| 释义 |
cobalt|ˈkəʊbɒlt|
Also 7 cobolt, 8 kobold.
[a. Ger. kobalt, formerly also kobald, -olt, -old, -elt, -el, app. the same word as kobold, etc., goblin or demon of the mines; the ore of cobalt having been so called by the miners on account of the trouble which it gave them, not only from its worthlessness (as then supposed), but from its mischievous effects upon their own health and upon silver ores in which it occurred, effects due mainly to the arsenic and sulphur with which it was combined. From the miners of the Harz or Erzgebirge the name became common German, and thence passed into all the European langs., F. cobalt, It., Sp., Pg. cobalto, Du., Da., Russ., Pol., Boh., etc., kobalt, Sw. kobolt. See Hildebrand in Grimm s.v., who shows also that the metal was known to Paracelsus (Wks. 1589 VIII. 350), though its discovery is usually credited to Brandt in 1733.]
1. a. One of the chemical elements, a metal of a greyish colour inclining to red, brittle, slightly magnetic; in many respects closely resembling nickel; not found native, but extracted from various ores. Symbol Co.
b. The name was originally given to the ores of this metal, and is still applied, with or without defining words, to various native compounds, as tin-white cobalt = smaltine, CoAs2; grey c., silver-white c. = cobalt-glance; red c. = cobalt-bloom, -vitriol (see 3); earthy c. = asbolite.
[1683Pettus Fleta Min. i. (1686) 34 Concerning the Cobolt oars, there are many sorts of them.] a1728Woodward Fossils 43 Cobalt is plentifully impregnated with arsenick; contains copper and some silver. Being sublimed, the flores are of a blue colour: these, German mineralists call zaffir. 1738G. Smith Cur. Relations II. 440 Zink, Kobold, Sleat, and other Productions of the Mines. 1748Sir J. Hill Fossils (J.), From cobalt are produced the three sorts of arsenick, white, yellow, and red; as also zaffre and smalt. 1800tr. Lagrange's Chem. I. 397 A kind of cobalt, or arsenic mixed with copper. 1863–72Watts Dict. Chem. I. 1039 The use of cobalt for imparting a blue colour to glass, appears to have been known to the Greeks and Romans..Cobalt is not a very abundant metal. 1875Ure Dict. Arts I. 874 Smalt is a kind of glass coloured by oxide of cobalt.
2. a. The blue pigment, also called cobalt-blue, prepared from this mineral, largely used in staining glass. Also the deep blue colour of this.
1835G. Field Chromatogr. 110 Cobalt blue is the name now appropriated to the improved blue prepared with metallic cobalt. 1872Watts Dict. Chem. I. 1057 Cobalt-blue..is a compound of protoxide of cobalt and alumina, and is used both as oil and water colour. 1877A. B. Edwards Up Nile xviii. 503 The mitre-shaped casque being of a vivid cobalt-blue. 1878Black Green Past. xxxiii. 262 As if some one..had..dashed in a stroke of brilliant cobalt.
b. In this sense used attrib. or as adj.
1849M. Somerville Connex. Phys. Sc. xix. 181 A dark blue cobalt glass. 1853Kane Grinnell Exp. xxviii. (1856) 237 From a cobalt sky..the moon ‘shineth down alone’.
3. attrib. and Comb., as cobalt-mine, cobalt ore; in chemical compounds, as cobalt chloride, cobalt fluoride, etc.; in names of colours or pigments prepared from salts of cobalt, as cobalt-blue (see 2), cobalt green, cobalt red, cobalt ultramarine, cobalt violet, cobalt yellow; also cobalt-bloom [Ger. kobalt-blüthe], a native hydrated arsenate of cobalt, also called erythrite, occurring in two forms, crystalline and earthy; cobalt bomb, (a) a container storing radioactive cobalt-sixty (60Co) used in the treatment of cancer; (b) a hydrogen bomb enclosed in a shell of cobalt which, if exploded, disperses radioactive cobalt dust; cobalt-bronze (see quot. 1875); † cobalt-crust, an obs. name for the earthy variety of cobalt-bloom; cobalt-glance [Ger. kobalt-glanz], a native sulpharsenide of cobalt, silver-white, with metallic lustre, also called cobaltite or cobaltine; † cobalt-mica = cobalt-bloom; † cobalt-ochre, an obs. name for asbolite and erythrite; cobalt oxide, any oxide of cobalt; cobalt-pyrites, a name for linnæite, a native sulphide of cobalt; cobalt-sixty: see cobalt bomb (a); cobalt-speiss (see quot. 1875); cobalt-vitriol, a native sulphate of cobalt, also called Bieberite.
1776G. Edwards Fossilol. 100 Cobalt earth..of a red colour.. named *cobalt bloom. 1863–72Watts Dict. Chem. I. 1057 Earthy cobalt-bloom, of peach-blossom colour, is arsenate of cobalt with free arsenious acid.
1954Times 8 Apr. 5/4 At the time Einstein spoke the *cobalt bomb, like the hydrogen bomb, was merely a theoretical possibility, but the successful tests of the hydrogen bomb..had brought this theory into the realm of fact. 1958L. Pauling No More War! vii. 154 The cobalt bomb is a hydrogen bomb or superbomb with a shell of perhaps 1000 pounds of the common metal cobalt about it.
1875Ure Dict. Arts I. 875 *Cobalt bronze, a violet-coloured substance, with strong metallic lustre. It consists of phosphate of protoxide of cobalt, and phosphate of ammonia. 1884Public Opinion 3 Oct. 433/1 Cobalt bronze..is a whiter but slightly more expensive metal than silveroid.
1806R. Jameson Min. II. 444 This species contains two subspecies: 1. *Cobalt Crust. 2. Cobalt Bloom.
Ibid. II. 436 *Cobalt Glance. 1873Watts Fownes' Chem. 466 It may be prepared directly from cobalt-glance, the native arsenide.
1875Ure Dict. Arts I. 875 *Cobalt green..is a compound of oxide of cobalt and oxide of zinc.
1835Shepard Min., *Cobalt mica.
1858Buckle Civiliz. (1869) II. viii. 539 The celebrated *cobalt-mine..in the valley of Gistan in Aragon.
1816R. Jameson Char. Min. (1817) 257 Black and brown *cobalt-ochres.
1903Jrnl. Chem. Soc. LXXXIV. ii. 80 The *cobalt oxide which is deposited has the formula Co2O3. 1911Mining World XXXIV. 71 (title) Use of cobalt oxide for making pigment. 1957Mankowitz & Haggar Encycl. Eng. Pottery 57/2 Cobalt oxide, a powerful blue colouring material used for staining bodies and glazes from the beginning of the eighteenth century, known and used by John Dwight of Fulham.
1844Dana Min., *Cobalt pyrites.
1934H. Hiler Notes Technique Painting ii. 123 *Cobalt red, a very durable, but not much-used colour. It works badly.
1946Atomic Bomb (Atomic Scientists of Chicago) vii. 36 When bombarded with neutrons, another form of this element is made, called *cobalt-60. 1949Atomic Energy & Life Sciences 90 Sponsored research, and provided radioisotopes, to determine the efficiency of radiocobalt (cobalt 60) as a substitute for radium in the treatment of cancer. 1951Sci. News Let. 24 Nov. 333 A cobalt 60 ‘bomb’ which promises life-saving treatment for more cancer patients was officially installed at the clinic of the Ontario Cancer Foundation, London, Ont. The cobalt bomb is a small portion of radioactive cobalt 60 enclosed in a heavy lead case. 1954Ann. Reg. 1953 391 Additions to the powerful equipment for cancer treatment..included a cobalt 60 therapy unit producing X-rays of 3 million electron volts.
1875Ure Dict. Arts I. 875 *Cobalt speiss..consisting chiefly of arsenide of nickel, derived from nickel associated with the cobalt ore.
1902Encycl. Brit. XXXI. 772/2 Several mixed cobalt compounds containing arsenates and phosphates of that metal, and represented by *cobalt violet.
1809Allen Min. Nomen., *Cobalt vitriol. 1863–72Watts Dict. Chem. I. 1058 Cobalt-vitriol..is translucent, with flesh-red or rose-red colour and vitreous lustre.
1875Ure Dict. Arts I. 875 *Cobalt-yellow, an orange⁓yellow pigment precipitated from an acidified solution of nitrate of protoxide of cobalt by means of nitrate of potash. |