| 释义 |
consolidation|kənˌsɒlɪˈdeɪʃən|
[ad. L. consolidātiōn-em, n. of action f. consolidāre to consolidate: cf. F. consolidation (16th c. in Littré).]
1. The action of making solid, or of forming into a solid or compact mass; solidification.
1603Holland Plutarch's Mor. 1346 Those temperatures, heats, tinctures, and consolidations (if I may so say) which have beene talked of. 1695Woodward Nat. Hist. Earth (J.), The consolidation of the marble, and of the stone, did not fall out at random. 1848Carpenter Anim. Phys. 29 Formed simply by the consolidation of fibrin. 1871Tyndall Fragm. Sc. (ed. 6) ix. 303 Think of the ages which the molten earth required for its consolidation.
2. fig. A making firm or strong; confirmation.
1611Cotgr., Consolidation, a consolidation, a strengthening, sound-making. a1648Ld. Herbert Hen. VIII (1683) 11 He first offered a League to Henry the seventh, and for consolidation thereof, his Daughter Margaret. 1787Jrnl. Convention 368 in Story Comm. Const. U.S. I. 256 We kept steadily in view that which appeared to us the greatest interest of every true American, the consolidation of our Union. 1844H. H. Wilson Brit. India II. 588 The prosperity and consolidaton of the British Empire in India. 1867Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) I. iv. 231 A time of comparative peace, which he devoted to the consolidation of his power.
3. Combination into a compact mass, single body, or coherent whole; combination, unification.
1677Hale Prim. Orig. Man. i. ii. 45 The union and consolidation of the vegetable juice to the divers parts of the individual. 1690Locke Hum. Und. ii. xxiii. (R.), Wherein consisted the union or consolidation of the part of those bonds or of that cement. 1818Hallam Mid. Ages (1872) I. 305 Are we to infer that no consolidation of the German clans..had been effected. 1871Morley Voltaire (1886) 247 The first germs of social consolidation and growth.
4. In various specific applications:
†a. Surg. The uniting of the fractures of a broken bone, of the lips of a wound, etc. Obs.
c1400Lanfranc's Cirurg. 35 Be war þat..no þing ellis þat lettiþ consolidacioun falle bitwene þe lippis of þe wounde. Ibid. 48 Þe boon may neuere wiþ verri consolidacion be consowdid. 1541R. Copland Guydon's Quest. Chirurg., There is .ij. manners of consolydacyon, one is trewe. 1615Crooke Body of Man 267.
b. The uniting of two benefices or offices.
1511–2Act 3 Hen. VIII, c. 17 §14 The appropriacion unycion or consolidacione of the same Patronage..to the said Abbot and Convent. 1545Act 37 Hen. VIII, c. 21 §3 An Union or Consolidation of two Churches in one. 1712Prideaux Direct. Ch.-wardens (ed. 4) 62 The lawful Reasons for a Consolidation were, 1. The vicinity of the Churches. 1796Pegge Anonym. (1809) 444 Consolidation, or the union of divers places in the person of one man, is a great obstacle to justice and equity.
c. Civil Law. ‘The uniting the possession, occupancy, or profits, etc. of land with the property, and vice versa’ (Wharton). Feudal Law. ‘The reunion of the property, or dominium utile, with the superiority, or dominium directum, after they have been feudally disjoined’ (Bell Dict. Law Scot..)
1641Termes de la Ley 78 In this case a consolidation is made of the profits and propertie.
d. Legislation. The combination of two or more bills, acts, or statutes in one; the bringing together in one act of a number of enactments or provisions bearing upon a certain subject.
1721J. Aislabie Sp. Ho. Lords 19 July (T.), It was some surprize to me to find myself translated all on a sudden into this bill against the directors, under the new-fashioned term of consolidation. 1846Penny Cycl. Suppl. II. 661/1 To remedy these inconveniences several acts were passed in the session of 1845, which are now commonly called the ‘Consolidation Acts’. The first is the ‘Companies' Clauses Consolidation Act’ by which were consolidated all the provisions which had usually been inserted in acts with respect to the consitution of companies incorporated for carrying on undertakings of a public nature.
e. Law. The merging of two or more actions at law by a court or judge, in order to avoid the expense and delay arising from the trial of a multiplicity of actions upon the same question.
1817W. Selwyn Law Nisi Prius (ed. 4) II. 923 In actions upon a policy of assurance against several underwriters, the court, by consent of the plaintiff, will make a rule, on the application of the defendants, which is called the consolidation rule, for staying the proceedings in all the actions except one, upon the defendants undertaking to be bound by the verdict in that action.
f. Finance. The combining of two or more sources of revenue into a common fund, or of varied forms of public indebtedness into a stock bearing interest at a uniform rate.
1785Burke Sp. Nabob Arcot's Debts 28 Feb. Wks. IV. 210 Collected into a second debt from the nabob of Arcot, amounting to two millions four hundred thousand pounds..This is known by the name of the Consolidation of 1777. Ibid. 250 When this consolidation of 1777 was first announced at the Durbar, it was represented authentically at 2,400,000l. 1845McCulloch Taxation ii. v. (1852) 236 In 1787..Mr. Pitt introduced and carried his famous measure, the 27 Geo. III. cap. 13, for the consolidation of the customs duties. 1870Daily News 14 Feb., The Bill for the consolidation of the [Prussian] debt.
g. Bot. = adnation.
1851G. A. Mantell Petrifactions 48 Formed by the confluence and consolidation of the bases of the petioles.
5. U.S. In full consolidation locomotive: see quot. a 1884 and consolidated ppl. a. 2.
1875M. N. Forney Catechism of Locomotive 432 Consolidation locomotives,..which have eight driving-wheels, are employed almost exclusively for traffic over heavy mountain grades. a1884Knight Dict. Mech. Suppl., Consolidation (Locomotive), a type of freight locomotive, the name of the engine, the first in its class, built in 1866, at the Baldwin locomotive works. 1898Engineering Mag. XVI. 160/1 Consolidation Locomotive for the Chesapeake & Ohio. 1947L. M. Beebe Mixed Train Daily 67 Its motive power is all drawn from the ranks of the Southern's ten-wheelers and Consolidations. |