| 释义 |
▪ I. colony, n.|ˈkɒlənɪ|
Also 6–7 colonie, 7 collony.
[ME. colonie, ad. (partly through OF. colonie) L. colōnia, f. colōn-us tiller, farmer, cultivator, planter, settler in a new country.
L. colōnia had thus the senses of ‘farm’, ‘landed estate’, ‘settlement’, and was esp. the proper term for a public settlement of Roman citizens in a hostile or newly conquered country, where they, retaining their Roman citizenship, received lands, and acted as a garrison, being mostly formed of veteran soldiers who had served their time; hence it was applied to the place so occupied, or to towns which were raised to the same rank and privileges. Among the nine Roman coloniæ in Britain, were London, Bath, Chester, Lincoln. The Roman writers further used their word colōnia to translate Gr. ἀποικία a settlement of ἄποικοι, lit, ‘people from home’, i.e. a body of emigrants who settled abroad as an independent self-governed πόλις or state, unconnected with the µητρόπολις or mother city save by religious ties. But in later Greek it was app. felt that the ἀποικία was not properly equivalent to the Roman colōnia, which was therefore used untranslated as κολωνία (Acts xvi. 12). It was esp. in reference to the Roman colōniæ that the word made its first appearance in the mod. langs., as in 14th c. French in Bercheure (see Littré). In Eng., Wyclif used it in Acts xvi. 12, but this was app. a mere literalism, and was not continued in the 16th c. versions. Its modern application to the planting of settlements, after Roman or Greek precedents, in newly discovered lands, was made, in the 16th c., by Latin and Italian writers, whose works were rendered into English by Richard Eden.]
I. After Roman use.
†1. A farm, estate in the country; a rural settlement. Obs.
1566Painter Pal. Pleas. I. 12 The rurall people abandoning their colonies fled for rescue into the citie. 1613Heywood Brazen Age ii. ii, The Collonies into the Citties flye, And till immur'd, they thinke themselues not safe. 1656Blount Glossogr., Colonie..Also a Grange or Farm, where husbandry is kept.
2. Applied to a Roman colōnia.
1382Wyclif Acts xvi. 12 To Philippis, that is the firste part of Macedonye, the citee colonye [Vulg. colonia; Gr. κολωνία; Tindale, Cranmer, a free citie; Geneva whose inhabitants came from Rome to dwell there; Rheims a colónia; 1611 a Colonie. Rheims, 1583, explains ‘colónia is such a citie where the most inhabitants are strangers, sent thither from the great cities and states, namely from the Romans’]. 1600Holland Livy 147 (R.) When they had registered and placed the coloners, they remained still themselves in the same colonie. 1616Bullokar, Among the Romans..the place to which they were sent was called by the name of Colonie. 1781Gibbon Decl. & F. II. xvii. 21 Bestowed on the rising city the title of Colony, the first and most favoured daughter of ancient Rome.
3. Applied to a Greek ἀποικία.
1580North Plutarch (1676) 562 He draue out the barbarous People, and made a Colony of it, of sundry Nations. 1611Bible Wisd. xii. 7 That the land..might receiue a worthy colonie [ἀποικιαν, Coverd. be a dwellinge] of Gods children. 1728Newton Chronol. Amended i. 126 The Greeks began.. to send Colonies into Sicily. 1839Thirlwall Greece I. 387 From the Greek colonies in Europe, Africa, and Asia. 1849Grote Greece ii. xxii. (ed. 2) III. 474 The earliest Grecian colony in Italy or Sicily, of which we know the precise date, is placed about 735 b.c. Ibid. ii. xxvii. IV. 39 Thera was the mother-city [of the colony Kyrene], herself a colony from Lacedæmon.
II. In modern application.
4. a. A settlement in a new country; a body of people who settle in a new locality, forming a community subject to or connected with their parent state; the community so formed, consisting of the original settlers and their descendants and successors, as long as the connexion with the parent state is kept up.
1548–9Compl. Scot. x. (1872) 82 To preue that scotland vas ane colone of ingland quhen it vas fyrst inhabit. 1555Eden Decades ii. i. 56 (fr. Latin of Peter Martyr 1516), Vppon the bankes..they [Pizarro, etc.] entended to playnte their newe colonie or habitacion. Ibid. 252 (fr. Italian) Which thynge they [Christian Princes] myght easely brynge to passe by assignynge colonies to inhabite dyuers places of that hemispherie, in lyke maner as dyd the Romanes in provinces newely subdued. 1613Purchas Pilgrimage viii. ii. 612 O name Colon..which to the worlds end hast conducted Colonies. 1651Hobbes Leviath. ii. xxii. 118 Colonies sent from England, to plant Virginia, etc. 1775Burke Sp. Conc. Amer. Wks. III. 73 The colonies..complain, that they are taxed in a Parliament in which they are not represented. 1883Seeley Expans. Eng. 38 By a colony we understand a community which is not merely derivative, but which remains politically connected in a relation of dependence with the parent community.
b. The territory peopled by such a community.
(In early use not clearly distinguished.)
1612Davies Why Ireland, etc. (1787) 37 Neither did he extend the jurisdiction..further than the English colonies, wherein it was used..before. 1632Massinger City Madam iii. iii, They have lived long In the English colony. 1758Johnson Idler No. 35 ⁋3 A ship stored for a voyage to the colonies. 1888Daily News 4 Jan. 2/3 Since our last telegram heavy rains have been general in the colonies.
5. transf.
a. A number of people of a particular nationality residing in a foreign city or country (especially in one quarter or district); a body of people of the same occupation settled among others, or inhabiting a particular locality. Now freq. used to denote a group of people living temporarily or permanently separated from the rest of the community; esp. in nudist colony.
b. The district or quarter inhabited by such a body of people.
1711Addison Spect. No. 31 ⁋3 To furnish us every Year with a Colony of Musicians. 1737Swift Badges to Beggars, Colonies of beggars. 1844Lingard Anglo-Sax. Ch. (1858) II. xiii. 265 A colony of monks. 1885Daily News 4 Nov. 5/6 The freehold ‘colonies’ [in the Potteries]..show no mean taste in architecture and decoration. a1891Mod. A well known member of the English colony at Moscow. 1889E. Dowson Let. 5 Mar. (1967) 46 A colony à la Thoreau, of ‘Hobby Horse’ people and a few elect outsiders each with a ‘belovèd’..where there will be leisure only for art and unrestrained sexual intercourse. 1929M. Parmelee Nudity in Mod. Life xv. 231 While gymnosophists are not necessarily socialists or communists, these colonies furnish excellent opportunities for experiments along communistic lines. 1969Guardian 14 Aug. 9/2 The growth of colony holidays for children. Ibid. 9/3 The colonies..generally consist of about 40 to 50 children..run by a trained colony director.
c. An establishment in which persons who are otherwise unemployed or unemployable are engaged to work or are trained for some occupation or trade. (Not now current.)
1888Charity Organ. Rev. Jan. 43 The Council would gladly see an experiment made in the form of a Labour Colony, to which unemployed townspeople might be sent for a time, and where they would be employed with a view to undertaking labouring work in a colony. 1896J. A. Hobson Probl. Unempl. 131 The proposals for the establishment of farm colonies and other labour colonies. Various colonies of different types where the labour is chiefly employed in cultivation of the land exist already in England or on the continent. 1897Encycl. Soc. Reform 785 The experiment of the Home Colonization Society, in Westmoreland, is the most direct attempt to establish in England a labor colony by voluntary effort on similar lines to those adopted in Holland. The object of the society is to provide work in English ‘industrial villages’ for the able-bodied poor. 1911Encycl. Brit. XXVII. 838/2 Labour colonies are of two kinds, voluntary and compulsory. The voluntary colonies..are managed by philanthropic societies.
6. transf. and fig. of animals, etc.
1658Sir T. Browne Hydriot. iii. 17 The Earth whereof all things are but a colony. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. iv. 28 Calls out the vent'rous Colony to swarm. 1713J. Warder True Amazons 105 To keep Bees in Boxes or Colonies. 1760Life & Adv. of Cat 6 The other species are as fond of forming colonies are we are. 1840Dickens Barn. Rudge i, Colonies of sparrows chirped..in the eaves.
7. Geol. Applied by Barrande to a group of fossil forms appearing exceptionally in a formation other than that of which they are characteristic.
1859–78Darwin Orig. Spec. xi. (ed. 6) 291 The so-called ‘colonies’ of M. Barrande, which intrude for a period in the midst of an older formation and then allow the pre-existing fauna to reappear. 1885Geikie Text Bk. Geol. v. §6. 618.
8. Biol. An aggregate of individual animals or plants, forming a physiologically connected structure, as in the case of the compound ascidians, coral-polyps, etc.
1872Nicholson Palæont. 192 The external investment of the colony—the ‘cœnœcium’ or ‘polyzoarium’. 1888Rolleston & Jackson Anim. Life 323 A Tapeworm is not a colony composed of an asexual head and sexual proglottides or segments. Ibid. 725 [In the colonial Anthozoa] The zooids..then usually form a massive colony in which the individuals are united by a plentiful common basis or cœnosarc.
9. attrib., = colonial.
1776Adam Smith W. N. II. iv. vii. 177 The colony trade has been continually increasing. 1780Burke Sp. Econ. Ref. Wks. III. 320 In the management of the colony politicks.
▪ II. colony, v. rare.
[f. prec.]
trans. To colonize.
Ogilvie cites Fanshaw. |