| 释义 |
quota, n.|ˈkwəʊtə|
[med.L. quota (sc. pars ‘how great a part’), fem. of quotus, f. quot how many.]
1. The part or share which is, or ought to be, paid or contributed by one to a total sum or amount; in early use chiefly with ref. to contributions of men, money, or supplies, from a particular town, district, or country. (Cf. contingent n. 5.) Also Eccl., the proportion of the funds of a parish that is contributed to the finances of the diocese; in full diocesan (formerly parochial) quota.
1668Temple Lett., Ld. Arlington Wks. 1731 II. 165 Some certain Quota's upon the several Parts of the Empire. 1691Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) II. 236 If his master doe not speedily remitt the money promised, and quota of officers and engineers. 1712Addison Spect. No. 439 ⁋2 Newsgatherers and Intelligencers.. who bring in their respective Quotas. 1756Nugent Gr. Tour, Germany II. 391 They have often balls and feasts, where every one pays their quota. 1769Robertson Chas. V, xii. III. 378 The Papal troops were far inferior in number to the quota stipulated. 1844Disraeli Coningsby i. vi, The host..always contributed his quota to the general fund of polished sociability. 1887Jessopp Arcady i. 13 It is the village huckster who has to pay his heavy quota towards the rate. 1911Archbishops' Committee on Church Finance Rep. iv. 45 We recommend... That a system of parochial assessment..should be adopted... That the amount of this apportionment or contribution (which may conveniently be called the Parochial Quota) should from time to time be fixed by the Diocesan Board of Finance. 1919W. B. Incledon Vicar Reconstructs vi. 27 So the Diocesan Finance Committee has been worrying you about the diocesan quota. My advice is to let them worry until you have your parochial finance scheme in proper working order. 1936W. K. L. Clarke Almsgiving ii. i. 82 The diocesan income in its turn is raised by assessing the parishes, each of which is expected to pay its ‘quota’. Ibid. vi. 115 In many parishes the diocesan quota is paid reluctantly. 1976Church Times 2 July 12/1 Any extra money raised by a parish for some specific occasion..is engulfed by the diocese by an increase in quota. 1978Ibid. 29 Sept. 12/5 Parishes are already struggling to meet vastly increased quotas.
2. a. The part or share of a total which belongs, is given, or is due, to one.
a1700B. E. Dict. Cant. Crew, s.v., Tip me my Quota, give me my Part of the Winnings, Booty, Plunder, &c. 1726G. Shelvocke Voy. round World 227 Sometimes would not allow me a quota of the fish that was caught. 1753Hanway Trav. (1762) II. i. xii. 61 They have great magazines of East-India goods, this city having its quota of that trade. 1806–7J. Beresford Miseries Hum. Life (1826) i. Introd., If nerves are necessary to a boiling fit of rage, I must have my full quota of them. 1883Shaw Local Gov. Illinois 17 Having collected the total amount, the collector disburses to each proper authority its respective quota.
b. In a system of proportional representation, the minimum number of votes required to elect a candidate.
1857T. Hare Machinery of Representation 17 No person shall be returned as a member to serve in parliament for whom there shall not be recorded the full quota or number of votes specified. 1930C. F. Strong Mod. Polit. Consititutions viii. 177 Instead of having to gain an absolute majority, the candidate needs only to reach the quota, i.e. the number of votes cast divided by the number of seats to be filled. 1943J. F. S. Ross Parliamentary Representation xxiii. 219 The quota has next to be determined: this is done by dividing the grand total of votes by a number which is one more than the number of members to be elected. The quota is the whole number next above the result of this division. 1955Lakeman & Lambert Voting in Democracies v. 91 If the number of envelopes containing..the Socialist list amounts to one d'Hondt quota, the Socialist candidate whose name appears first on the list is declared elected. 1973Irish Times 2 Mar. 8/1 Carlow-Kilkenny. Seats, 5... Valid vote, 46,717;..Quota, 7,787. 1975H. Berrington in S. E. Finer Adversary Politics & Electoral Reform 281 Neither Labour nor the Conservatives would have ‘wasted’ many votes—the Tories would have polled two quotas, with little to spare, and Labour would have accumulated three.
3. The maximum number (of immigrants or imports) allowed to enter a country within a set period; a regulation that imposes such a restriction on entry to a country. Also transf.
1921Washington Post 21 May 4/5 North European countries may not furnish the full 20 per cent of their entire quotas each month. 1921U.S. Congr. House Report No. 169. 1 The law provides that not in excess of 20 per cent of the yearly quota allotted to any country may come in one month. 1930W. K. Hancock Australia xii. 239 In recent years we have extended its operation by instituting ‘quotas’, which limit the immigration from Southern Europe. 1931Foreign Affairs Apr. 401 On the score of its domestic economic consequences alone, the wisdom of an embargo or fixed import quota is disputable. 1931Contemporary Review Aug. 221 It has not yet been realised, even by some Free Traders, how insidious and dangerous a form of protection is that latest expedient of the tariff-mongers, known as the ‘Quota’. 1932E. Bowen To North xxi. 224 ‘I have decided to go to America.’.. ‘You couldn't stay more than six months, though, because of the quota.’ 1949[see immigration]. 1973Nation Rev. (Melbourne) 31 Aug. 1448/2 The board doesn't call for quotas on imports. 1976Survey Winter 128 Quotas upon Jews in higher education had, to be sure, been a staple of the Soviet scene since the postwar period.
4. attrib. and Comb., as quota act, quota film, quota immigrant, quota immigration, quota law, quota limit, quota period, quota plan, quota restriction; quota-bill, a Parliamentary bill passed in March, 1795, under which each county and (by a supplementary bill passed in April) each port had to supply its quota of men to the navy; so also quota-bounty, -man (see quots.); quota method, the statistical method of using quota samples (usu. for opinion polls); quota quickie [quickie 1 a], a cheap cinematographic film, rapidly made outside the United States to offset American films shown in other countries; quota sample, a sample that is chosen so that various categories of individual (when classified by age, sex, social class, and the like) are represented in the same proportions as in the general population; quota sampler, one who devises or uses quota samples; quota sampling, the use of the quota method; quota system, a law or custom restricting the number or proportion of persons or goods that may be admitted to a country or an institution; also, one prescribing the minimum number of persons to be admitted.
1938Times 22 Feb. 19/3 British film production has made considerable progress during the past ten years as a result of the first Quota Act.
1867Quota-bill [see quota-man below].
1823Brenton Naval Hist. Gt. Brit. I. 49 The quota-bounty given in 1795, 1796, and 1797..for manning the fleet.
1939‘N. Blake’ Smiler with Knife ii. 29 Those extras, dressed up to look like rustic ancients for a British quota film. 1974R. Harrison Rex ii. 29 The British film industry had only just begun to stir [in 1927], with Gaumont Films, and then with American quota films—‘quota quickies’ made over here by American companies, on a budget of {pstlg}1 per foot of film and never mind the quality, so that they could then unload their Hollywood products on England.
1924U.S. Laws & Statutes (1925) XLIII. 155 When used in this Act the term ‘quota immigrant’ means any immigrant who is not a non-quota immigrant. 1965Listener 2 Sept. 340/2 Some [Australian] commentators advocate quota immigration for Asians.
1922Proc. Conf. Social Work xlix. 460 Just what effect the quota law has had on immigration..cannot be accurately determined. Ibid. 465 Under the quota law..we have exclusion for the first time on the basis of numbers alone. 1975J. Cleary Safe House 10 Every country..had a quota limit when..asked to extend its sympathy into acceptance of the Jews as immigrants.
1823Brenton Naval Hist. Gt. Brit. I. 49 There were few, if any, seamen among them; and the term ‘quota-man’, or ‘lord-mayor's man’, was supposed to comprise every thing that was base and contemptible among sailors. 1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., Quota-Men, those raised for the navy..by Pitt's quota-bill, in 1795 under bounties of from {pstlg}20 to {pstlg}60.
1946Hauser & Leonard Govt. Statistics for Business Use xii. 356 A commonly used type of sample design is that usually referred to as the ‘quota’ or ‘in-ratio’ method of sampling. 1953W. G. Cochran Sampling Techniques v. 105 Sampling theory cannot be applied to quota methods which contain no element of probability sampling. 1971Guardian 9 June 13/4 Teams of interviewers were sent out to a random sample of areas to find certain numbers of consumers determined by sex, age, and social class. This is known as the quota method of sampling. Random sampling—where lists are drawn from an ‘unbiased’ source such as the electoral register—is more rigorous, but much more expensive and is rarely used for commercial work.
1958Economist 18 Oct. 280/1 For the first two quota periods (6 months) of the current year, the permitted output averaged 118 tons per month. 1977Grimsby Even. Tel. 13 May 1/5 It showed we have no confidence in him and his quota plans.
1936Economist 5 Dec. 456/2 The primary objective of the Board of Trade..was the complete extirpation of the ‘quota quickie’. 1948H. Wilson in Hansard Commons 21 Jan. 226 To protect this section of the industry against the so-called ‘quota quicky’ shorts. 1976Oxf. Compan. Film 574/1 ‘Quota quickies’—cheap programme-fillers made with local personnel and technical resources but financed from the US—kept standards down while fulfilling legal requirements.
1924J. S. Huxley in Spectator 20 Dec. 981/1 The 1924 Immigration Law takes the quota idea as its basis... The quota restrictions do not apply to Canadians. 1938Ann. Reg. 1937 17 In Great Britain there were no exchange controls and no quota restrictions save in the case of iron and steel imports. 1952Economist 20 Sept. 689 (Advt.), Checking the quota sample against a random sample. 1974Times 15 Feb. 5/7 The Gallop Poll..plans to do a mixture of random and quota samples.
1952Jrnl. R. Statistical Soc. A. CXV. 412 Quota samplers invariably attempt, as one of their controls, an economic or social breakdown of the sample. 1958C. A. Moser Survey Methods Social Investigation vi. 105 Quota samplers generally claim that instructions to, and constraints on, interviewers are sufficient to guard against the main dangers of selection bias.
1944Jrnl. Marketing July 26/2 The current method, perhaps most-widely employed in the selection of respondents in market surveys and in polls of opinion, is that of ‘in ratio’ or ‘quota sampling’... The essentials of this method consist in:..(3) the fixing of quotas for each enumerator in such a way that the respondents..will include the specified proportion of each class of the population agreed upon. 1944Ibid., 29/1 One of the most important advantages of area sampling over..quota sampling is that which reduces the dependence of the investigator on knowledge of the characteristics of the population. 1950M. Parten Surveys, Polls, & Samples i. 31 Up to 1946, the nationwide tabulations were usually based on about 3,000 cases selected according to a stratified quota sampling procedure. 1973Guardian 27 Oct. 13/5 Quota sampling sets the interviewer the..task of finding people who are socially representative... Random means what it says, and should..be based on the picking of names at random from the electoral register.
1924N.Y. Times 8 Dec. 17/1 A bill amending the immigration law and abolishing the quota system is being drafted for presentation to Congress. 1934A. G. Macdonell How like an Angel ii. v. 86 It was the business of the All-British Company to produce seventeen exceptionally bad and cheap films every year in England in order to allow two hundred and forty-six exceptionally bad and expensive films to be imported every year into England from Hollywood. This is called the Quota System. 1936Discovery Dec. 374/1 Under the quota system..2,894 Japanese were entitled to admission [to Brazil] during 1935. 1966Guardian 25 Apr. 8/5 Under the quota method..people are interviewed in the street... The random sample, which involves contacting named individuals..is much more expensive than the quota system. 1969Listener 14 Aug. 201/1 The quota system. Thirty per cent of first features shown in this country have to be made here. 1976National Observer (U.S.) 14 Feb. 11/5 Demanding what amounts to a quota system for college and university faculty hiring.
Hence ˈquota v. trans., to impose in quotas. Also ˈquotaing vbl. n.
1784E. Gerry in New Eng. Hist. & Gen. Reg. (1895) XLIX. 431 Troops to be required and quotied [sic] on the several States by Congress. 1786Jefferson Writ. (1859) I. 593 A convention..by which the burthen of the war might be quotaed on them, according to their respective wealth. 1798Ibid. (1896) VII. 267 This is to avoid the quotaing. Ibid., Requeries under a quotaing law.
[3.] For def. read: The maximum number (of immigrants or imports) allowed to enter a country within a set period; hence, more generally, a maximum number or quantity (produced, caught, enrolled, etc.) that is permitted at one time. Also, a regulation that imposes such a restriction. (Further examples.)
1954‘W. March’ Bad Seed ii. 29 Our enrolment is limited, as you probably know; and already we have our quota for next term. 1974[see pelagic a. b]. 1984A. C. & A. Duxbury Introd. World's Oceans xiv. 458 The world quota of incidental porpoise kill for 1980 was set at no more than 31,000. 1984N. Barber Woman of Cairo i. xii. 145, I am a member, though. One of the Egyptian quota. 1986Farmers Weekly 3 Jan. 6/4 The Milk Marketing Board is now urging farmers to defy their quotas but, if this leads to the national quota being exceeded, it will be the farmer..who will pay the fine. |