the resin promotes the formation of a radio-colloid, which is then adsorbed on the resin. 1977Proc. R. Soc. Med. LXX. 522/2 In the normal subject the radio-colloid is taken up avidly by the mono⁓nuclear phagocytes of the liver and only a small amount is taken up by other organs.
1936O. Hahn Appl. Radiochem. 275/1 (Index), Radiocolloidal particles, size of... Radiocolloidal thorium X. 1950Thorpe's Dict. Appl. Chem. (ed. 4) X. 433/1 Some portion..of the radiocolloidal phenomena is due to adsorption of the radioactive ions on particles of dust and solid impurities fortuitously present in the solutions. 1969New Scientist 25 Sept. 632/1 Radiodating has revealed..that the lunar samples are at least 3100 million years old. 1975K. H. Goulding in Williams & Wilson Biologist's Guide to Princ. & Techniques Pract. Biochem. vi. 196 The assumptions made in radiodating are sweeping and hence palaeontologists and anthropologists who use this technique can only give very approximate dates to their samples.
1903Contemp. Rev. May 709 In the Periodic table of elements arranged in the ascending order of their atomic weights the three radio-elements are therefore at the extreme end. 1937Discovery Mar. 65/2 A search for new radio elements of very short life whose existence is suspected. 1967New Scientist 15 June 675/1 The main problem here is to ensure that dangerous long-lived radio⁓elements are not inadvertently produced. 1971Science 20 Aug. 728/1 A new type of composite radiohalo has been found with rings attributable both to the 218Po decay sequence and to 212Po and possibly 212Bi. 1974Nature 13 Dec. 564/1 Polonium radiohaloes occur widely and not infrequently (total about 1015–1020) in Precambrian rocks.
1971Ibid. 4 June 322/1 This protein was radio-iodinated to a specific activity of 0·6 µCi/µg with 125I-iodide.
1955Ibid. 26 Mar. 536/1 (heading) Radioiodinated human serum albumin. 1970Ibid. 3 Oct. 58/1 Radioiodinated polypeptide hormones are widely used as tracers for both radioimmunoassay and in vivo metabolic studies. 1977Lancet 13 Aug. 355/1 Dr Chait and his colleagues have studied the metabolism of very-low-density lipoprotein (v.l.d.l.) in a patient with type 111 hyperlipoproteinæmia..by injection of radioiodinated v.l.d.l. from a donor with endogenous hypertriglyceridæmia (type iv).
1957Jrnl. Laboratory & Clin. Med. XLIX. 128 (heading) A method for radioiodination of antibody protein. 1974Nature 25 Jan. 175/2 Several groups of investigators have subjected lymphocytes to enzymatic radioiodination of their cell surface proteins.
1972Jrnl. Clin. Endocrinol. & Metabolism XXXIV. 130/1 Radioligand assays enable the biological activity of hormones at the target cell to be evaluated without the additional and variable effect of metabolism in vivo. 1978Nature 8 June 472/1 This radio⁓ligand, which has been used in identifying and quantifying β-adrenoreceptors in a variety of intact and disrupted cell preparations, has enabled us to study cellular cyclic AMP accumulation and binding to β-adrenoreceptors in similar experimental conditions.
1947T. P. Kohman in Amer. Jrnl. Physics XV. 356/2 Radionuclide should replace radioelement and radioisotope in most applications. 1963Engineering 20 Sept. 378/3 The use of short-lived radio⁓nuclides makes it imperative to transfer the sample from the irradiation area to the activity-measuring location as speedily as possible. 1976J. Follett Doomsday Ultimatum 73 What is the exact nature of the radionuclides stored..and what will happen if they are released? 1977I. M. Campbell Energy & Atmosphere vii. 187 The radionuclide 14C is produced naturally in the atmosphere by cosmic radiation but the level was almost doubled by the atmospheric nuclear-weapon testing of the 1960's.
1956Internat. Jrnl. Appl. Radiation & Isotopes I. 227/2 The only disadvantage of the method of measurement is its extreme sensitivity to gamma-emitting impurities, although this can be turned into an asset in the determination of radio⁓purity. 1973Weed Res. XIII. 340 The radiopurity of the isolated metabolites was checked by thin-layer chromatography..and autoradiography.
1965Amer. Rev. Respiratory Dis. XCII. 959/2 (caption) The per cent of total pulmonary blood flow calculated from the radioscan for the diseased lung. 1966Amer. Jrnl. Cardiol. XVIII. 819/2 The radioscan accurately reflected the pattern of arteriolar⁓capillary blood flow. 1974Nature 1 Nov. 68/1 The radio⁓purity of these compounds was determined by radioscan of thin layer chromatograms.
1967B. E. P. Murphy in Jrnl. Clin. Endocrinol. XXVII. 973/2 Such methods have been termed by the author ‘competitive protein binding (CPB) analysis’ and by R. P. Ekins ‘saturation analysis’, but because of their basic similarity to radioimmunoassays..the name ‘radiostereoassay’ has also been suggested [by the writer] as an analogous term which could be applied to both types of assay. 1974Nature 22 Feb. 563/2 Before it can act, vitamin D must first be converted to its 25-hydroxy derivative..in the liver, and this chief circulating metabolite can be measured by radio-stereo-assay, thus providing a precise index of vitamin D nutritional status.
1950Nuclear Sci. Abstr. IV. 398/1 Rat erythrocytes were irradiated with 6,030r and then injected subcutaneously..in order to determine the severity and nature of radiotoxic effects. 1975Nature 27 Mar. 278/3 The dose limit for bone is based on uniformly deposited 226Ra: but Pu, collecting at the bone surface, is considered ∼5 times as radiotoxic.
1946D. Antony et al. Radiotoxicity of Injected Sr89 for Rats, Mice & Rabbits (U.S. Atomic Energy Comm. Rep. MDDC 1540) 6 Radium, hitherto the only substance of which the radio⁓toxicity had been extensively studied. 1961G. R. Choppin Exper. Nuclear Chem. ii. 12 Some of the commonly used nuclides are listed..according to their relative radio⁓toxicities. 1977S. L. Barker in B. A. Rhodes Quality Control in Nuclear Med. xxviii. 243/1 Prepared formulations of long-lived nuclides present no special problems with the exception of possible radiotoxicity.
1950Mining Engin. Mar. 364/2 Radiotracers were demonstrated to be of considerable value in the study of a typical mineral-collector system, dithiophosphate-galena. 1977Lancet 19 Nov. 1072/2 No abnormal localisation of the radiotracer was observed in muscles of any of the controls.
b. Prefixed to the names of chemical elements and compounds: (i) Designating a radioactive isotope (usu. one prepared artificially) of the named element († occas. of an element other than that named), as radio-caesium, radio-chlorine, radio-cobalt, radio-gold, radio-iron, radio-potassium, radio-silver, radio-sodium, etc.; † radio-acˈtinium, a thorium isotope (mass number 227) which is produced by beta decay of actinium and is an alpha emitter of half-life 18·2 days; radio-ˈiodine, esp. iodine 131, an artificial isotope with a half-life for beta decay of about 8 days, which is widely used as a tracer (esp. in investigating thyroid function), and for radiotherapy of the thyroid gland; radio-ˈlead, a mixture of isotopes of lead, together with some bismuth and polonium, which constitutes the longer-lived product of the decay of radon; sometimes spec. lead 210, the major radioactive component of this mixture, which has a half-life for beta decay of 21 years; radio-ˈphosphorus, spec. phosphorus 32, an artificial isotope which is widely used as a tracer and decays by beta emission with a half-life of 14·3 days; radio-ˈstrontium, spec. strontium 90, a beta emitter with a half-life of roughly 28 years which occurs among uranium fission products; (in quot. 1941 referring to strontium 85); † radio-teˈllurium, a former name for a polonium isotope of mass number 210 (originally thought to be tellurium), which occurs in the radium decay series and decays by alpha emission with a half-life of 138 days; † radio-ˈthorium, thorium 228, an alpha emitter of half-life 1·91 years which occurs in small amounts in natural thorium and is formed by the beta decay of mesothorium II; (see also quot. 1950). Also radio-carbon.
1906O. Hahn in Nature 12 Apr. 560/1, I have found that a new product is present in actinium which is intermediate between actinium and actinium X, and..will be called.. ‘radio-actinium’. 1926R. W. Lawson tr. Hevesy & Paneth's Man. Radioactivity xxiii. 164 The β-radiation of actinium, the existence of which it is necessary to assume in order to explain its transformation into radioactinium, is too weak to be detected. 1955Bull. Atomic Scientists Oct. 287/3 The long-lived useful products radiocaesium and radiostrontium will be separated from the rest of the fission products and concentrated into radioactive sources.
1935Physical Rev. XLVIII. 571/1 During a study of the beta-radiation from a sample of silver radiochloride..it was found possible to follow the decay of the radiochlorine. 1949Atomics Oct. 75/2 Radio-cobalt and radio-strontium have been used to dissipate charge from textile machinery. 1959Listener 22 Oct. 675/2 The new knowledge does not only apply to atomic bombs and radio-cobalt but to the mechanisms of biology as well.
1955Sci. News Let. 19 Mar. 184/3 A gram of radiogold, costing about $25, can irradiate tissues with the power that would be obtained from a $20,000 chunk of radium.
1938R. W. Lawson tr. Hevesy & Paneth's Man. Radioactivity (ed. 2) 303/1 (Index), Radio-iodine. 1940Amer. Jrnl. Physiol. CXXXI. 135 The radio-iodine was prepared by the Berkeley cyclotron and converted to sodium iodide. 1961Lancet 2 Sept. 551/1, 8 mC of radioiodine was administered..to achieve a permanent remission of the hyper⁓thyroidism. 1970Passmore & Robson Compan. Med. Stud. II. vi. 8/2 The rapidity of uptake and the speed with which the plasma is cleared of radioiodine provide measures of the activity of the thyroid gland.
1960Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. CIV. 442/2 This calculation is based on the assumption that loss of radioiron from liver between 0–3 hrs is negligible.
1903Phil. Mag. V. 585 Thus the radio-lead described by Hoffmann and Strauss and by Giesel cannot be regarded as a new element until it is shown that it has permanent activity of a distinctive character. 1910Nature 24 Feb. 492/1 The most natural source of polonium is radium D (radio-lead), which grows polonium and has a period of half-transformation of about twenty years. 1910A. T. Cameron Radiochem. v. 52 The lead obtained from pitchblende was strongly and permanently radioactive—hence the name radio-lead. 1926R. W. Lawson tr. Hevesy & Paneth's Man. Radioactivity xiv. 118 Polonium..can be prepared..from solutions of the salts of radio-lead, which..contains an isotope of bismuth (RaE) and three isotopes of lead (RaD, RaG, Pb). 1941Jrnl. Appl. Physics XII. 440/2 The detection of radio-lead by its radioactivity is more than a million times more sensitive than the ordinary chemical and physical methods.
1938R. W. Lawson tr. Hevesy & Paneth's Man. Radioactivity (ed. 2) x. 122 For every 107 α-particles of high energy value..only 6 are effective in the activation of aluminium, i.e. in the production of radio⁓phosphorus. 1951New Biol. X. 36 Mosquito larvae grown in water containing phosphorus-32 (radiophosphorus) produce radioactive adults whose presence in a swarm can be picked out immediately. 1963Ball & Hooper in Schultz & Klement Radioecology 227/1 The movement of radiophosphorus through the ecosystem of a cold water stream was studied by adding spikes of approximately 23 millicuries of phosphorus-32 to the water during the summers of 1958, 1959, and 1960. 1973P. A. Colinvaux Introd. Ecol. xiv. 207 Radiophosphorus has a half-life of 14 days.
1948Sci. News VII. 38 The release of heat from radio⁓potassium must have been 200 times greater than from uranium and thorium combined.
1938R. W. Lawson tr. Hevesy & Paneth's Man. Radioactivity (ed. 2) v. 118 A 40-fold yield in the preparation of radio-silver. 1971Nature 10 Dec. 347/1 The reaction 109Ag (n, 2n)108mAg does seem to be important in thermonuclear bomb production of radiosilver.
1935Physical Rev. XLVII. 17 Doubtless radio-sodium will find many uses in the physical and biological sciences. 1951New Biol. X. 39 In animals, it has also been shown that radiosodium is actively transferred inwards across a frogskin membrane into a solution of higher sodium concentration than that of the external medium.
1941Jrnl. Appl. Physics XII. 456/2 Radio-strontium has a half-life of 55 days, can be readily prepared in relatively large amounts, and emits very energetic beta-particles. 1946Chemistry Jan. 20/1 The use of radio-strontium in the treatment of metastatic carcinoma in bone and for other diseases can now be tried in a much larger field than was ever possible before. 1957New Scientist 9 May 30/1 He..argues that..the level of radio⁓strontium in human bones will eventually rise to between 5 and 20 ‘sunshine units’ if test firings of bombs continue indefinitely at their present rate. 1958Times 12 Nov. 4/2 A further report will be published shortly by the Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Harwell, giving the 1957 figures for radiostrontium in soil, herbage, animal bone, and milk samples from the United Kingdom. 1972Goldman & Bustad (title) Biomedical implications of radiostrontium exposure.
1904Technics II. 173/1 There is at present a good deal of evidence that the radio-active substance, separated from pitchblende by Marckwald, and called by him radio⁓tellurium, is in reality the fifth product of the disintegration of the radium atom. 1906Phil. Mag. XII. 361 A bismuth rod coated with radiotellurium was used as a source of α rays. 1962O. Hahn in Coll. Papers Ld. Rutherford I. 168 Eventually it turned out that polonium and radiotellurium were identical, and the latter name had to be dropped, although polonium is in fact a higher homologue of tellurium.
1905Jrnl. Chem. Soc. LXXXVIII. ii. 789 The author [sc. Ramsay] hence considers it very probable that the radioactive power of thorium is to be attributed to small quantities of this element, radiothorium. 1921Phil. Mag. XLI. 572 A much weaker source of α rays was obtained by dipping a nickel plate for a few seconds in a more dilute solution of radio⁓thorium. 1950Thorpe's Dict. Appl. Chem. (ed. 4) X. 435/1 The term radiothorium is loosely applied to the mixture of isotopes that can be separated from natural thorium and which contain the bulk of its activity. Such radiothorium consists of a mixture of meso-Th1, meso-Th11, radium, and actinium isotopes, respectively, Th-X, a radium isotope, and their decay products, including true radiothorium or 228Th.
(ii) Designating a compound containing a radioactive label.
1935Radiochloride [see radiochlorine in (i) above]. 1951New Biol. X. 40 A sample of blood is withdrawn and mixed with radiophosphate, in the form of sodium or chromium phosphate. 1952Ibid. XIII. 64 The addition of anti-thyroid substances to the incubating fluid resulting in a diminished formation of radiothyroxine and radiodiiodotyrosine. 1963Amer. Jrnl. Obstetr. & Gynecol. LXXXVII. 208/1 One hundred microcuries of sodium radiochromate is added and the mixture allowed to incubate at room temperature for 25 minutes. 1977Lancet 5 Feb. 303/2 We infer that the clots were formed after radio-fibrinogen had been administered.
4. Connected with radio (cf. radio n. 6, 7), as † ˌradio-conˈductor, a former term for a coherer; radioˈheliograph Astr., an interferometric radio telescope system designed to record instantaneous high-resolution pictures of the sun as observed at radio wavelengths; radioˈmeteorograph [meteorograph] = radiosonde; so ˌradiometeoˈrography; radioˈphysics, the branch of physics concerned with the properties and applications of radio waves; hence radioˈphysical a.; radioˈphysicist; ˌradio-teleˈmetering vbl. n., ˌradio-teˈlemetry, telemetry by means of radio; hence ˌradio-teleˈmetric a.; radio-ˈteletype, a teletype which transmits and receives information by radio.
1898Tit-Bits 28 May 175/3 M. Branly, whose ‘radioconductor’ or ‘coherer’ is used by Marconi in his wireless telegraph. 1906S. R. Bottone tr. Mazzotto's Wireless Telegr. & Telephony vii. 166 Branly gave the name of ‘radio-conductors’ to the tubes with filings, a name which some prefer, as it only points to the fact, leaving the true nature of the phenomenon unexplained. 1962Nature 18 Aug. 649/1 The Ford Foundation has announced the grant of 550,000 dollars to the Radio⁓physics Division of the Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization for the construction of a radioheliograph for photographing the sun in its natural radio emission. 1966New Scientist 7 Apr. 27/1 The main circle of the radioheliograph will observe events in the Sun's atmosphere with all the detail and definition to be expected from a dish aerial of the same diameter. 1973Sci. Amer. Oct. 72/3 Spatial structure in the corona is studied on a second-by-second basis by a radioheliograph composed of 96 linked antennas each 45 feet in diameter at Culgoora in Australia.
1932Nature 31 Dec. 1006/1 What is believed to be the first kind of such radio-meteorograph was devised a few years ago by Prof. Moltchanoff, of Leningrad, records of temperature and pressure being obtained in several test ascents in January, 1930. 1944C. P. Lent Rocket Res. 74/2 Improved balloons and radiometeorographs..are now being developed by meteorologists.
1934Monthly Weather Rev. LXII. 221 (heading) Radiometeorography as applied to unmanned balloons. 1974R. Rodman tr. Al'pert's Radio Wave Propagation & Ionosphere (ed. 2) II. p. ix, Various radiophysical and radio-engineering problems.
1961Flight LXXX. 531/1 From the point of view of Soviet radiophysicists and astronomers the West Ford project, if carried out, may have consequences dangerous to artificial satellites, and especially to those with a man on board.
1929Compt. Rend. des Séances des Commissions (Union Radio Scientifique Internationale) II. 29/2 The Commission of Radiophysics held in Brussels in 1928. 1947Nature 18 Jan. 103/1 The Division of Radiophysics [of the Australian Council for Scientific and Industrial Research] was formed early in the War. 1960Rodman & Varsavsky tr. I. S. Shklovsky's Cosmic Radio Waves i. 11 It is shown in radiophysics that if a receiving antenna is used as a transmitting antenna the power radiated by it in each direction will have the same angular dependence A(θ,ϕ). 1976Nature 24 June 663/1 The Australian Journal of Physics has had a reputation..for specialising in radiophysics and high energy physics.
1946Trans. Amer. Inst. Electr. Engineers LXV. 865/1 The accuracy and stability of the airborne radio telemetering equipment depend upon a high degree of stability of the plate supply. 1949Electronic Engin. XXI. 209/1 The data..is transmitted to the ground by radio telemetering methods. 1974Physics Bull. Oct. 443/2 Launch and subsequent collection of data by radiotelemetric methods demand access to major ground facilities. 1976L. Brown Birds of Prey 60 Advanced radiotelemetric techniques may be the only method of learning much detail about many forest raptors.
1951Rev. Sci. Instruments XXII. 2/1 Almost every application of radio telemetry involves some form of multiplexing—i.e., the transmission of several channels of information by the same radio carrier. 1967E. L. Gruenberg Handbk. Telemetry & Remote Control iv. 2 The development of radio telemetry has been principally centered around the drone and missile programs of the armed forces. 1974Country Life 13 June 1572/2 Roding behaviour and its purpose are still not fully understood, and until radiotelemetry or a similar technique is used to discover what different individuals are doing, we have to watch and guess.
1939H. K. Morgan Aircraft Radio & Electr. Equipment xii. 325 It may be that by 1945 it will be considered profitable to equip transports with a tape or page radio teletype. 1949Koestler Promise & Fulfilment ii. iii. 236 Communications..are rather precarious, depending as they do on the vagaries of the American consul's radio teletype. 1976S9 (N.Y.) May/June 137 (caption) Bart also monitors RTTY (radioteletype) and amateur radio SST (slow-scan television) signals. |