| 释义 |
▪ I. concrete, a. and n.|ˈkɒnkriːt|
Also 6 -creete.
[ad. L. concrēt-us, pa. pple. of concrēscĕre to grow together: see concrescence. Cf. F. concret, -ète, 16th c. -ette. The stress has long been variable; conˈcrete, the original mode, was given by Walker, and is used in verse by Lowell; ˈconcrete was used by Chapman in 1611, and recognized by Johnson: the latter appears to be now the more frequent in the adj., and is universal in the n. B. 3.
The frequent antithesis of concrete and discrete, appears to be influenced by a notion that the word represents L. concrētus, pa. pple. of concernĕre, in the same way as discrete is derived from L. discernĕre, discrētus.]
A. adj. (The earliest instances appear to be participial.)
†1.
a. United or connected by growth; grown together. Obs.
1471Ripley Comp. Alch. in Ashm. (1652) 112 For all the parts..be Coessentiall and concrete. 1650Bulwer Anthropomet. x. (1653) 170 Men, that have monstrous Mouths, and some with concreate lips.
†b. Continuous. In Acoustics applied to a sound or movement of the voice sliding continuously up or down; distinguished from discrete movement.
1651W. G. tr. Cowel's Inst. 60 The second manner of gaining, which..is a discreet or distinct increase, or secretly a Concrete or continued. Whatsoever is born or comes from any sort of animalls under our Subiection or power are absolutely gained unto us.
2. Made up or compounded of various elements or ingredients; composite, compound. ? Obs.
1536Latimer 2nd Serm. bef. Convoc. i. 40 A thing concrete, heaped up and made of all kinds of mischief. 1850W. Irving Goldsmith v. 81 This concrete young gentleman, compounded of the pawn-broker, the pettifogger, and the West Indian heir.
3. Formed by union or cohesion of particles into a mass; congealed, coagulated, solidified; solid (as opposed to fluid).
†a. as pple.;
b. as adj.
a.1533Elyot Cast. Helthe iv. (R.), Those same vapours..be concrete or gathered into humour superfluous. 1567J. Maplet Gr. Forest Pref., Of the seconde sort is the Pumelse, concrete of froth. 1691Ray Creation (1714) 323 Before it was concrete into a stone.
b.1605Timme Quersit. i. xiii. 58 In all metalls and concrete bodies. c1611Chapman Iliad xi. (R.), Even to the concrete bloud That makes the liver. 1712tr. Pomet's Hist. Drugs I. 216 Scammony is a concrete resinous Juice. 1800tr. Lagrange's Chem. I. 74 One portion appears fluid and the other concrete. 1836Todd Cycl. Anat. I. 51/2 Formed of blood scarcely concrete. 1854Hooker Himal. Jrnls. I. i. 16 The seeds too, yield a concrete oil.
4. a. Applied by the early logicians and grammarians to a quality viewed (as it is actually found) concreted or adherent to a substance, and so to the word expressing a quality so considered, viz. the adjective, in contradistinction to the quality as mentally abstracted or withdrawn from substance and expressed by an abstract noun: thus white (paper, hat, horse) is the concrete quality or quality in the concrete, whiteness, the abstract quality or quality in the abstract; seven (men, days, etc.) is a concrete number, as opposed to the number 7 in the abstract. concrete science (science 4 b).
Afterwards concrete was extended also to substantives involving attributes, as fool, sage, hero, and has finally been applied by some grammarians to all substantives not abstract, i.e. all those denoting ‘things’ as distinguished from qualities, states, and actions. The logical and grammatical uses have thus tended to fall asunder and even to become contradictory; some writers on Logic therefore disuse the term concrete entirely: see quot. 1887. In this Dictionary, concr. is prefixed to those senses in which substantives originally abstract come to be used as names of ‘things’; e.g. crossing vbl. n., i.e. abstract n. of action, concr. a crossing in a street, on a railway, etc.
From an early period used as a quasi-n., a concrete (sc. term).[1581J. Bell Haddon's Answ. Osor. 118 b, Turnyng awry, that is to say: From the Concreto to the Abstractum (to use here the termes of Sophistry).] a1528Skelton Bouge of Courte (R.), A false abstracte cometh from a false concrete. 1594Blundevil Exerc. i. xvi. (ed. 7) 41 Understand, that of numbers some are said to be abstract, and some concrete. 1614Selden Titles Hon. 117 To expresse them by Abstracts from the Concret of their qualitie..As Maiestie, Highnes, Grace. 1657J. Smith Myst. Rhet. A viij b, The concrete signifies the same form with those qualities which adhere to the subject: The concrete is the Adjective. 1690Locke Hum. Und. iii. viii. §1 Our Simple ideas have all Abstract, as well as Concrete Names: the one whereof is (to speak the language of grammarians) a ‘substantive’, the other an ‘adjective’; as whiteness, white. 1725Watts Logic i. iv. §5 Concrete terms, while they express the quality, do also either express, or imply, or refer to some subject to which it belongs..But these are not always noun adjectives..a fool, a knave, a philosopher, and many other concretes are substantives. 1846Mill Logic i. ii. §4 A concrete name is a name which stands for a thing; an abstract name is a name which stands for an attribute of a thing. 1851Mansel Proleg. Log. v. (1860) 144. 1854 H. Spencer in Brit. Q. Rev. July 148 Let us observe how the relatively concrete science of geometrical astronomy, having been thus far helped forward by the development of geometry in general, reacted upon geometry, caused it also to advance, and was again assisted by it. 1864Bowen Logic iv. (1870) 88 The peculiar or proper appellation of a lower Concept or individual is called its concrete name. 1865J. S. Mill Comte 33 The concrete sciences..concern themselves only with the particular combinations of phaenomena which are found in existence. 1876Mason Eng. Gram. §35 Abstract nouns are sometimes used in the concrete sense..Thus nobility frequently means the whole body of persons of noble birth. 1876Jevons Elem. Logic (1880) 21 The reader should carefully observe that adjectives are concrete, not abstract. 1887Fowler Deduct. Logic i. i. (ed. 9) 15 Nothing has been said above of the common distinction between abstract and concrete terms..I have availed myself of the expression ‘abstract term’, but avoided, as too wide to be of practical service, the contrasted expression ‘concrete term’. Concrete terms include what I have called attributives, as well as singular, collective, and common terms.
b. Philos. concrete universal [universal n. 1], the individual, when regarded as something maintaining its identity through qualitative change or diversity, or as a unity or system or class of separate but identical particulars. Also transf.
1865J. H. Stirling Secret of Hegel p. xi, As Aristotle, with considerable assistance from Plato, made explicit the abstract Universal that was implicit in Socrates,—so Hegel..made explicit the concrete Universal that was implicit in Kant. 1874W. Wallace tr. Hegel's Logic ix. 267 The Judgment of Necessity..contains..in the predicate, partly the substance or nature of the subject, the concrete universal, the genus. 1876F. H. Bradley Eth. Stud. v. 147 The good will..is a concrete universal, because it not only is above but is within and throughout its details, and is so far only as they are. 1883― Princ. Logic i. vi. 175 The concrete particular and the concrete universal both have reality, and they are different names for the individual. 1912B. Bosanquet Princ. Individuality ii. 38 A macrocosm constituted by microcosms, is the type of the concrete universal. 1920M. T. Collins Mod. Concept. Nat. Law 95 A thing, a person, an act—anything—is only seen in its true nature when it is grasped as an organized unity, as a synthesis of the manifold. So far as it is a whole, it is a concrete universal. 1948Poetry LXXIII. 159 Concrete universal, a concept, continuous in literary criticism, which implies the paradoxical union in a poem of the concrete, specific, and individual, together with the universal and general. The concrete universal persists among the New Critics.
5. Hence, generally, Combined with, or embodied in matter, actual practice, or a particular example; existing in a material form or as an actual reality, or pertaining to that which so exists. Opposed to abstract. (The ordinary current sense.)
Absolutely, the concrete, that which is concrete; in the concrete, in the sphere of concrete reality, concretely.
[1648Milton Tenure Kings Wks. 1738 I. 314 These Apostles, whenever they give this Precept, express it in terms not concrete, but abstract, as Logicians are wont to speak.] 1656Hobbes Liberty, Necess., & Ch. (1841) 135 This..is a metaphysical entity abstracted from the matter, which is better than non-entity..But in the concrete it is far otherwise. 1710Berkeley Princ. Hum. Knowl. §97 Time, place, and motion, taken in particular or concrete. 1789Burke Corr. (1844) III. 114 It is with man in the concrete;—it is with common..human actions, you are to be concerned. 1837Carlyle Fr. Rev. III. iii. i, But, quitting these somewhat abstract considerations, let History note the concrete reality which the streets of Paris exhibit. 1848Lowell Fable for Critics, ‘At slavery in the abstract my whole soul rebels, I am as strongly opposed to 't as any one else.’ ‘Ay, no doubt, but whenever I've happened to meet With a wrong or a crime, it is always concrete.’ 1876M. Arnold Lit. & Dogma 234 note, The most concrete and unmetaphysical of languages. 1880W. Wallace Epicureanism 172 Their idea of this original matter was concrete and sensuous.
6. Made of concrete. [attrib. of B. 3.]
7. a. concrete music [tr. F. musique concrète]: a form of music constructed by the arrangement of various recorded sounds into a sequence. (Also with first word in French form concrète.)
1953Musical Amer. 15 Jan. 6/3 This method of basing a musical composition on fragmentary sounds, existing concretely, characterizes what Schaeffer has labeled concrete music. 1954Gramophone Record Rev. Apr. 297 Concrete music is assembled rather than composed. 1954Times Lit. Suppl. 3 Dec. 778/4 The very latest thing..Concrete Music, the term adopted for the French musique concrète, which is really synthetic electrophonics. 1958Observer 22 June 15/3 The music, an airborne plunking that deserves a less earthbound epithet than concrète, is by John Addison.
b. concrete poetry: a form of poetry in which the significance and the effect required depend to a larger degree than usual upon the physical shape or pattern of the printed material. Also ellipt. concrete. Hence concretist, concrete poem, concrete poet, etc.
The term was coined independently and almost simultaneously in Brazil and Germany: in Brazil (poesia concreta) by the Noigandres group of poets; in Germany (die konkrete Dichtung) by Eugen Gomringer. The usage was formally adopted at a meeting in 1955 between the two originators.
1958Pilot Plan for Concrete Poetry in M. E. Solt Concrete Poetry (1970) 72 Concrete poem communicates its own structure: structure-content... Concrete Poetry aims at the least common multiple of language. 1966Isis 16 Feb. 2/1 The Concrete poet tries to investigate language and the materials of which it is composed in a depth which he cannot achieve using conventional syntax. Ibid. 9/1 The early ‘concretists’ were interested in setting words in isolation on the page. Ibid. 9/2 His sensitivity led him to ‘concrete’ as a means of overcoming the deterioration language suffers through overexposure. 1966Camb. Rev. 28 May 448/1 ‘Concrete’ poets ignore the traditional boundaries between word and image. 1967S. Bann Concrete Poetry 17 He has recently contributed the pure Concrete ‘cube-poem’ to the Brighton Festival. Ibid., The links between the early socially committed concrete poems and the ‘popcrete’ poems of Augusto de Campos. Ibid. 24 His first contact with the Concrete movement, however, was with the Brazilians. 1968Artes Hispanicas I. iii. 7/2 There is a fundamental requirement which the various kinds of concrete poetry meet: concentration upon the physical material from which the poem or text is made.
B. n.
1. quasi-n. a concrete, the concrete: see A. 4, 5.
1528–1725 [see A. 4]. 1697J. Serjeant Solid Philos. 91 Entity is often us'd as a Concrete for the Thing it self. 1830Macaulay Ess., Bunyan, Bunyan is almost the only writer who ever gave to the abstract the interest of the concrete.
2. gen. A concrete or concreted mass, a concretion, compound; a concrete substance. Also fig. (Obs. in lit. sense, exc. as in next.)
1656J. Serjeant tr. T. White's Peripatet. Inst. 361 The sun is a concrete of combustible matter. 1657G. Starkey Helmont's Vind. Ep. to Rdr., The specifick excellency that is in any concrete of the whole vegetable family. 1706Phillips (ed. Kersey) s.v., Antimony is a Natural Concrete, or a Mix'd Body compounded in the Bowels of the Earth; and Soap is a Factitious Concrete, or a Body mix'd together by Art. 1804Abernethy Surg. Observ. 9 Thus an unorganized concrete becomes a living tumour. a1831A. Knox Rem. (1844) I. 63 That..concrete of truth and error, of greatness and meanness..the Roman Catholic Church.
3. spec.
a. A composition of stone chippings, sand, gravel, pebbles, etc., formed into a mass with cement; used for building under water, for foundations, pavements, walls, etc. armoured concrete = reinforced concrete. Often attrib. Also in comb. as concrete mixer (so -mixing); concrete paver; concrete-press, a machine for compressing concrete into blocks.
1834Lond. Archit. Mag. I. 35 Making an artificial foundation of concrete (which has lately been done in many places). 1836G. Godwin in Trans. Inst. Brit. Archit. 12 The generic term concrete..perhaps, can only date from that period when its use became general and frequent, probably not longer than 15 or 20 years ago. 1858Glenny Gard. Every-day Bk. 25/1 Paving with brick, tile, stone, or concrete. 1906Concrete Mar. p. ii, Armoured Concrete Constructions. 1906Westm. Gaz. 20 Sept. 9/3 An extensive installation of stone-breaking and concrete-mixing machinery is in full work. 1907Daily Mail 22 Oct., Armoured concrete, reinforced concrete, concrete-steel, or ferro-concrete. 1909Cent. Dict. Suppl., Concrete-mixer, a machine for mixing cement, sand, crushed or broken stone, and water in varying proportions for making concrete. 1929W. Heyliger Builder of Dam 33 A one-bag power concrete mixer. 1930Engineering 7 Mar. 324/1 The concrete-mixing plant is said to be the largest in Canada. 1954Gloss. Highway Engin. Terms (B.S.I.) 49 Concrete paver, a concrete mixer capable of moving on crawler tracks or rails and provided with a boom and bucket for depositing the concrete in the required position in a pavement.
attrib.1881Darwin Form. Veg. Mould 181 The junction of the concrete floor with the walls.
b. Paving made of concrete.
1911E. Ferber Dawn O'Hara ii. 13 No tramping of restless feet on the concrete all through the long, noisy hours.
▪ II. concrete, v.|kənˈkriːt|
Also 7 concreate.
[f. concrete a., and L. concrēt- ppl. stem of concrēscĕre to grow together; see concrescence. With the spelling concreate cf. F. concréer (ad. L. concreāre) used in a kindred sense.]
1. a. trans. To form by cohesion or coalescence of particles, to form into a mass; to render solid, congeal, coagulate, clot. (Mostly in pass.)
1635Swan Spec. M. vi. (1643) 296 The Hard [Bitumen] is more strongly concreted then the other. 1646Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. (1650) 37 The common opinion hath been..that Crystall is nothing else, but Ice or Snow concreated. 1759tr. Duhamel's Husb. I. xv. (1762) 77 The juices of the plants are concreted upon the surface. 1784Twamley Dairying 33 Runnet..must have sufficient Time to work, concrete, or congeal the Curd into a solid Mass. 1875Lyell Princ. Geol. II. iii. xlvii. 556 Ochreous sand, concreted and hardened into a kind of stone.
†b. To unite, combine (attributes, sensations, etc.).
1710Berkeley Princ. Hum. Knowl. §99 Those sensations combined, blended, or (if one may so speak) concreted together. 1751Harris Hermes iii. iv. 366 note, To contemplate colour concreted with figure, two attributes which the eye can never view, but associated. 1829Jas. Mill Anal. Hum. Mind (1869) I. viii. 263 In which the ideas of synchronous sensations are so concreted by constant conjunction as to appear..only one. Ibid. I. 266 The odour, and colour, and so on, of the rose, concreted into one idea.
2. a. intr. To run into a mass, form a concretion; to become solid, harden, congeal, ‘set’, clot.
1677Hale Prim. Orig. Man. iii. vii. 286 The Story of the Egyptian Mice which concrete after the recess of Nilus. 1728Nicholls in Phil. Trans. XXXV. 406 The arsenical Sulphur concretes into yellow Cubes. 1820Faraday Exp. Res. xiii. 38 When condensed again..it concretes in the upper part of the tube.
b. To grow together, combine with.
1853J. W. Gibbs Philol. Studies (1857) 56 Primary adjectives..concreting, as it were, with the substantive.
3. trans. To render concrete. Also refl.
1654Whitlock Zootomia 389 When by incorrigiblenesse Sins be concreted into Sinners, and they become even all one. 1811Shelley Let. 2 June (1964) I. 95 You loved a being, an idea in your own mind which had no real existence. You concreted this abstract of perfection. 1846Hawthorne Mosses, Intell. Office ii. v. 86 Without being concreted into an earthly deed. 1864Good Words 231/1 The effect produced by these sketchy portraits..was great in concreting the idea of them. 1884‘C. Power’ Philistia II. xxii. 249 Don't be so abstract, Ernest; concrete yourself a little. 1888F. H. Stoddard in Andover Rev. Oct., Concreting God into actual form of man. 1897Westm. Gaz. 4 Mar. 2/3 It is quite right that a bachelor of thirty should stand in loco penitentiae, but to concrete this by putting him into a penitentiary is a little too violent. 1898J. Conrad Tales of Unrest 203 Precious dreams that concrete the most cherished..of his illusions. 1902Westm. Gaz. 19 July 2/3 There are few French towns which do not concrete the memory of their distinguished natives by statues. 1928Spectator 3 Nov. 23 In a story by de Maupassant..English love of beauty in Nature was concreted as perhaps it could only have been by a foreign artist. 1938T. Wesseling Liturgy & Life i. 5 The whole reason of existence of any product whatever is therefore to realize, to concrete the purpose of the producer.
4. ˈconcrete. [f. the n. 3.]
a. trans. To treat with concrete.
b. intr. To use or apply concrete in building.
c. trans. and intr. To overlay or pave with, or embed in, concrete.
1875Building News 2 Apr. 390/2 (article) Concreting. 1875Boston Audit 129 Concreting side and cross-walks $2170. 1882Daily News 15 Sept. 6/5 To concrete the foundations. 1885Du Cane Punishm. & Prevent. Crime 180 Pile-driving and concreting for the foundations. 1888Harper's Mag. Nov. 870/1 The first proposition to concrete the sidewalks of this village. 1907Westm. Gaz. 11 Mar. 9/3 We get 9s. a day digging out foundations, and 8s. a yard putting in concrete... We can't go on concreting every day. |