| 释义 |
conjugation|kɒndʒʊˈgeɪʃən|
[ad. L. conjugātiōn-em yoking together, connexion, mingling, coupling of sexes, etymological relationship between words, n. of action from conjugāre to conjugate. Cf. F. conjugaison (in 16th c. also conjugation).]
1. The action of joining together or uniting; the condition of being joined together; conjunction, union, combination.
1605Bacon Adv. Learn. ii. xxi. §6 The doctrine of Conjugation of men in Socyety. 1626― Sylva §103 In the Conjugation of Letters, whence Articulate Sounds proceed. 1660Jer. Taylor Worthy Commun. i. iv. 74 The worthy receiving of the holy communion, is but one conjugation of holy actions and parts of repentance. 1678Cudworth Intell. Syst. 47 They are neither contained in those things before mentioned, nor can result from any συζυγίαι or Conjugations of them. 1824C. Wordsworth Who wrote Εικων βασ. 151 A conjugation of labours, a joint authorship.
†b. A conjunction, combination, assemblage, united series. Obs.
1626Bacon Sylva §835 The Elements, and their Conjugations. 1660Jer. Taylor Duct. Dubit. i. ii, It supposes daily heaps and conjugations of miracles. 1674Grew Anat. Plants iii. i. i. §9 Some Parcels or Conjugations, in the figure of little Specks. 1692Bentley Boyle Lect. ii. 50 All the various mixtures and conjugations of atoms. 1718Hickes & Nelson J. Kettlewell iii. §69 These were a Conjugation of probabilities.
c. Union in wedlock. (humorous.)
c1783Cowper Pairing-time 41 Dick heard: and tweedling, ogling, bridling..Attested, glad, his approbation Of an immediate conjugation.
†2. Connexion, relation, relationship. Obs.
1605Bacon Adv. Learn. ii. i. §5 The simple Conjugations of man and wife, parent and child, master and servant, which are in every cottage. Ibid. ii. xv. §1 For the art of characters..it hath nearest conjugation with grammar.
†b. The relation of words directly derived from the same root: see conjugate a. 2. Obs. [L. conjugātio.]
1628T. Spencer Logick 141 All those that are of the same roote, Case, Coniugation, or ranke: as Iustice, Iust, Iustly, Strength, Strong, Strongly. 1656Blount Glossogr., Conjugation, a joyning together, a derivation of words of one kind.
3. Grammar.
a. A connected scheme of all the inflexional forms belonging to a verb; a division of the verbs of any language according to the general differences of inflexion.
A table of the series of ‘conjugate’ forms of a verb was called by the Greeks συζυγία, and this was in Commianus and Charisius, Latin grammarians of the 4th c., rendered by the corresponding L. term conjugatio. The former says ‘conjugationes quas Græci συζυγίας appellant, sunt apud nos tres’; the latter reckons 4, as in subsequent Lat. grammars. (Charisius Inst. Gramm., ed. Keil, 168, 175.)
a1528Skelton Sp. Parrot (R.), Can skantly the tensis of his conjugations. 1570Levins Manip. Pref. 5 To know the coniugations: we haue set ouer (e) the infinitiue moode of the seconde coniugations, this circumflex (ê) as docêre, etc. 1580Hollyband Treas. Fr. Tong. Introd., The examples of all the Coniugations declyned at length through all moods and tenses. 1612Brinsley Lud. Lit. vi. 61 They will by this meanes goe through all the coniugations. 1872R. Morris Hist. Outlines (1879) 168 The verbs of the strong conjugation..form the past tense by a change of the root-vowel.
b. The setting forth (in speech or writing) of the various inflected forms of a verb, or of one of its moods, tenses, etc.; verbal inflexion.
1530Palsgr. Introd. 31 Conjugation is the dyvers alteryng of the last ende of a theme, by reason of these thre accidentes, mode, tens and declination personall. 1591Percivall Sp. Dict. C j b, A Coniugation is the course of declining a verbe, by mood and tense. 1824L. Murray Eng. Gram. (ed. 5) I. 131 The Conjugation of a verb, is the regular combination and arrangement of its several numbers, persons, moods, and tenses. 1883J. Parker Tyne Ch. 290 Faith..is not a transient mood in the conjugation of life's throbbing verb.
c. In the Semitic langs., the name given to the simple form, and to each of the derivative forms which express a modification of meaning such as is expressed in Aryan languages by derivative verbs and by the distinction of voice. Each of these has its full inflexion for tense and person.
In Hebrew, the conjugations normally belonging to a verb are seven, expressing 1. Simple Active, 2. Passive, 3. an Emphatic derivative, 4. its Passive, 5. Causal derivative, 6. its Passive, 7. a Reflexive voice.
[c1500Zamorra Introd. art. gram. hebr. (in Bibl. Complutens) fol. vi. a. 1 Conjugationes verborum quatuor sunt.] 1593J. Udall Key Holy Tongue i. x. 45 Everie of these several verbs are declined thorow divers conjugations. The conjugation of a verb is either Levis or gravis. 1854Arabic Reading Lessons (Bagster) p. xv, There are thirteen forms or species of conjugation most of them having their passives, and every verb may be inflected according to one or more of them. 1859Nicholls Samaritan Gram. (Bagster) 31 A Paradigm of a regular verb through its different conjugations.
†4. Phys. Each pair of the cerebral nerves. Obs.
1615Crooke Body of Man 701 The Auditory nerue, or the Nerue of the fifte Coniugation and that of the seauenth which mooueth the Tongue. 1696J. Edwards Demonstr. Exist. God ii. 76 There are seven pairs or conjugations of them [nerves] for that use. 1713Derham Phys. Theol. v. viii. 345 This Fifth Conjugation of Nerves is branched to the Ball, the Muscles and Glands of the Eye.
b. A group of conjoined parts. Obs.
1578Banister Hist. Man viii. 111 The coniugations produced from Os sacrum..may be called..the sinewes of the feete. 1677Plot Oxfordsh. 87 Dividing the whole body as it were into certain conjugations, of two, three, or more joynts.
5. Biol. The union or fusion of two (apparently) similar cells for reproduction, occurring in certain plants and animals of lowly organization.
1843tr. Müller's Phys. II. 1505 The process of Conjugation was first observed by O. Fr. Müller in the Confervæ. 1857Berkeley Cryptog. Bot. 126 The process of conjugation..The two frustules being brought near to each other by their concave surfaces, two little swellings arise in each, meeting two similar ones in the opposite frustule. 1859Todd Cycl. Anat. V. 9/1 The combination of the contents of two cells..as in the process of conjugation. 1876Darwin Cross & Self Fertil. 409 The conjugation of the Algæ and some of the simplest animals is the first step towards sexual reproduction.
b. attrib., as in conjugation-body, conjugation-cell, conjugation-nucleus.
Add:[1.] d. Chem. and Biochem. Chemical combination, esp. of large or dissimilar molecules which retain their identity.
1855Jrnl. Chem. Soc. VII. 332 (heading) On the phenomenon of conjugation (Paarung), and the formulæ by which they are represented. 1863Watts Dict. Chem. vii. 11 It would be well..if the idea of conjugation, as denoting any peculiar mode of chemical combination, were altogether banished from the science. 1914J. A. Mandel tr. Hammarsten & Hedin's Text-bk. Physiol. Chem. (ed. 7) xiv. 777 By conjugation with sulphuric acid, the alcohols which are otherwise readily oxidizable may be protected against combustion. 1924T. B. Robertson Princ. Biochem. (ed. 2) xxiii. 663 The non-toxic phenols..are excreted without undergoing conjugation. 1974Passmore & Robson Compan. Med. Stud. III. xx. 7 The exact defect is unknown but may lie in the transport of unconjugated bilirubin into the liver cell and possibly in its conjugation. 1982J. F. van Pilsum in T. J. Devlin Textbk. Biochem. xxi. 1033 A large number of compounds are detoxified by conjugation reactions in the liver. |