| 释义 |
condenser|kənˈdɛnsə(r)|
Also 9 -or.
[f. condense v. + -er1. Cf. mod.F. condenseur.]
I. General: One who or that which condenses.
1. That which makes dense, collects into smaller space, intensifies, etc.: see condense v. 1.
1686Goad Celest. Bodies i. ii. 6 Infinite variety of Rarefiers and Condensers. 1804R. Prony in Jrnl. Nat. Philos. IX. 275 A condenser of Forces.
2. That which reduces vapour to the liquid condition (esp. by cooling): see condense v. 2.
1860Tyndall Glac. i. xx. 137 The cold crags..acted like condensers upon the ascending vapour. 1880Haughton Phys. Geog. iii. 128 Mountain ranges..serve as condensers for the aqueous vapour.
3. One who condenses or abridges in literature.
1868Morning Star 16 June, In the..summary of correspondence..the condenser omits to mention, etc. 1870Lowell Study Wind. (1886) 363 He was..the condenser..of Bolingbroke. 1888Daily News 30 Apr. 7/4 Advt., Situation wanted As Editor, Sub-Editor..Concise critical writer, condenser.
II. Specific and technical senses.
4. A vessel or apparatus in which vapour is reduced (e.g. by cooling) to the liquid (or solid) form.
a. in Distillation. That part of the apparatus in which the vapour is condensed.
1874Knight Dict. Mech. I. 607 The still-condenser is generally of the worm-tub form.
attrib.1890Pall Mall G. 28 July 6/1 Hurricane..at Suakin..demolition of the condenser chimneys.
b. Steam Engine. A chamber in a steam-engine in which the steam is condensed into water on leaving the cylinder, either by injection of cold water, or by exposure to a chilled surface (surface condenser). Also in comb. as condenser-gauge.
1769Watt Specif. of Patent No. 913. 2 These vessels I call condensers. 1833N. Arnott Physics (ed. 5) II. 93 Watt..contrived the separate condenser for his steam-engine, by which heat once saved three-fourths of the fuel formerly used. 1874Knight Dict. Mech. I. 607 The surface-condenser has a series of flat chambers or tubes..in which the steam is cooled by a body of water surrounding the tubes. Ibid. I. 609 Condenser-gage, a tube of glass, thirty-two inches long,..the upper end..fixed to the condenser, the lower end dipping into mercury..to ascertain the degree of exhaustion in the steam-condenser.
c. Gasworks. An apparatus in which the tar, ammonia, and other substances mixed with the heated gas are condensed and separated by cooling.
1809A. Winsor Specif. of Patent No. 3200. 4 The condensor..serves to cool and decompose the hot smoke and gas. c1865Letheby in Circ. Sc. I. 117/1 From the condenser the gas passes to the purifiers. 1875Ure Dict. Arts II. 579 The condenser, the office of which..is to effect the condensation of all those vapours which could not be retained by the gas at the ordinary atmospheric temperature.
d. Metallurgy. (See quots.)
1874in Knight Dict. Mech. 1881Raymond Mining Gloss., Condenser, a vessel or chamber in which volatile products of roasting or smelting (e.g. mercury or zinc vapors) are reduced to solid form by cooling.
5. Pneumatics. An apparatus for condensing or compressing air, a pneumatic force-pump.
1727–51Chambers Cycl., Condenser, a pneumatic engine, whereby an unusual quantity of air may be crouded into a given space. 1829Nat. Philos., Pneumatics v. 20 (U.K.S.) The condenser..is the opposite of the air-pump.
6. Electr. An apparatus for accumulating or increasing the intensity of an electric charge. (Cf. condense v. 1 c.) (Now largely superseded by capacitor.)
1782Volta in Phil. Trans. LXXII. App. 8, I had rather call it a condenser of electricity..using a word which expresses at once the reason and cause of the phenomenon. 1790W. Nicholson Nat. Philos. (ed. 3) II. 356 The condenser is of excellent use to ascertain the presence..of atmospherical electricity when the conductor is..slightly electrified. 1881Spottiswoode in Nature No. 623. 546 We have Leyden jars or condensers for accumulating large charges. 1881Maxwell Electr. & Magn. I. 50 Accumulators are sometimes called Condensers, but I prefer to restrict the term ‘condenser’ to an instrument which is used not to hold electricity but to increase its superficial density. 1943Gloss. Terms Electr. Engin. (B.S.I.) 27 Capacitor, condenser, a piece of apparatus capable of storing electrical energy as electric stress in insulating material. 1968Practical Motorist Oct. 205 Condenser or Capacitor.
7. Optics. A lens or system of lenses by which light is concentrated on one point or object.
1798G. Adams Ess. Microscope 107 Fig. 4 represents..a condenser. There are three in number..they serve to condense the sun's rays strongly on the object. 1832A. Pritchard Microsc. Cabinet 243 A large condenser placed before the reflector.
8. Wool Manuf. A machine which receives the narrow slivers from the carding machine and rolls them into ‘slubbings’.
1862Reports of Juries, Exhibition Class xxi. 4 The ‘condenser’ is now very generally used..It also entirely supersedes the ‘slubbing’ machine. 1874Knight Dict. Mech. s.v., The narrow circumferential cards of the doffing-cylinder deliver narrow slivers which pass to the condenser.
9. Sugar Manuf. An apparatus for the partial concentration of the clarified juice.
1874in Knight Dict. Mech.
10. Comb. condenser door, the plate at the end of a surface condenser; condenser loudspeaker, microphone (see quots.).
1888Lockwood's Dict. Terms Mech. Engin., Condenser Door, the rectangular or round-ended cast-iron plate which closes the end of a surface condenser near the ends of the tubes. 1897Daily News 1 Jan. 3/2 The condenser doors were also open.
1929Proc. Inst. Radio Engin. XVII. 1142 By using the Kyle principle of construction, it has been possible to develop a practicable condenser loud speaker. 1940Chambers's Techn. Dict. 188/1 Condenser loudspeaker, a loudspeaker in which the sound-radiating element forms one electrode of a large condenser, to which polarised modulation voltages are applied. 1959W. S. Sharps Dict. Cinemat. 93/2 Electrostatic loudspeaker (capacitor loudspeaker) (condenser loudspeaker). An electrostatic loudspeaker is a loudspeaker in which the mechanical forces are produced by the action of electrostatic fields.
1921L. B. Turner Wireless Telegr. & Teleph. 160 (caption) Condenser microphone. 1928B.B.C. Handbk. 267/1 Condenser Microphone, a microphone consisting of two plates of a condenser, whose distance apart is altered by the sound waves impinging upon one of them. 1938Admiralty Handbk. Wireless Telegr. II. §N. 12 In historical development, the condenser microphone succeeded the carbon granule type and was much used for broadcasting work. 1960H. Carter Dict. Electronics 53 Condenser microphone, microphone consisting in essence of a capacitor, one plate of which is made to vibrate by the incident sound waves, thus varying the distance between the two plates and therefore the capacitance of the device. |