| 释义 |
configuration|kənfɪgjʊəˈreɪʃən|
[ad. L. configūrātiōn-em, n. of action from configūrāre: see configure. Cf. F. configuration (14th c. in Littré).]
1. a. Arrangement of parts or elements in a particular form or figure; the form, shape, figure, resulting from such arrangement; conformation; outline, contour (of geographical features, etc.).
1646Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. 169 Many [fishes] that beare the name of animals at Land..hold no resemblance in corporall configuration. 1720Waterland Eight Serm., The Configuration of the Muscles, and Disposition of the Nerves. 1855Maury Phys. Geog. Sea xvii. (1860) §726 Study the configuration of the Southern American Continent. 1878Huxley Physiogr. xvi. 263 The remarkable configuration of the Atlantic sea-bed.
†b. ? Arrangement of elements; physical composition or constitution. Obs. rare.
1707Curios. in Husb. & Gard. 264 Salts..supplying the Plants with what is requisite..especially such, as these Salts have any Analogy with, by their Configuration.
2. Astron. Relative position, apparent or actual, of planets or other celestial bodies; esp. in earlier use, the relative positions or ‘aspects’ of the sun, moon, and planets, recognized in Judicial Astrology. (The latter is the earliest English use.)
1559W. Cuningham Cosmogr. Glass 26, I perceiue also other configurations..as well out of the zodiacke, as also in it. 1588Greene Perimedes 45 Fortune that was so fickle, and the starres that had so badlye dealt in the configuration of their natiuitie. 1671Salmon Syn. Med. i. xxviii. 56 The Disease is found out..from the Configurations of the Planets. 1833Herschel Astron. xi. 341 The planets going through the succession of configurations with each other. 1834M. Somerville Connect. Phys. Sc. iii. (1849) 30 This inequality..depends upon the configuration of the two planets.
†3. State of being conformed in figure or fashion (see configurate v. 2). Obs. rare.
1660Jer. Taylor Worthy Commun. i. §3. 56 Our configuration with the death of Christ in baptisme.
†4. A representation by a figure, an image. Obs.
1677Hale Prim. Orig. Man. 47 Sounds..are remembred, and yet no real configurations are possible to be made thereof in the Brain; for what Image can there be of a Sound?
5. Org. Chem. The structure of compounds, esp. with reference to the spatial relations of atoms in molecules.
1894G. M'Gowan tr. Bernthsen's Org. Chem. (ed. 2) 22 It is the development of the above assumptions with respect to the special configuration of the carbon compounds which has led to a conception of the cause of such cases of fine isomerism. This latter is to be sought for in the relative special arrangement of the individual atoms within the molecule, i.e. in the configuration of the molecule. 1907J. B. Cohen Org. Chem. 110 The methods..used for determining the configuration of the geometrical isomers. Ibid. 148 The behaviour of carbanilide compounds of the aldoximes can also be employed for determining configuration. 1950Science News XV. 121 Part of the surface of the red cell bearing a configuration which is responsible for the specificity of the rhesus antigen. 1970Physics Bull. Sept. 414/1 The energies and configurations which the monomer molecules can take up when forming the polymer.
6. Psychol. = Gestalt. Also attrib.
1925H. Helson in Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. July 342 Among the various schools of psychology there has arisen rather suddenly in Germany a new school with a definite set of assumptions and theories of its own which has come to be known as Gestalttheorie or configurationism... As a translation of the word Gestalt I have used the word configuration, proposed by Professor E. B. Titchener. Ibid. 348 The decisive factors within any given configuration which are responsible for the new properties of the whole and for the modifications of the parts within the structure are varied and elusive. 1932Brit. Jrnl. Psychol. XXIII. 29 The subject is required to receive two configurations in different ways. 1936R. Linton Study of Man xxiii. 404 The function of a trait complex is the sum total of its contribution toward the perpetuation of the social-cultural configuration. 1949E. A. Nida Morphology (ed. 2) vi. 162 Applesauce as an expression of rejection or contempt..is a configuration, the meaning of which should be described in terms of the entire unit. 1951G. Humphrey Thinking vi. 175 The tendency of an incomplete configuration to complete itself, the tendency, that is, towards closure. 1963Hoenig & Hamilton tr. Jaspers's Gen. Psychopath. i. ii. 164 We do not perceive sensations but all our perceptions, images and thought-contents appear to us as configurations.
7. Physics. The distribution of electrons among the energy levels of an atom, as specified by the quantum numbers n and l; the analogous distribution of nucleons in a nucleus.
1928Physical Rev. XXXI. 946 Pauli has developed a rule for the determination of the quantum states and quantum numbers of an electronic configuration from those of the electrons involved in the configuration. 1932Ibid. XLII. 353 The 3F3 level of the d6p configuration. 1957Encycl. Brit. XVI. 593/1 The chemical transformations, the appearance and common behaviour of materials built from the atoms depend only on the configuration of the electrons. 1963W. E. Burcham Nucl. Physics ix. 371 The single-particle shell model..provides a sequence of nuclear energy levels classified according to orbital momentum quantum number l..total angular momentum j, and radial quantum number n... If there are x states of given nlj filled with nucleons we speak of a configuration (nlj)x. 1975Preston & Bhaduri Structure of Nucleus x. 473 If one goes one step further than the HF approximation, the residual interaction..will cause some mixing between the 0p-0h, 2p-2h, and 4p-4h configurations in all the low-lying even-parity states of 16O. 1984E. P. DeGarmo et al. Materials & Processes in Manuf. (ed. 6) iii. 64 Elements with similar electron configurations in their outer shells will tend to have similar properties.
8. Computing. The way the constituent parts of a computer system are chosen or interconnected in order to suit it for a particular task or use; the units or devices required for this.
1962IBM Systems Jrnl. Sept. 66 Of the various possible systems configuration designs, it was finally decided to select the configuration functionally described in Figure 1... The concept is to interconnect input-output computers with large scale processors by means of commonly shared disk files. 1965AFIPS Conf. Proc. XXVII. 189/1 Further adjustment of system capacity is possible by varying the number of processor units or the configuration of drum and disk equipment. 1967Technology Week 23 Jan. 11/1 (Advt.), Sigma 5's central processor is so powerful and sophisticated that it works even more efficiently with $500,000 worth of memory, peripherals and options than it does in its basic $90,000 configuration. 1970O. Dopping Computers & Data Processing vi. 94 Specialization for individual applications is achieved by programming in the first place, but also by the choice of configuration, i.e. the choice of which units (building-blocks) should be acquired. 1983Austral. Microcomputer Mag. Aug. 71/1 A financial modelling package for the IBM PC has been released... It requires a minimum configuration of an IBM PC with 128K-bytes of memory, two 320K-byte floppy disk drives and a printer. |