| 释义 |
▪ I. cone, n.1|kəʊn|
Also 5 coone, 6–7 con, 7 coane.
[a. F. cône or ad. L. cōn-us cone, conical apex, a. Gr. κῶν-ος pine-cone, geometrical cone, conical apex, spinning-top, etc.]
I. The geometrical figure.
1. a. A solid figure or body, of which the base is a circle, and the summit a point, and every point in the intervening surface is in a straight line between the vertex and the circumference of the base.
Called a right circular cone when the vertex is on the perpendicular to the centre of the base; an oblique cone, when it lies without it.
1570Billingsley Euclid xi. xvi. 317 A cone is a solide or bodely figure which is made, when one of the sides of a rectangle triangle..which contayne the right angle, abiding fixed, the triangle is moued about. 1646Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. v. ix. 247 His face was radiant, and dispersing beames like many hornes and cones about his head. 1681S. Colvil Whigs Supplic. (1751) 19 The shape and fashion of his head, Was like a con, or pyramid. 1781Cowper Table-T. 53 Such reasoning falls like an inverted cone Wanting its proper base to stand upon. 1827Hutton Course Math. I. 358 Any cone is the third part of a cylinder, or of a prism, of equal base and altitude.
b. In mod. Geom., a solid generated by a straight line which always passes through a fixed point called the vertex, and describes any fixed curve (not necessarily a circle).
1865W. S. Aldis Solid Geom. §34. 1877 B. Williamson Integr. Calc. 295 The equation..represents a cone such that the moment of inertia is the same for each of its edges. Such a cone is called an equimomental cone of the body.
c. A conical mass of any substance.
1577Dee Relat. Spirits i. (1659) 355 The next stream..moveth from the 4 sides ward, and make 4 Triangles, or rather Cones, of water. 1674Petty Disc. Dupl. Proportion 113 Bullets commonly beat out a Cone of Wall, whose Vertex is in the Bullets Entry. 1727Swift Gulliver iii. ii. 186 The servants cut our bread into cones, cylinders, etc. 1813Coleridge Remorse v, The life within one, It sinks and wavers like this cone of flame. 1874Dawkins Cave Hunt. ii. 64 The shaft stands on a cone of dripstone.
fig.1641Milton Ch. Govt. vi. 128 Their hierarchies acuminating still higher and higher in a cone of Prelaty.
d. Physical Geogr. A conical or fan-shaped alluvial deposit formed by a stream where its bed becomes less steep; esp. a relatively small, steep-sided deposit such as is formed at the mouth of a ravine. Cf. fan n.1 5 d.
1864,1890[see fan n.1 5 d]. 1945C. A. Cotton Geomorphology xv. 198 Very steep fans are called alluvial cones.., and there is a transition through these from alluvial fans to talus slopes.
e. = cornet n.1 2 c. orig. U.S.
1920Outing (U.S.) July–Aug. 246/2 Ray licked the ice cream from out his dripping cone. 1922Joyce Ulysses 172 Tempting fruit. Ice cones. Cream. 1926[see cornet n.1 2 c]. 1949Manch. Guardian Weekly 18 Aug. 3/1 Americans..have as little idea what the dollar crisis is about as a British child sucking an ice-cream cone at a seaside ventriloquist. 1967A. J. Marshall in L. Deighton London Dossier 143 You can stand licking a double Marsala cone.
2. Optics.
a. cone of rays: a pencil of rays of light diverging from an illuminating point and falling upon a surface. [= F. cône de lumière.]
1706in Phillips. 1831Brewster Optics ii. 17 The mirror receives only..a cone of rays..whose base is the circular mirror. 1833N. Arnott Physics II. (ed. 5) 200 The innumerable rays of light, issuing from any point at c, towards any surface in the situation ab, are said to form a cone or pencil of diverging light. 1875Fortnum Majolica iii. 27 The sun pouring down a cone of yellow rays.
b. cone of shade (in Astr.): the conical shadow projected into space by a planet on the side turned from the sun. [cf. L. coni umbræ (Lucr.)].
[1667Milton P.L. iv. 776 Now had night measur'd with her shaddowie Cone Half way up Hill this vast Sublunar Vault. 1762Falconer Shipwr. i. 141 Night's shadowy cone reluctant melts away.] 1854Tomlinson Arago's Astron. 147 The moon's cone of shade. 1879Lockyer Elem. Astron. 101 The shape of the shadow [of the moon] is in fact, that of a cone—hence the term ‘cone of shadow.’
II. Applied to various cone-shaped objects.
Sense 3 is the original in Greek, whence the geometrical sense was taken; it is, in its Eng. history, quite independent of sense 1, and perh. the source of 4; the later senses of this group are popular or technical applications of 1.
3. The more or less conical fruit of pines and firs; a dry scaly multiple fruit, formed by hard persistent imbricated scales covering naked seeds; a strobile.
1562Turner Herbal ii. 87 a, Πιτυς..hathe a lesse con or nut or appell [than πευκη]. 1578Lyte Dodoens vi. lxxxvii. 770 The fruite of the Pine is called in Greke κῶνος: in Latine, Conus, and Nux Pinea: in Englishe, a Cone, or Pine Apple. 1640Parkinson Theat. Bot. 1532 It [cedar] beareth cones that grow upright, like as the Firre doth. 1664Evelyn Sylva xxi, The Kernels, and Nuts, which may be gotten out of their Cones and Clogs. 1774Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) V. 200 The larger feeds upon the cones of the pine-tree. 1821Shelley Adonais xxxiii, A light spear topped with a cypress cone. 1863C. A. Johns Home Walks 63 The season when the cones of the Scotch fir split and discharge their seed. 1875Bennett & Dyer Sachs' Bot. 453 In order not to introduce confusion into the definition of a flower, the whole of what is found on the axis, in other words, the whole cone, must be considered a single flower.
4. A cocoon. ? Obs.
1774Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) VIII. 51 The cone on which it [the silkworm] spins, is formed for covering it..in the aurelia state. 1813Bingley Anim. Biog. (ed. 4) I. 44 Some of them spin webs or cones, in which they enclose themselves. 1873Browning Red Cotton Night-Cap Country 280 Though she have..spun a cradle-cone through which she pricks Her passage, and proves peacock-butterfly.
5. Conchol. A marine shell of the genus Conus, or family Conidæ, of Gastropods; also called cone-shell. [F. cône.]
1770Lister Conchol. (ed. Huddesford) Index 31 Cone Shell. 1 Black Tiger Cone..7 The Girdle or Bastard Cone Shell. 1854Woodward Mollusca iii. (1856) 353 Since the period of the English chalk-formation, there have been living..Cones and Olives in the London Basin. 1860L. Reeve Elem. Conchol. I. 7 The inner spiral partitions of a Cone in an early stage of growth, are thick and solid.
6. a. A cone-shaped building enclosing a glass-furnace, tile-kiln, or the like. b. a conical architectural structure.
1791Gentl. Mag. LXI. ii. 1054 A newly-finished glass-house..the cone being 120 feet in height, suddenly fell. 1873Rossetti Burden of Nineveh, Since those thy temples, court and cone, Rose far in desert history. 1875Ure Dict. Arts II. 655 The crown-glass furnace..is an oblong square, built in the centre of a brick cone.
7. A cone-shaped mountain-top or peak; esp. a volcanic peak, formed by the accumulation of ejected material round the crater.
Applied as a proper name to peaks of the Rocky Mountains; e.g. Clayton Cone (Colorado), Lone Cone (Idaho).
1830Lyell Princ. Geol. I. 327 The..cones of single eruption near Clermont in Auvergne. 1852Conybeare & H. St. Paul (1862) II. xxiii. 370 They would see on the left the volcanic cone and smoke of Stromboli. 1860Tyndall Glac. i. ii. 21 At a distance, was the grand cone of the Weisshorn.
8. Mech. Applied to various cone-shaped parts or apparatus.
a. A cone-shaped drum, used for communicating different speeds to a lathe, etc. b. In Spinning, one of the taper drums in the head-stock of a mule, called the backing-off and drawing-up cones, respectively. c. The vent-plug which is screwed into the barrel of a fire-arm.
1832G. R. Porter Porcelain & Gl. 49 When the strap takes its position on the largest part of [the driving cone], it will apply to the smallest part of the driven cone, and the speed of the lathe will be at its maximum. The position of the strap upon the cone is regulated at pleasure by a winch. 1835Ure Philos. Manuf. 161 When the wool has arrived by a spiral circulation near the base of the cone, it is deposited upon an endless apron. 1875― Dict. Arts III. 607 s.v. Pottery, The apex of the one cone corresponds to the base of the other, which allows the strap to retain the same degree of tension, while it is made to traverse horizontally, in order to vary the speed of the lathe at pleasure.
9. Meteorol. A cone-shaped vessel, hoisted as a foul-weather-signal.
1875Chamb. Jrnl. cxxxiii. 8 A cone hoisted with the point upwards denotes an approaching wind veering round from the north-west by north to the south-east. 1882Daily News 30 Dec. 3/6 (The weather) The south cone is still up in the west, south, and east, and the north cone was hoisted in the north this afternoon.
10. Phys. One of the minute cone-shaped bodies which form, with the ‘rods’, the bacillary layer of the retina.
1867J. Marshall Phys. I. 540 The external layer..consists of a stratum of evenly-disposed, transparent, colourless, rods..intermixed with other larger bodies, named cones. 1879Macm. Mag. 131/1 That the layer of rods and cones is the part of the eye in which waves of ether are converted into sensations of light and colour has long been known.
11. Short for cone-wheat.
1826W. Cobbett Rural Rides (1885) II. 191 It is the white cone that Mr. Budd sows.
12. A cone-shaped warning sign placed on the roadway, etc., and used in (temporary) road traffic control. Freq. with qualifying word as traffic cone etc. orig. U.S.
1953Construction & Maintenance Bull. (Texas Highway Dept.) No. 24. 22 (heading) Safety through use of traffic cones. Ibid., By proper placement of these cones, a work area can be isolated... The cones should be set to channelize traffic in the proper lane to bypass the work area. 1973Times 1 Aug. 12/1 Tyres had been converted into traffic cones. 1976A. Price War Game (1979) ii. iii. 217 Stacks of police—no parking cones were dotted in readiness round the village. 1984R. Ormerod Seeing Red i. 7 We've had three [cars] go over that drop..in spite of all the winkers and cones.
III. A conical apex or point.
13. The conical top of a helmet or other headpiece. [So. Gr. κῶνος, L. cōnus.]
1603B. Jonson Jas. I's Entert. Wks. (ed. Rtldg.) 532/1 A hat of delicate wool, whose top ended in a cone, and was thence called apex, according to that of Lucan. 1623Bingham Xenophon 88 Leather head-peeces..in the middest whereof ariseth a Cone resembling the forme of a Tyara. 1738Glover Leonidas iii. 304 A pointed casque O'er each grim visage rear'd its iron cone. 1870Bryant Homer I. iv. 128 He smote him on the helmet's cone.
†14. The apex of the heart. Obs.
1615Crooke Body of Man 363 Through the outward surface of the heart euen to the Cone or point thereof. 1684Boyle Porousn. Anim. & Solid Bod. v. 48 The motions of the Cone, as they call it, or Mucro of the Heart. a1711Ken Hymnotheo Poet. Wks. 1721 III. 91 Down to the Cone of the Youth's open Heart.
†15.
a. transf. An apex or vertex, as of a cone or pyramid; a point at which lines converge. Obs.
1611Cotgr., Angle, an angle, cone, or corner. 1635Austin Medit. 57 It is the Top of this Triangle, the very Cone of this Pyramis. a1641Spelman Anc. Govt. Eng. (R.), As..each side of an arch descendeth alike from the coane or top point. 1711F. Fuller Med. Gymn. 12 The Blood-Vessels..all terminate in a Cone.
†b. Her. Each of the angular divisions of a shield formed by a number of lines (e.g. 12) radiating from the centre; the central point in which these meet; any point (e.g. at the centre of the base, where similar angular divisions meet). Obs. (App. the earliest use in English.)
1486Bk. St. Albans, Her. E iv b, The lawist corner or the coone of tharmys that is to say the lawyst poynt of the shelde..In all armys contrari conyt all the conys..mete to gedyr conally in the middis of the shelde. Ibid. E v a, All the colouris of theys armys meete to gedir at oon coone, that is to say at the myddyst poyntt of the shelde. Ibid. E v b, Now folowyth of certan armys in the wich iij. pilis mete to gedyr in oon coone.
IV.
16. attrib. and Comb., as cone-bearing, cone-billed, cone-like, cone-shaped adjs.; cone-anchor, a conical drag employed by vessels in rough weather; cone-bit, a conical boring-bit; cone-clutch, a friction clutch with a conical contact surface; cone-compasses, a pair of compasses with a cone or bullet on one leg, to set in a hole; cone drawing, a method of drawing cotton (see cone n.1 8 b); cone-flower, a name for the genus Rudbeckia; purple cone-flower, the genus Echinacea; cone-gamba, an organ-stop with conical pipes; cone-gear, a method of transmitting motion, by means of two cones rolling together; cone-granule, a corpuscle connected with a cone of the retina; cone-head, a garden name for Strobilanthes; cone-in-cone, a peculiar geological structure, presenting the appearance of a number of cones one packed inside another; cone-joint, a strong pipe-joint, tapering from the centre to the two ends each of which is inserted into the end of one of the pipes; cone-nose, a name for the hemipterous Insect genus Conorhinus; † cone-nut = cone 3; hence † cone-nut-bearing adj.; cone-plate (see quot.); cone-pulley, a pulley shaped like a truncated cone, or one consisting of sheaves of different diameters, for imparting different speeds to a lathe, etc.; cone-seat, a piece of iron forming a seat for the ‘cone’ in fire-arms; cone-sheet Geol. (see quots.); cone-shell = cone 5; cone tree, a coniferous tree, a conifer; cone-valve, a hollow valve with a conical face; cone-wheel, a wheel shaped like a truncated cone, for transmitting a variable or adjustable motion to another wheel. Also cone-wheat, cones.
1902Nature 4 Sept. 447 M. Heureux dropped his *cone-anchor and waited until a tug-boat..threw a rope to the car, by which the balloon was tugged easily.
1859W. S. Coleman Woodlands 37 There are several other *cone-bearing trees. 1882Proc. Berw. Nat. Club IX. 549 The cone-bearing Araucaria.
a1877Knight Mech. Dict. 578/2 The *cone-clutch consists of a tapered cylindrical plug sliding on a fast feather in one shaft, [etc.]. 1908Westm. Gaz. 5 Mar. 4/2 The drive from engine to gear-box is through a leather-faced, self-contained cone-clutch. 1930Engineering 11 July 41/2 From the engine, the drive is taken through a cone clutch and spur gearing to a three-speed gear box. 1963R. F. Webb Motorists' Dict. 63 Cone clutch, an obsolete type of clutch mechanism at one time popular on early vehicles. It consisted of a drum attached to the engine shaft in place of or part of the flywheel. The inside of the drum was tapered slightly to mate with a cone-shaped friction disc.
1884W. S. B. Maclaren Spinning (ed. 2) 136 In *cone drawing..all these defects are avoided. 1957Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 796/2 Cone drawing follows closely the English system..and is widely used in the United States... The bobbin is driven independently of the spindle and flyer.
1857Gray Bot. North. U.S. 214 Echinacea, *Purple Cone-flower.
1879C. Pickering Chron. Hist. Plants 941 Rudbeckia laciniata of North-east America, A *cone flower.
1881C. A. Edwards Organs 133 Messrs. Hill and Son have a stop..named the ‘*Cone Gamba’, which they frequently use in their organs.
1877Encycl. Brit. VI. 45/2 Coal is perfectly amorphous, the nearest approach to anything like crystalline structure being a compound fibrous grouping resembling that of gypsum or arragonite, which occurs in some of the steam coals of S. Wales, and is locally known as ‘*cone in cone’. 1882Geikie Text-bk. Geol. 313 That the more complex structure known as ‘Cone in cone’ may be due to the action of pressure upon concretions in the course of formation. 1883Gresley Gloss. Coal-m. 61 Steam or anthracite coal exhibiting a peculiar fibrous structure passing into a singular toothed arrangement of the particles called cone-in-cone coal or crystallised coal. 1921Brit. Mus. Return 156 Cone-in-cone structure from Barf Hill, Keswick. 1954G. W. Himus Dict. Geol. 30 Cone-in-cone structure, a concretionary structure, found in marls, ironstones, coals, etc., consisting of the development of a succession of concentric cones, resulting from radial crystallization about a common axis.
1665J. Webb Stone-Heng (1725) 206 A *Cone⁓like Heap of Pibble Stones.
1562Turner Herbal ii. 28 a, The bunghes [of the larch] are lesse then any other kynde *conenutberyng tre hath.
1850Weale Dict. Terms, *Cone⁓plate, a strong plate of cast iron fixed vertically to the bed of a lathe, with a conical hole in it, to form a support for the end of a shaft which it is required to bore.
1851Mayne Reid Scalp Hunt. i, Here a *cone-shaped peak soars up. 1866Geo. Eliot F. Holt 2 Its..cone-shaped yew-tree arbour.
1924Mem. Geol. Surv. Scotl. xix. 221 Acid Centrally Inclined Sheets or *Cone-Sheets..a cone-sheet complex in which the characteristic feature is an assemblage of sheets inclined rather steeply towards a common centre. 1965A. Holmes Princ. Geol. (ed. 2) xi. 261 Intrusions in the form of concentric arcs or rings are of two distinct types... One type consists of cone-sheets, which have the form of parts of inverted cones dipping inwards towards a common focus.
1657W. Coles Adam in Eden v, Of all the *cone trees this only [larch] is found without leaves in the winter.
▪ II. † cone, n.2 Obs.
Also 6 coane.
[see cone v.2]
A fissure, cleft, chink.
1584[see coane]. 1639T. de la Grey Compl. Horsem. 352 This also is very soveraigne for Cones, Cracks, and Chops in the heeles of the horse.
▪ III. cone, v.1|kəʊn|
[f. the n.]
1. trans. To shape like a cone or segment of a cone. See coned ppl. a. 2.
2. intr. To bear cones, as a fir-tree.
1888Scottish Leader 9 Nov. 7 The spruce firs had coned freely.
3. trans. To catch or pick up (an aircraft) at the apex of a cone formed by searchlight beams (or tracer shells, etc.).
1943Times Weekly 24 Nov. 6/3 Searchlights were also effectively blocked by the cloud and, unable to cone a particular aircraft in the beams, the gunners could only fire a barrage and hope for results. 1944H. Hawton Night Bombing vii. 104 The number of aircraft that can be coned, even in the target area, is comparatively small if the raid is both heavy and concentrated. 1944Times 22 June 2/1 Red and white tracer shot up in streams, coning the intruder, but it flew straight through it unharmed.
▪ IV. † cone, v.2 Obs. or dial.
[Goes with cone n.2: both being derivs., of some kind, of OE. cínan, cán, cinen to crack, burst open: see chine, chawn.]
a. intr. To gape or split open, to crack or chink.
b. trans. To fissure.
1584R. Scot Discov. Witchcr. xii. vii. 183 With charmes she makes the earth to cone [L. haec cantu finditque solum]. 1621G. Sandys Ovid's Met. ii. (1626) 26 Invading fire the upper Earth assayl'd; All chap't and con'd; her pregnant iuyce exhal'd. 1735Pegge Kenticisms (E.D.S.), Cone, to crack or split with the sun, as timber does. 1887in Kentish Gloss. |